A very brief & concise ppt. for HIV... Includes a video from YouTube explaining the Replication cycle of HIV. {actually was a class project ;)}. Hope you people like it.
Here's the link to the video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RO8MP3wMvqg
Polio: flaccid paralysis, major and minor
disease, fecal-oral
Coxsackievirus A: vesicular diseases,
meningitis; coxsackievirus B (body):
pleurodynia, myocarditis
Other echovirus and enteroviruses: like
coxsackievirus
Rhinoviruses: common cold, acid labile, does
not replicate above 33° C
Biology, Virulence, and Disease
• Small size, icosahedral capsid, positive RNA
genome with terminal protein
• Genome is sufficient for infection
• Encodes RNA-dependent RNA polymerase,
replicates in cytoplasm
Enteroviruses
• Capsid virus resistant to inactivation
• Disease due to lytic infection of important
target tissue
• Polio: cytolytic infection of motor neurons of
anterior horn and brainstem, paralysis
• Coxsackievirus A: herpangina, hand-foot-
and-mouth disease, common cold,
meningitis
• Coxsackievirus B: pleurodynia, neonatal
myocarditis, type 1 diabetes
Rhinoviruses
• Acid labile and cannot replicate at body
temperature
• Restricted to upper respiratory tract
• Common cold
Epidemiology
• Enteroviruses transmitted by fecal-oral route
and aerosols
• Rhinoviruses transmitted by aerosols and
contact
Diagnosis
• Immune assays (ELISA) or RT-PCR genome
analysis of blood, CSF, or other relevant
sample
Treatment, Prevention, and Control
• OPV and IPV polio vaccines
P
icornaviridae is one of the largest families of viruses and
includes some of the most important human and animal
viruses (Box 46-1). As the name indicates, these viruses are
small (pico) ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses that have a
naked capsid structure. The family has more than 230
members divided into nine genera, including Enterovirus,
Rhinovirus, Hepatovirus (hepatitis A virus; discussed in
Chapter 55), Cardiovirus, and Aphthovirus. The enterovi-
ruses are distinguished from the rhinoviruses by the stabil-
ity of the capsid at pH 3, the optimum temperature
for growth, the mode of transmission, and their diseases
The lecture gives concise review about the main four groups of viruses causing hemorrhagic fever i.e. Flavivirues, Filoviruses, Arenaviruses and Bunyaviruses.
Non-typhoidal Salmonellosis, is one of the most common and widely distributed foodborne diseases, with tens of millions of human cases occurring worldwide every year.
In the United States, the incidence of NTS infection has doubled in the past 2 decades.
In 2009 there were 14 million cases of NTS.
Polio: flaccid paralysis, major and minor
disease, fecal-oral
Coxsackievirus A: vesicular diseases,
meningitis; coxsackievirus B (body):
pleurodynia, myocarditis
Other echovirus and enteroviruses: like
coxsackievirus
Rhinoviruses: common cold, acid labile, does
not replicate above 33° C
Biology, Virulence, and Disease
• Small size, icosahedral capsid, positive RNA
genome with terminal protein
• Genome is sufficient for infection
• Encodes RNA-dependent RNA polymerase,
replicates in cytoplasm
Enteroviruses
• Capsid virus resistant to inactivation
• Disease due to lytic infection of important
target tissue
• Polio: cytolytic infection of motor neurons of
anterior horn and brainstem, paralysis
• Coxsackievirus A: herpangina, hand-foot-
and-mouth disease, common cold,
meningitis
• Coxsackievirus B: pleurodynia, neonatal
myocarditis, type 1 diabetes
Rhinoviruses
• Acid labile and cannot replicate at body
temperature
• Restricted to upper respiratory tract
• Common cold
Epidemiology
• Enteroviruses transmitted by fecal-oral route
and aerosols
• Rhinoviruses transmitted by aerosols and
contact
Diagnosis
• Immune assays (ELISA) or RT-PCR genome
analysis of blood, CSF, or other relevant
sample
Treatment, Prevention, and Control
• OPV and IPV polio vaccines
P
icornaviridae is one of the largest families of viruses and
includes some of the most important human and animal
viruses (Box 46-1). As the name indicates, these viruses are
small (pico) ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses that have a
naked capsid structure. The family has more than 230
members divided into nine genera, including Enterovirus,
Rhinovirus, Hepatovirus (hepatitis A virus; discussed in
Chapter 55), Cardiovirus, and Aphthovirus. The enterovi-
ruses are distinguished from the rhinoviruses by the stabil-
ity of the capsid at pH 3, the optimum temperature
for growth, the mode of transmission, and their diseases
The lecture gives concise review about the main four groups of viruses causing hemorrhagic fever i.e. Flavivirues, Filoviruses, Arenaviruses and Bunyaviruses.
Non-typhoidal Salmonellosis, is one of the most common and widely distributed foodborne diseases, with tens of millions of human cases occurring worldwide every year.
In the United States, the incidence of NTS infection has doubled in the past 2 decades.
In 2009 there were 14 million cases of NTS.
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Introduction, classification of virus, collection, Transport, & Storage of sample for Viral diagnosis. Staining Techniques used in virology,
Processing of sample for viral diagnosis (Egg Inoculation & Tissue culture)
The presentation covers all major aspects of the virus including oncogenicity, Structure, Pathogenesis. It also covers preventive measures and vaccines. This presentation is targeted to students at bachelors level for allied/optional microbiology paper
What is influenza ,ethology ,types ,presentations signs and symptoms ,epidemic influenza ,laboratory investigations , management , the WHO guidelines in dealing with cases and contact
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Introduction, classification of virus, collection, Transport, & Storage of sample for Viral diagnosis. Staining Techniques used in virology,
Processing of sample for viral diagnosis (Egg Inoculation & Tissue culture)
The presentation covers all major aspects of the virus including oncogenicity, Structure, Pathogenesis. It also covers preventive measures and vaccines. This presentation is targeted to students at bachelors level for allied/optional microbiology paper
What is influenza ,ethology ,types ,presentations signs and symptoms ,epidemic influenza ,laboratory investigations , management , the WHO guidelines in dealing with cases and contact
Начало АРТ впервые.Наилучшая практика.Best Practices in Antiretroviral Therap...hivlifeinfo
Best Practices in Antiretroviral Therapy: Initiating First-line Therapy
In this downloadable slideset, Charles B. Hicks, MD, discusses data on initiating antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients.
Format: Microsoft PowerPoint (.ppt)
File size: 2.16 MB
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Scale up of Prevention of Mother to Child HIV Transmission Programme in Delhi...Anil Gupta
We are still using SD NVP prophylaxis even though there is enough evidence that multi-drug regimens are much better. NACO, MoHFW, Govt of India is implementing new PMTCT strategy in Delhi in 2013-14 which will eliminate Pediatric HIV infections in the coming years.The presentation highlights key features of the New PMTCT Strategy of the country.
This is an informative, illustrated presentation about the causes, symptoms, treatment and prevention of HIV AIDS. Gives relevant data, facts and statistics about the disease updated to the most recent 2010 data.
This powerpoint, deals with HIV pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, mode of transmission and diagnostic parameters.
Purely based on clinical pharmacist perspective.
There are nearly 100 viruses of the herpes group that infect many different animal species.
Official name of herpesviruses that commonly infect human is Humans herpesvirus (HHV)
herpes simplex virus types 1 (HHV 1)
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HHV 2)
Varicella-zoster virus (HHV 3)
Epstein-Barr virus, (HHV 4)
Cytomegalovirus (HHV 5)
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV 6)
Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV 7)
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV 8) (Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus).
Herpes B virus of monkeys can also infect humans
hELMINTHS#corona virus#Aspergillosis#BUGANDO#CUHAS#CUHAS#CUHAS
Invasion of the skin or mucous membranes by a pathogenic organism or parasite.
Infection in which entrance of the pathogenic organism (or the parasite) occurs through the skin or mucus membranes.
Some infectious agents can invade the intact (undamaged) skin or mucous membranes, but the majority needs injured surfaces in the form of abrasions, scratches, wounds or ulcers.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
2. Aetiologic Agent
• family – human retroviriadae
• subfamily – lentivirus
• 2 types: HIV-1, HIV-2
• m/c throughout the world = HIV-1
• Both HIV-1, HIV-2 are zoonotic infections
• Natural reservoir of HIV-1 = Pan troglodytes
troglodytes {Chimps} (most likely source of original
human infection)
• HIV-2 more close to SIV (Simian Immunodeficiency
Virus) than HIV-1 (about 40% resemblance to HIV-1
phylogenetically)
4. MoT
A. Sexual Transmission
• Predominantly STD worldwide
• m/c MoT worldwide – heterosexual
transmission (2nd m/c MoT in dvlpd. nations)
• HIV demonstrated in semen w/i infected
mononuc. cells (particularly high in
epididymitis, urethritis), cell-free material
• Increased risk with (+) of STD’s genital ulcern
(HSV, T. pallidum, H. ducreyi); nonulcerative
infl. (C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae, T.
vaginalis)
5.
6. • Vaginal intercourse – more MF than FM
(?)
• Strong asso. with receptive anal intercourse
(?)
• Extremely low asso. with oral intercourse (not
100% safe)
• OCP’s induces cervical mucosal change
more chances of viral penetration
• Circumcision lowers risk of inf. in men (?)
7. B. Blood & Blood prdts.
• i.v, s.c, i.m
• Whole blood transfusion, blood prdts. (Packed
RBC’s, WBC’s, platelets, plasma), transplant
tissue
• Hyperimmune-gamma globulin, anti-HBV Ig, Rho
Ig, plasma-derived HBV vaccine DON’T
transmit HIV
• Now HIV tranfer via blood, organ transplant very
rare d/t – scan for p24 Ag., viral ss-RNA, anti-HIV
Abs., screen for HIV during HBV & HCV inf. test
• In Haemophiliacs clotting factors more safer
than FFP d/t elimination of virus by heat t/t of
clotting factors concentrate
8. C. Occupational (Health care workers &
settings, Lab)
• Transmission of HIV by sharps = 0.3% (USA)
• Transmission of HIV by contact of mucosa or
non-intact skin to HIV containing paraphernalia =
0.09%
• Transmission of HIV by intact skin not
documented
• Transmission of HIV by human biting other
human at least 4 cases reported
• Risk of transmission of HIV by blood > other
bodily fluids (tears, saliva, urine, CSF, serous fluids,
sputum, faeces, vomitus, etc.)
9. D. MTCT
• m/c in perinatal pd. (50-60% risk of transmitting HIV)
• can be transmitted as early as during I, II trimester
• Higher MTCT correlated with closer HLA match
between mother, child
• control:-
1. Universal voluntary HIV test, counseling of preg.
female
2. HAART with >=1 drugs {lami.(NRTI’s),
ZDV(NRTI’s)}
3. Reduce foet. exposure to mat. blood, gemital
secretions
4. Avoid breast feeding
** In dvlping. nations Nevirapine is cheap alter of
ZDV, lami.
10. E. Bodily fluids
• HIV (+) in LOW titres in saliva no evidence to
be transmitted by kiss
• (+) of anti-HIV IgA, M, G in saliva of infected
person
• (+) of SLPI in saliva cleaves CD4 receptors
• former USSR children infected with HIV (by
transfusion) had bleeding oral sore breast
feeding laceration, abrasion around nipple by
biting (breast feeding was continued until children
were older) mother contracted HIV
17. C. Evasion of immune control
Mainly foll. mechs. –
1.Sustained replication with high rate of mutn.
& recombi. (RTase, gag encoded prots.)
{1:104 bases copied}
2.Exhaustion of CD8+ CTL’s d/t (+) of PD-1
mol. on activated cells
3.Extensive N-linked Glycosylation of envelope
(k/a GLYCAN shield)
4.Conformational masking of neutralizing
epitopes
5. Sequestration of inftd. Cells in sites like CNS