The document summarizes key information about HIV and AIDS, including: - HIV infects and replicates within CD4 immune cells, weakening the immune system and potentially causing AIDS. - HIV progresses through three main phases: asymptomatic, symptomatic, and AIDS. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and can be tested for through antibody and viral load tests. - While there is no cure for HIV/AIDS, treatment involves antiretroviral drugs that target different stages of the HIV lifecycle to suppress viral replication and slow disease progression.

1. HUMAN IMMUNO DEFICIENCY
VIRUS
14-11-22

5.  https://youtu.be/odRyv7V8LAE

7.  Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)- virus
that primarily infects cells of the immune
system and that causes AIDS
 Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
(AIDS)- disease that is caused by HIV
infection, which weakens the immune system
 Pandemic- disease that spreads quickly
through human populations all over the world

8. HIV
 “Human Immunodeficiency Virus”
 A specific type of virus (a retrovirus)
 HIV invades the helper T cells to
replicate itself.

9. Modes of HIV/AIDS
Transmission

10. AIDS
 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
 HIV is the virus that causes AIDS
 Disease limits the body’s ability to fight
infection
 A person with AIDS has a very weak
immune system

11. Chapter 21.2 Key Terms
 Helper T Cell- white blood cell that activates
the immune response and that is the primary
target cell of HIV infection
 Opportunistic Infection- illness due to an
organism that causes disease in people with
weakened immune systems; commonly found
in AIDS patients
 Asymptomatic stage- infection in which the
infectious agent, such as HIV, is present but
there are few or no symptoms of the infection

12.  HIV uses CD4 immune
cells to replicate. And
each infected CD4 cell
produces hundreds of
new copies of new
HIV particles. The
process is called the
HIV lifecycle. Each
replication cycle only
lasts 1 to 2 days.

13.  When viruses reproduce it
is called replication. HIV
uses CD4 immune cells to
replicate. And each
infected CD4 cell produces
hundreds of new copies of
new HIV particles.

14. Three Phases of HIV

15. Phase 1- Asymptomatic Stage
 Short, flu-like illness, swollen glands, fatigue,
diarrhea, weight loss, or fevers - occurs one to six
weeks after infection
 no symptoms at all
 Infected person can infect other people
 Lasts for an average of ten years
 HIV antibodies are detectable in the blood

16. Phase 2 - Symptomatic
 The symptoms worsen

17. Phase 3 - HIV  AIDS
 Immune system
weakens
 Emergence of
opportunistic
infections
 The illnesses
become more severe
leading to an AIDS
diagnosis

18. Opportunistic Infections
associated with AIDS
 Bacterial
 Tuberculosis (TB)
 Pneumocystis
pneumonia
 Viral
 Kaposi Sarcoma-
purple-red blotches
on the skin
 Influenza (flu)

19.  The seven stages of the HIV life cycle
are: 1) binding, 2) fusion, 3)
reverse transcription, 4)
integration, 5) replication, 6)
assembly, and 7) budding.

20.  HIV uses CD4 immune cells to replicate.
And each infected CD4 cell produces
hundreds of new copies of new HIV
particles. The process is called the HIV
lifecycle. Each replication cycle only
lasts 1 to 2 days.

21. Through Bodily Fluids
 Blood products
 Semen
 Vaginal fluids
 Breast Milk

22.  The new double-stranded HIV can now
be integrated into human DNA. Drugs
that block this process are called
integrase inhibitors, abbreviated to INIs
or INSTIs.

23.  The CD4 nucleus then starts producing
raw material to make new HIV. These
long strands of new HIV particles need
to be cut up and assembled as new
virus. The enzyme involved in the
cutting and assembling process is called
protease. The HIV meds that block this
process are called protease inhibitors.

25.  a fter HIV attaches to the CD4 cell, it is
absorbed into the main body of the cell. As
this happens, HIV first loses its outer shell.
This leaves viral capsid with HIV and three
key enzymes (a type of protein) that HIV
uses to replicate. The capsid releases its
contents into the cell nucleus.


26.  These enzymes then work in the nucleus.
The first enzyme is called RT. This stands for
reverse transcriptase. RT changes the single
strand of HIV (called RNA) into a double
strand to fit in with human DNA. Two
different types of RT inhibitors (RTIs) block
this process: (i) nucleoside/tide
(NRTIs/NtRTIs), and (ii) non-nucleoside
(NNRTIs).

27. Through IV Drug Use
 Sharing Needles
 Without sterilization
 Increases the chances of contracting HIV

28. Through Sex
 Intercourse (penile penetration into the
vagina)
 Oral
 Anal
 Digital Sex

29. Mother-to-Baby
 Before Birth
 During Birth
 Postpartum
 After the birth

30. Chapter 21.3 Key Terms
 Universal Precautions- set of procedures used
to avoid contact with body fluids & to reduce
the risk of spreading HIV & other diseases
 HIV-antibody test- detects HIV antibodies to
determine if a person has been infected with
HIV
 HIV Positive- person who tests positive in 2
different HIV tests
 Drug Combination Therapy- AIDS treatment
program in which patients regularly take
more than one drug

31. Testing Options for HIV

32. Anonymous Testing
 -consent
 Unique identifying number
 Results issued only to test recipient
23659874515
Anonymous

33. Confidential Testing
 Results issued only to test recipient
 If positive-trating doctor
 Counselling.

34. T cell count test
 Shows the strength of a patient’s
immune system
 This test can also tell whether a person
has developed AIDS

35. Viral load test
 Measures of the number of viruses in
the blood
 The higher the viral load, the more
infectious the person’s body fluids are
likely to be and the closer that person is
to having AIDS

36.  Card test-serology
 Western blot-
confirmatory.

37. Retest
 Should be retested 6 months after the
first test
 An initial negative test can be
misleading if the test is done too soon
after infection

39. Treatment Options

40.  newly formed virus then has to leave
the cell.
 Budding inhibitors stop new HIV
from leaving of the CD4 cell.
 Maturation inhibitors block the final
assembly process.

41.  The newly released viruses (called
virions) go on to infect new CD4 cells –
to repeat the process over again. The
old CD4 cell then dies. This continuous
process happens millions of times every
day when not on ART. Without ART, HIV
is one of the most active and rapidly
reproducing virus.

42. Abbreviation Full names
NRTIs/NtRTIs
(“nukes”)
Nucleoside/tide reverse transcriptase inhibitors or
nucleoside/tide analogues.
NNRTIs (“non-
nukes”)
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
PIs Protease inhibitors.
INIs (or INSTIs) Integrase (strand transfer) inhibitors.
CCR5 inhibitors CCR5 inhibitors are a type of entry inhibitor.
Fusion inhibitors Fusion inhibitors are a type of entry inhibitor.
mAbs Monoclonal antibodies block HIV entering the T-cell.
CIs (?) Capsid inhibitors.
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49. WESTERN BLOT