Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy is a serious disease which needs awareness among health personnel as well as common people. this presentation helps them to understand about DIC & its management.
it consist introduction of DIC, definition, etiology and causes, pathophysiology, diagnostic evaluation and its management. it consist of complication too. easy to understand with the help of pictures.
–The syndrome is apparent in any
condition that seriously damage the glomerular
capillary membrane that results in increase
glomerular capillary permeability to plasma
proteins. Although liver is capable of increasing
the production of protein. It can’t keep up with
the daily loss of albumin through the kidney.
Thus hypoalbuminemia results.
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy is a serious disease which needs awareness among health personnel as well as common people. this presentation helps them to understand about DIC & its management.
it consist introduction of DIC, definition, etiology and causes, pathophysiology, diagnostic evaluation and its management. it consist of complication too. easy to understand with the help of pictures.
–The syndrome is apparent in any
condition that seriously damage the glomerular
capillary membrane that results in increase
glomerular capillary permeability to plasma
proteins. Although liver is capable of increasing
the production of protein. It can’t keep up with
the daily loss of albumin through the kidney.
Thus hypoalbuminemia results.
Hemophilia is a rare disorder in which your blood doesn't clot normally because it lacks sufficient blood-clotting proteins (clotting factors). If you have hemophilia, you may bleed for a longer time after an injury than you would if your blood clotted normally. Small cuts usually aren't much of a problem.
Please find the power point on Anemia in pregnancy. I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
Rh Incompatibility I Hemolytic Disease of the NewbornSwatilekha Das
Rh Incompatibility I Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn-
Hi All,
I am Swatilekha Das, B.Sc, M.Sc Nurse and working as Assistant Professor of Nursing in a Nursing college. I worked as Clinical Instructor, nursing educator, nursing trainer, Nursing Tutor at hospitals, nursing schools and colleges.
ABOUT THIS ppt-
In this ppt I discussed about definition of rh incompatibility, cause, pathophysiology, diagnostic tests, treatment and screening and prevention of Rh incompatibility.
To know about it check the ppt till end.
I hope you enjoy this ppt and if you do then please click on the like button and share the with your friends too . Don't Forget to follow to see more such ppt. Thank you for checking the ppt.
@All Rights Reserved..
This PPT covers pathophysiology of thrombocytopenia which includes causes of thrombocytopenia, symptoms of thrombocytopenia and diagnosis of thrombocytopenia
Glomerulonephritis is inflammation of the tiny filters in your kidneys (glomeruli). Glomeruli remove excess fluid, electrolytes and waste from your bloodstream and pass them into your urine.
Hemophilia is a rare disorder in which your blood doesn't clot normally because it lacks sufficient blood-clotting proteins (clotting factors). If you have hemophilia, you may bleed for a longer time after an injury than you would if your blood clotted normally. Small cuts usually aren't much of a problem.
Please find the power point on Anemia in pregnancy. I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
Rh Incompatibility I Hemolytic Disease of the NewbornSwatilekha Das
Rh Incompatibility I Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn-
Hi All,
I am Swatilekha Das, B.Sc, M.Sc Nurse and working as Assistant Professor of Nursing in a Nursing college. I worked as Clinical Instructor, nursing educator, nursing trainer, Nursing Tutor at hospitals, nursing schools and colleges.
ABOUT THIS ppt-
In this ppt I discussed about definition of rh incompatibility, cause, pathophysiology, diagnostic tests, treatment and screening and prevention of Rh incompatibility.
To know about it check the ppt till end.
I hope you enjoy this ppt and if you do then please click on the like button and share the with your friends too . Don't Forget to follow to see more such ppt. Thank you for checking the ppt.
@All Rights Reserved..
This PPT covers pathophysiology of thrombocytopenia which includes causes of thrombocytopenia, symptoms of thrombocytopenia and diagnosis of thrombocytopenia
Glomerulonephritis is inflammation of the tiny filters in your kidneys (glomeruli). Glomeruli remove excess fluid, electrolytes and waste from your bloodstream and pass them into your urine.
This would give an idea of the various bleeding disorders, associated clotting factors and more specifically management in the dental office of the patients with bleeding disorders
Bleeding Disorders: Causes, Types, and Diagnosis Dr Medical
https://userupload.net/wxvqfbo7ywqu
A bleeding disorder is a condition that affects the way your blood normally clots. The clotting process, also known as coagulation, changes blood from a liquid to a solid. When you’re injured, your blood normally begins to clot to prevent a massive loss of blood. Sometimes, certain conditions prevent blood from clotting properly, which can result in heavy or prolonged bleeding.
Bleeding disorders can cause abnormal bleeding both outside and inside the body. Some disorders can drastically increase the amount of blood leaving your body. Others cause bleeding to occur under the skin or in vital organs, such as the brain.
Approach to a bleeding disorder: These presentation has the approach for a patient of bleeding disorder. it has History, physical finding, Investigations.
This is the Roy Adaptation Model presented by Callista Roy.
This presentation includes assumptions of the theory, major concepts,meta paradigms and theory's strengths and weaknesses. It also includes the types of stimuli and coping systems of theory.
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journey
Thrombocytopenia, DIC, Hemophilia and Nursing Care For Blood Transfusion
1. Thrombocytopenia,
DIC & Hemophilia
Nursing Care For Blood
Transfusion
Submitted to: Mr. Irfan Ali
By: Maryam Noor
G.BSN 5th semester.
JINNAH COLLEGE OF NURSING
28-feb-2020 Maryam Noor 1
2. Objectives:
At the end of this presentation learners will be able to:
• Define hemophilia and DIC and thrombocytopenia.
• Describe their pathophysiology.
• Identify their causes and clinical features.
• Discuss their complications.
• Explain their investigation criteria and nursing management .
• Discuss the nursing intervention for the patient receiving blood
transfusion therapy.
28-feb-2020 Maryam Noor 2
3. Thrombocytopenia
Platelets are tiny blood cells that form clots to stop
bleeding.
• Normal platelet count is 150,000-450,000 / uL.
• Decreased platelet count <150,000 is called
thrombocytopenia.
• Your risk for bleeding develops if a platelet count falls
below 10,000 to 20,000.
28-feb-2020 Maryam Noor 3
5. Signs & Symptoms
Thrombocytopenic symptoms may include:
• Petechiae (superficial tiny areas of bleeding into the skin
resulting in small reddish spots)
• Purpura (easy or excessive bruising)
• Prolonged bleeding cuts
• Fatigue
• Spontaneous bleeding from the gums or nose
• Heavy menstrual bleeding
• Blood in the urine or stools
• Splenomegaly
28-feb-2020 Maryam Noor 5
6. Investigation test and treatment
Investigation
• CBC
• Physical exam, including a complete medical history.
Treatment
• Treating the underlying cause of thrombocytopenia
• Blood or platelet transfusions
• Plasma exchange
• Surgery
• Medications
28-feb-2020 Maryam Noor 6
7. 28-feb-2020 Maryam Noor 7
Clotting cascade
Factor II
Factor IPT : 11 to 13.5 sec
INR : 0.8 to 1.1
aPTT : 30 to 40 seconds
8. Hemophilia
• Hemophilia is a severe bleeding disorder resulting from a
congenital deficiency of clotting factor VIII.
• Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive disorder because
genetic information for coagulation factors is located on
the X chromosome.
• Mostly females are carriers and males are affected.
28-feb-2020 Maryam Noor 8
9. Causes:
• Hemophilia is a genetic disease.
• It occurs when there is a change within the gene that makes
factor VIII or factor IX.
• This gene contains the instructions your body uses to make
certain blood clotting factors.
• For people with hemophilia diagnosis, these clotting
factors aren't made in sufficient quantities.
28-feb-2020 Maryam Noor 9
11. Types of hemophilia:
28-feb-2020 Maryam Noor 11
Type of hemophilia Deficient factor
Hemophilia A Deficiency of classical clotting factor VIII.
Most severe.
Hemophilia B Factor IX or Christmas factor.
Hemophilia C Factor XI or plasma thromboplastin.
Parahemophilia Factor V deficiency.
12. Severity of hemophilia
Severity Factor VIII or IX level characteristics
Normal >50% to <100% Normal
Mild >5% to <40% Few bleeds post
traumatic & post
dental surgery.
Moderate 1% to 5% Few bleeds,
Hemarthrosis, &
traumatic
Severe <1% Spontaneous and
severe bleeding
28-feb-2020 Maryam Noor 12
14. Symptoms in new born
• Delayed bleeding sometimes hours after bleeding.
• Big cephalohematoma following easy normal delivery.
• Excessive bleeding following circumcision.
• Bleeding during teeth eruption or during the fall of decidual teeth.
• Soft tissues hematoma after injection.
• Bleeding spontaneously or following trauma.
• Bleeding from umblical cord.
• Epistaxis.
28-feb-2020 Maryam Noor 14
15. Complications
28-feb-2020 Maryam Noor 15
Intracranial
hemorrhage
Development of
acquired circulating
antibody to F VIII.
Hemarthrosis
Therapy related
complication
16. Investigations
1. Complete blood count (CBC)
2. Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) test
Measures the clotting ability of factors VIII, IX, XI and XII.
If any of the clotting factors are too low, it takes longer for
the blood to clot.
Patients with hemophilia A or hemophilia B show a longer
clotting time in this test.
3. Prothrombin time (PT) test
4. Fibrinogen test.(factor I)
28-feb-2020 Maryam Noor 16
17. Treatment:
• Whole blood transfusion
• Factor replacement therapy
• Other drugs:
Desmopressin; a hormone that increase platelets to stick to an
injured blood vessel.
Antifibrinolytics drugs; Tranexamic acid, Aminocaproic acid.
28-feb-2020 Maryam Noor 17
18. DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy)
• It is an acquired syndrome characterized by hemorrhage
and micro vascular thrombosis.
• It is due to abnormally increased and uncontrolled
generation of thrombin and plasmin formation (leads to
clotting ) and consumption of platelets and coagulation
factors (leads to bleeding ).
28-feb-2020 Maryam Noor 18
21. Symptoms of DIC
• Bleeding
Bleeding at any site
Spontaneous bleeding and oozing at
venipuncture sites are clue to diagnosis.
Purpura & ecchymosis
Mouth, nose and GIT hemorrhage may
occur.
Hypotension & shock
• Thrombosis
Microvascular thrombi may
cause infarction of massive areas
of skin.
Organ dysfunction.
28-feb-2020 Maryam Noor 21
DIC leads to both bleeding and thrombosis; bleeding is more common than thrombosis.
23. Investigations
• Thrombocytopenia
• Prolonged PT
• APTT may or may not be prolonged
• Low fibrinogen
• Increased level of Fibrin Degradation Products.
• Increased D-Dimers indicating fibrinolysis
• Antithrombin III level may be very low.
28-feb-2020 Maryam Noor 23
24. ISTH scoring system for DIC
28-feb-2020 Maryam Noor 24
DIC score more
than 5 presents
overt DIC and
requires repeat
scores daily.
25. Treatment
Treatment of underline disorder.
Anticoagulation therapy
Component replacement
Antifibrinolytics not given.
28-feb-2020 Maryam Noor 25
26. Nursing diagnosis
• Risk of bleeding related to depleted coagulated factors.
• Ineffective Tissue Perfusion related to microthrombi.
• Deficient Knowledge related to complexity of disease or
treatment.
28-feb-2020 Maryam Noor 26
27. Nursing care
• Maintenance of intact skin and oral mucosa.
• Protect toddlers with soft helmets, padding on the knees,
carpets in the homes ad softened and covered corners.
• Avoid intense contact sports such as football, wrestling
etc.
• Drugs such as Aspirin and other NSAIDs are not allowed
because they increase the bleeding risk.
• Observe for signs of orthostatic hypotension.
• Avoid intramuscular injections.
28-feb-2020 Maryam Noor 27
28. Cont...
• Provide gentle oral care, using saline and water rinses
instead of toothbrushes.
• Use gentle suctioning
• Examine the skin surface for signs of bleeding.
• Assess client’s level of consciousness.
28-feb-2020 Maryam Noor 28
30. 28-feb-2020 Maryam Noor 30
Verify physician orders and consent for blood products.
Obtain a complete set of vital signs including temperature.
Verify whether there are any orders for pre-medication.
The transfusion must be started within 30 minutes after the blood has left the
refrigerator.
• The total maximum infusion time is 4 hours including the first 30 minutes.
• Must be started immediately to reduce the risk of infection.
Ensure the accurate patient identification..
Always use personal protective equipments including eye shields and gloves,
Ensure the patient to inform regarding any irritation during transfusion.
Before transfusion:
31. 28-feb-2020 Maryam Noor 31
Administer the blood products slowly for the first 15 minutes.
Never infuse any solution other than normal saline through the same catheter.
Never add any medication to blood.
Monitor vital signs.
Monitor for signs and symptoms of adverse reaction.
During transfusion
32. 28-feb-2020 Maryam Noor 32
Save the transfusion bag for at least 1 hour after transfusion if any adverse
reaction occurs.
Monitor vital signs.
According to 2006 American Association of Blood Bank guidelines.
Information to be included in the patient’s medical record must include the
Transfusion order
Type of blood product
The donor unit number
Date and time of transfusion
After transfusion
Vital signs before and after transfusion
The volume infused
Required signature
Any transfusion adverse effect.
33. References
• A Parthasarthy (2013) partha's fundamental of pediatrics, 2nd
edn., New delhi: Jaypee brothers medical publishers (p) ltd.
• Hazinki, M.F., (2013) Nursing care of the critically ill child, 3rd
edn., USA: Elsevier.
• https://nurseslabs.com/disseminated-intravascular-coagulation-
nursing-care-plans/
• https://www.medicinenet.com/thrombocytopenia low platelet
count/article htm#thrombocytopenia low platelet count definition
and facts
28-feb-2020 Maryam Noor 33
34. Your turn!
• 13 years old boy complains the post operative pain.
28-feb-2020 Maryam Noor 34