This document provides an overview of HIV/AIDS, including: - HIV targets the immune system and weakens it over time, eventually leading to AIDS if not treated. - AIDS is defined by specific cancers, infections, or illnesses and results from a weakened immune system due to HIV. - HIV can be transmitted through blood, breast milk, semen, vaginal fluids, contaminated needles, and unprotected sex. - Left untreated, HIV progresses from an acute infection stage with flu-like symptoms, to a latent asymptomatic stage where the immune system is slowly destroyed, and finally to AIDS where severe illnesses can develop.

1. HIV / AIDS
Faculty Teacher: Mr. Khurram
St. name: Maryam Noor
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2. Objectives
At the end of this presentation you will be able to:
• Define HIV/AIDS.
• Identify the etiology and risk factors of AIDS.
• Define the transmission of AIDS.
• Describe the clinical manifestation of AIDS.
• Identify the diagnostic test for HIV or AIDS.
• Identify the treatment for AIDS.
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3. HIV
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) targets the
immune system and weakens people's defence systems against
infections and some types of cancer. As the virus destroys and
impairs the function of immune cells, infected individuals
gradually become immunodeficient. Immune function is
typically measured by CD4 cell count. (WHO)
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4. AIDS
• AIDS is defined by the development of certain cancers,
infections, or other severe clinical manifestations. (WHO)
• Acquired: acquired not inherited.
• Immune: weakens the immune system.
• Deficiency: creates deficiency.
• Syndrome: group of illness and symptoms at a time.
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5. How does HIV become AIDS?
• HIV destroys CD4 T cells (white blood cells that play a
large role in helping your body fight disease) first blocking
their ability to recognize foreign substances then changing
the T cells into AIDS-virus factories.
• You can have an HIV infection for years before it turns into
AIDS. AIDS is diagnosed when the CD4 T cell count falls
below 200ul or you have an AIDS-defining complication.
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6. Cont..
• The most advanced stage of HIV infection is Acquired
Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), which can take from 2
to 15 years to develop depending on the individual.
• Window period of HIV is 3 to 8 weeks.
• Incubation period is approximately 10 years.
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7. Etiology and Transmission
Etiology:
It is caused by HIV.
Transmission:
It can transmit through;
HIV can be transmitted via the exchange of a variety of body
fluids from infected individuals, such as blood, breast milk,
semen and vaginal secretions.
• Transfer of infected blood.
• Infected mother to her baby during pregnancy.
• Use of infected needles and instruments without sterilization.
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8. Cont..
• Unprotected intercourse with infected person.
• Experiencing accidental needle stick injuries, including among
health workers.
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9. Cont..
It can not transfer through:
• Touching and shaking hands.
• Sharing bathrooms
• Coughing, saliva and sneezing
• Eating together and sharing utensils
• Swimming pools
• Sharing clothes
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10. Clinical manifestation
1st
stage: ACUTE (2-6 weeks post exposure)
Individual may suffer from flu like symptoms:
Common symptoms are:
• Chills
• Fever
• Rashes
• Weakness
• Sore throat
• Vomiting
• Achy muscles17-dec-18 10Maryam Noor

11. Cont..
2nd
stage: LATENT Asymptomatic
People are infective their immune system is being destroyed
CD4 cell count slowly drops.
3rd
stage AIDS
Without treatment they can also develop severe illnesses such as
• Tuberculosis
• Cryptococcal meningitis
• Severe bacterial, viral and yeast infections
• Cancers such as lymphomas and Kaposi's sarcoma.
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12. Diagnostic tests
• Serology: HIV antibody test or ELISA (enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay)
• Viral antigen test: p24 Antigen
• Immunology:
o Antibody (IgG, IgM)
o Cellular response (CD4)
Other laboratory test for
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13. Treatment
• There is no cure for HIV infection. However, effective
antiretroviral (ARV) drugs can control the virus and help
prevent transmission so that people with HIV, and those at
substantial risk, can enjoy healthy, long and productive lives.
• Between 2000 and 2017, new HIV infections fell by 36%, and
HIV-related deaths fell by 38% due to ART.
• The risk of transmitting the virus to their uninfected sexual
partner can be reduced by 96%.
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14. Treatment
1. Anti retroviral therapy(ART)
2. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV-negative partner.
3. Post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV (PEP).
• Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is the use of ARV drugs
within 72 hours of exposure to HIV in order to prevent
infection. PEP includes counseling, first aid care, HIV
testing, and administration of a 28-day course of ARV drugs
with follow-up care.
• WHO recommends PEP use for both occupational and non-
occupational exposures and for adults and children.
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15. AIDS vs. HIV
• HIV is the virus that causes AIDS
• Not everyone who is infected with HIV has AIDS
• Everyone with AIDS is infected with HIV
• AIDS is result of the progression of HIV Infection
• Anyone infected with HIV, although healthy, can still transmit
the virus to another person.s
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16. Refrences
If you want to get further information regarding AIDS, these
references will be beneficial for you.
• http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hiv-aid
• https://www.webmd.com/hiv-aids/default.htm
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17. Thanks for your attention
Any question?
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