nshm college of pharmaceutical technology

1. AIDS(HIV)
(Acquired Immuno Deficiency
Syndrome)

2. AIDS is a retroviral disease caused by human Immuno
deficiency virus (HIV)
Based on clinical manifestation, the disease was named as
acquired Immuno deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
AIDS is invariably fatal since there is no cure.
AIDS is a global disease with an alarming increase in the
incidence of occurrence It is assumed that the virus entered
in India in 1980
India has the second largest number of HIV infected people
It is now thought that HIV came from a similar virus found in
chimpanzees - SIV.

4. Classification of HIV
The sooty mangabey source of HIV-2 and
the chimpanzee source of HIV-1

5. Virology of HIV

8. This envelope has 72 surface projections, or
spikes, containing an antigen, gp120 that aids in
the binding of the virus to the target cells with
CD4 receptors. A second glycoprotein, gp41,
binds gp120 to the lipid envelope.
The genome of HIV, similar to retroviruses in
general, contains three major genes--gag, pol,
and env. These genes code for the major
structural and functional components of HIV,
including envelope proteins and reverse
transcriptase.

9. The viral genome for HIV-1 is shown below:
The viral genome for HIV-2 is shown below:

10. Gag :- core proteins (including p24)
Pol :- envelope glycoproteins
Env:- enzymes (RT, protease, Integrase)
tat, rev, nef, vif, vpu, vpr :- proteins in the
modification of host cell to enhance virus
growth and regulate viral gene expression
Ltr :- Long Terminal Repeats- for initiation of
transcription.

14. How Does HIV Spread Its Infection
Inside The Body

15. It is this integration of the viral genetic material
into the host cell's own genetic material that
makes eradication of the virus, without damage
to the host cell, a formidable goal.
Effectively, the virus has now hijacked the host
cell's own replication system. As a result, when
the cellular DNA is transcribed, so is the viral DNA
to form an RNA transcript. Further processing of
this RNA into messenger RNA (mRNA) and
genomic viral RNA occurs.

16. The viral mRNA is then translated into viral
proteins, which along with the genomic RNA,
are assembled into new virus particles.
This last stage requires the viral enzyme,
protease (Marr, 1998).
Finally, the new viral particles are released
from the infected cell and go on to infect
other cells in the body.

19. Natural Course Of The Disease
: During this period body tries to
contain the virus.
Person may appears normal (immune system is
intact)
Is a carrier state & can transmit the disease
Antibodies to HIV are found in the blood (hence this
phase is also referred as seropositive period)
Lasts for 5 – 10 years

21. Anyone of any age, race, sex or sexual orientation
can be infected with HIV, but one is at greatest
risk of HIV/AIDS if one:

22. .

25. Symptoms Of HIV

38. CDC. HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report, 2006. Vol. 18. Atlanta:
US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2008.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The Global
HIV/AIDS pandemic, 2006. MMWR. 2006;55:841-844.
Cimmons, M. 2002. New prospects on the HIV vaccine
scene.ASM News 68(1):19–22. An update from the
American Society of Microbiology
Cohen, J. 2002. The high cost of poverty. Science 296:2324.
Puts AIDS in terms of dollars and cents.
Piot, P. 1998 The science of AIDS: A tale of two worlds.
Science 280:1844–45.
Ezzel, C. 2002. Hope in a vial. Scientific American, June, 38.
An overview of the challenges developing HIV vaccines.