Brain parts near pod session
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The brainstem located at the base of the brain controls vital functions like breathing and heart rate. It includes the medulla, pons, and reticular formation. The limbic system including the amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus controls emotion, learning, memory and motivation. The cortex has four lobes - frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal - and is highly folded to fit its large surface area inside the skull.
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This document provides guidance from NICE on the assessment and treatment of acute stroke. It outlines recommendations for promptly admitting patients to specialist stroke units, performing brain imaging, providing thrombolysis or mechanical clot retrieval if appropriate, administering antiplatelets or anticoagulants, managing blood pressure and blood sugar, assessing swallowing function and providing nutrition, and carrying out carotid imaging and endarterectomy if indicated. The pathway is designed to optimize stroke care from initial presentation through the acute and subacute phases of recovery.
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Martin argues in favour of neurocritical care.
He concedes that longstanding and established practices are not as efficacious or innocuous as previously believed.
Very few specific interventions have been shown to improve outcomes in large randomised controlled trials. With the possible exception of avoidance of hypotension and hypoxaemia, most are based on analysis of physiology and pathophysiology.
Further, the substantial temporal and regional pathophysiological heterogeneity after TBI means that some interventions may be ineffective, unnecessary, or even harmful in certain patients at certain times.
Martin however, contends that improved understanding of pathophysiology and advances in neuromonitoring and imaging techniques have led to more effective and individualised treatment strategies. Ultimately, this has led to improved outcomes for patients.
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This debate will demonstrate that critical care just complicates things. Evidently, it is high time for the randomised trial between the very best neurocritical care and NOB therapy (Naso-pharyngeal, Oxygen and a Blanket).
Join Martin and Mark as they discuss the pros and cons of neurocritical care in the management of severe TBI.
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Dr Geraldine Leong goes through some important points in ECG reading and tips for the "not-to-miss" pathologies.
Find out more at singem.blogspot.sg
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Martin argues in favour of neurocritical care.
He concedes that longstanding and established practices are not as efficacious or innocuous as previously believed.
Very few specific interventions have been shown to improve outcomes in large randomised controlled trials. With the possible exception of avoidance of hypotension and hypoxaemia, most are based on analysis of physiology and pathophysiology.
Further, the substantial temporal and regional pathophysiological heterogeneity after TBI means that some interventions may be ineffective, unnecessary, or even harmful in certain patients at certain times.
Martin however, contends that improved understanding of pathophysiology and advances in neuromonitoring and imaging techniques have led to more effective and individualised treatment strategies. Ultimately, this has led to improved outcomes for patients.
In particular, the sole goal of identifying and treating intracranial hypertension has been superseded by a focus on the prevention of secondary brain insults. This is done by using a systematic, stepwise approach to maintenance of adequate cerebral perfusion and oxygenation.
Similarly, multimodal neuromonitoring also gives clinicians confidence to withhold potentially dangerous therapy. Particuarly in those with no evidence of brain ischemia/hypoxia or metabolic disturbance.
Mark Wilson on the other hand argues there is no benefit in neurocritical care following severe TBI.
The New England Journal of Medicine has published several articles that demonstrate no benefit from classic neurotrauma interventions (ICP monitoring, cooling, decompression). This is because factors such as ICP and CPP associate with bad outcomes by association rather than causation.
This debate will demonstrate that critical care just complicates things. Evidently, it is high time for the randomised trial between the very best neurocritical care and NOB therapy (Naso-pharyngeal, Oxygen and a Blanket).
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Peripheral nervous system (PNS) represents the conduit between the CNS and the body. It is further subdivided into the somatic nervous system (SNS) and the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Cells of the nervous system
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Neurons
Glial cells
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There are two types of neurons, named according to whether they send an electrical signal towards or away from the CNS;
Efferent neurons (motor or descending) send neural impulses from the CNS to the peripheral tissues, instructing them how to function.
Afferent neurons (sensory or ascending) conduct impulses from the peripheral tissues to the CNS. These impulses contain sensory information, describing the tissue's environment.Glial cells
Glial cells (Neuroglia); Image:
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Glial cells
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Synonyms: Neuroglia
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This set of functions is provided for by four different types of glial cells;
Myelinating glia produce the axon-insulating myelin sheath. These are called oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS. Remember these easily with the mnemonic "COPS" (Central - Oligodendrocytes; Peripheral - Schwann)
Astrocytes (CNS) and satellite glial cells (PNS) both share the function of supporting and protecting neurons.
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2) The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is outside the CNS and sends signals to the CNS, receives and transmits motor signals from the CNS, and stimulates effectors.
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Similar to Brain parts near pod session
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he nervous system is a network of neurons whose main feature is to generate, modulate and transmit information between all the different parts of the human body. This property enables many important functions of the nervous system, such as regulation of vital body functions (heartbeat, breathing, digestion), sensation and body movements. Ultimately, the nervous system structures preside over everything that makes us human; our consciousness, cognition, behaviour and memories.
The nervous system consists of two divisions;
Central nervous system (CNS) is the integration and command center of the body
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) represents the conduit between the CNS and the body. It is further subdivided into the somatic nervous system (SNS) and the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Cells of the nervous system
Two basic types of cells are present in the nervous system;
Neurons
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Neurons
Glial cells
The site where an axon connects to another cell to pass the neural impulse is called a synapse. The synapse doesn't connect to the next cell directly. Instead, the impulse triggers the release of chemicals called neurotransmitters from the very end of an axon. These neurotransmitters bind to the effector cell’s membrane, causing biochemical events to occur within that cell according to the orders sent by the CNS.
There are two types of neurons, named according to whether they send an electrical signal towards or away from the CNS;
Efferent neurons (motor or descending) send neural impulses from the CNS to the peripheral tissues, instructing them how to function.
Afferent neurons (sensory or ascending) conduct impulses from the peripheral tissues to the CNS. These impulses contain sensory information, describing the tissue's environment.Glial cells
Glial cells (Neuroglia); Image:
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1/5
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brain structure
The document summarizes key aspects of brain structure and function in 3 paragraphs or less:
The brainstem controls automatic functions like breathing and heart rate. The cerebellum aids in movement coordination and balance. The limbic system processes emotions and memories. The cerebral cortex is the brain's control center, with different lobes having distinct functions - frontal lobe for planning, parietal for senses, occipital for vision, and temporal for hearing. Within the cortex, specialized areas control motor skills, language processing, and other cognitive abilities. The brain is plastic and can reorganize over time based on experiences. Sensory systems like vision, hearing, touch, taste and smell detect environmental inputs which the brain interprets as perceptions
Lecture chapter 38 - nervous system
This document provides an overview of the nervous system and senses. It discusses the basic structure and function of neurons, how they generate and transmit action potentials, and how neurons communicate at synapses. It describes the central and peripheral nervous systems, including different divisions like the somatic, autonomic, and enteric nervous systems. The document also examines the specialized structures and functions of the brain and spinal cord, as well as basic models of memory and sensory processing. Finally, it explores the different human senses and phenomena like synesthesia.
Ch. 2 biology and behavior.key
This chapter discusses biology and behavior, including:
- Neurons transmit signals via neurotransmitters in the nervous system.
- The brain is divided into hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain regions controlling various functions.
- Imaging techniques like EEG, MRI, PET scan reveal brain structure and activity.
- The cerebrum contains hemispheres specialized in language and spatial reasoning.
- Development and aging impact brain structure through processes like synaptogenesis and pruning.
- Men and women's brains differ slightly in proportions of gray and white matter.
Neuroanatomy
This document provides an overview of neuroanatomy topics relevant to psychiatry. It discusses the autonomic nervous system, classification of neurons, neuroglia and their functions, the structure and tracts of the spinal cord, development of the brain, brainstem functions, the cerebellum, diencephalon structures and connections, limbic system anatomy and functions, and blood supply to the brain. Key areas covered include the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, neuron types, glial cell roles, ascending and descending spinal tracts, embryonic brain development, brainstem arousal centers, cerebellar organization, thalamic nuclei and their connections, limbic system components, and the arteries supplying the brain.
The Brain
The brain is one of the most complex organs in the human body. It controls muscle movements, gland secretions, breathing, temperature regulation and processes sensory data. The brain and spinal cord begin as an embryonic structure called the neural tube which forms the three primary brain vesicles - forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain. These vesicles further differentiate into the adult brain structures. The major components of the adult brain are the cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem. The cerebrum contains lobes, gyri, sulci and ventricles. It also contains white matter, basal ganglia and diencephalon structures like the thalamus.
The Parts & Function of the Brain
The brain can be divided into four lobes - the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes. Each lobe is associated with different functions. The frontal lobe is involved in reasoning, motor skills, and language. The parietal lobe processes sensory information like touch. The temporal lobe includes the auditory cortex and hippocampus. The occipital lobe contains the visual cortex and interprets visual stimuli.
Traumatic Brain Injury to temporal lobe and cognitive rehabilitation
This presentation briefs you about temporal lobe basic anatomy, Structures, functions, Mechanisms of Temporal lobe Injury and Cognitive rehabilitation strategies for temporal lobe deficits
Brain powerpoint
The document discusses the functions and parts of the human brain. It states that the brain is a complex organ that allows humans to think, move, feel, see, hear, taste and smell. It controls the body, receives and analyzes information, and stores memories. The brain produces electrical signals that allow communication between body parts. It is made up of different parts including the cerebrum with four lobes that control functions like reasoning, movement and memory, the cerebellum that coordinates movement and balance, and the brain stem that connects to the spinal cord and controls vital functions.
Brain anatomy and it relationship with behavior
The document summarizes brain anatomy and development. It begins by describing the central nervous system and its major components. It then outlines the stages of brain development from conception through formation of the three main parts - forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. Finally, it provides details on the anatomical subdivisions and functions of each brain region, including the cerebral cortex, limbic system, basal ganglia, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum.
Anatomy of the brain
The document provides an overview of brain anatomy and physiology for nurses. It describes the three main parts of the brain - the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain. It details the lobes of the cerebrum including the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes. It discusses the composition of the brain including neurons, glial cells, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood vessels. Key structures like the ventricles, basal ganglia, and brainstem are also outlined. The document aims to educate nurses on the basic structure and function of the human brain.
Grade 9 INTRA - The Human Nervous System (reference)
The human nervous system consists of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord, and controls movement, processing of sensory information, and other critical functions. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to sensory receptors and effectors throughout the body via sensory and motor neurons, allowing information to travel to and from the brain and spinal cord.
Similar to Brain parts near pod session (20)
Nervous System Introduction and Central Nervous System
Nervous System Introduction and Central Nervous System
Traumatic Brain Injury to temporal lobe and cognitive rehabilitation
Traumatic Brain Injury to temporal lobe and cognitive rehabilitation
Grade 9 INTRA - The Human Nervous System (reference)
Grade 9 INTRA - The Human Nervous System (reference)
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Aguiar AP Abnormal 2017
1. The document discusses anxiety disorders and how they differ from ordinary worries and fears. It defines anxiety and lists some common physical symptoms.
2. Specific anxiety disorders discussed include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobias, social anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, agoraphobia, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The causes and symptoms of each disorder are described.
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The document describes 16 personality types based on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) assessment. It provides brief summaries of each personality type, focusing on their key characteristics, preferences, and behaviors. The 16 types are ESTJ, ISTJ, ENTJ, INTJ, ESTP, ISTP, ENTP, INTP, ESFJ, ISFJ, ENFJ, INFJ, ENFP, INFP, ESFP, ISFP. Each summary is 1-3 sentences highlighting what defines that personality.
Meme instrutions 2015
A meme is like a knock knock joke that uses famous images as the basis to create new jokes. Students are instructed to go to memegenerator.net or imgflip.com to select an existing meme image or add their own, and generate an AP Psychology related caption that is funny but also relevant to the course material. Examples and rules are provided to help students create their own memes for extra credit.
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The document discusses various psychotherapeutic approaches and treatment methods for psychological disorders. It covers psychoanalysis and its methods developed by Sigmund Freud to access the unconscious mind. It also discusses humanistic therapies focused on empowering clients, like Carl Rogers' client-centered therapy. Behavioral therapies aim to change behaviors through conditioning principles. Cognitive therapies seek to change thinking patterns, exemplified by Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis. Alternative therapies mentioned include light therapy and EMDR. Drug therapies involve various psychopharmacological medications to treat conditions like schizophrenia, anxiety, and depression.
Aguiar ap intelligence and testing 2015 ss
Intelligence tests were first created in the early 20th century to identify students' reasoning abilities and place them in appropriate classes. Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon designed the first modern intelligence test in France. Their test measured "mental age" through reasoning tasks. Lewis Terman later modified the Binet test for American students and created the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test. He used the test to study gifted individuals. William Stern coined the term "intelligence quotient" or IQ to quantify intelligence scores.
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Aguiar ap learning 2014 2015 copy
Classical conditioning involves involuntary behaviors learned through association. Pavlov's work with dogs demonstrated that a neutral stimulus could become a conditioned stimulus through repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus that elicits an innate response. Key terms in classical conditioning include unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response. Cognitive processes and biological constraints can influence classical conditioning. Processes like acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination further describe classical conditioning.
Aguiar ap consciousness sleep and dreams 2014 2015
Biological rhythms influence our daily functioning through circadian rhythms and the sleep-wake cycle. The circadian rhythm is regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus which influences hormones like melatonin to make us feel sleepy. The sleep cycle consists of REM (rapid eye movement) and non-REM sleep stages that repeat about every 90 minutes. Sleep is important for restoration, recovery of the body, and processing memories from the previous day.
AP Sensation Perception
The document discusses key concepts related to sensation and perception. It begins by outlining three learning goals: 1) defining sensation and perception, 2) explaining bottom-up and top-down processing, and 3) examining selective attention. It then provides information on various topics within these goals, including absolute and difference thresholds, signal detection theory, sensory adaptation, and examples of selective attention like change blindness. Diagrams and examples are used throughout to illustrate concepts like the sensation-to-perception process and dual processing models.
Aguiar AP Development
Researchers explore infants' mental abilities through tests of habituation, where they measure infants' decreased interest in repeated stimuli over time. This allows researchers to determine what infants prefer to look at, like human faces over other images. Infant brain and motor development occurs rapidly during the first years of life. The brain grows dramatically as new neural connections are formed. Infants develop motor skills like grasping, stepping, and balance. Early experiences and maturation enable new cognitive and physical abilities during this critical period of development.
Brain stuff and memory devices
The human brain is an amazing organ capable of incredible feats of memory and learning. While we still have much to learn about how memory works in the brain, researchers have discovered some interesting things. New devices are being developed to help enhance memory and recall by interacting directly with the brain in novel ways.
Aguiar ap social psychology ss
The correct answer is B. Foot-in-the-door. The foot-in-the-door phenomenon refers to the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.
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This document discusses macro and micro sociology approaches. Macrosociology examines broader social structures like culture, social class, institutions and how they influence large groups. Microsociology focuses on smaller scale face-to-face interactions and how symbols and definitions shape behavior. Both are needed to understand how social forces at a broad, societal level and interpersonal level jointly influence human behavior.
Aguiar ap therapies
Psychological therapies aim to treat psychological disorders through various methods. Major therapeutic approaches include psychoanalysis, which explores the unconscious mind; humanistic therapies like client-centered therapy which empower the client; behavioral therapies that aim to change behaviors; and cognitive therapies that aim to change irrational thoughts. Therapies have adapted over time and now often combine multiple approaches. Effectiveness varies depending on the disorder and therapy used. All therapies provide hope, a new perspective, and a caring relationship to support healing.
Aguiar ap abnormal
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Aguiar ap intelligence and testing
The document discusses various theories of intelligence. It begins by outlining three learning goals regarding arguments for general vs. multiple intelligences, differences between Gardner's and Sternberg's theories, and what comprises emotional intelligence. It then covers several influential intelligence theorists including Spearman and his general factor theory, Thurstone and his theory of seven primary abilities, Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, Sternberg's triarchic theory, and Mayer and Salovey's theory of emotional intelligence. It also discusses research on the relationship between intelligence and brain anatomy/functioning as well as the distinction between intelligence and creativity.
Aguiar ap personality
Freud's psychoanalytic theory viewed personality as being formed by unconscious drives and instincts, divided into the id, ego, and superego. Freud believed personality develops through psychosexual stages from infancy to adulthood. His followers like Jung, Adler, and Horney accepted or modified some of Freud's ideas. Contemporary psychologists are more skeptical of Freud's theories and the existence of the unconscious. Projective tests like the Rorschach inkblot test and Thematic Apperception Test aim to assess personality through people's interpretations of ambiguous stimuli, attempting to reveal aspects of the unconscious.
Emotions and stress
The document discusses emotions and related topics. It defines emotions and explores theories of emotion, including the James-Lange theory, Cannon-Bard theory, and Two-Factor theory. It examines the biological, behavioral, and cognitive components of emotions. Additionally, it covers nonverbal communication of emotions, facial expressions and their influence on feelings, and stress and its relationship to health outcomes. Learning goals focus on the components of emotions, theories of emotion, the links between arousal and physiology, nonverbal communication of emotions, and causes and consequences of specific emotions.
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Aguiar ap consciousness sleep and dreams 2014 2015
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Brain parts near pod session
- 1. The Brainstem (hind/old brain) 2.6 What are the different structures of the bottom part of the brain? • Brainstem– located at the base of the brain, consisting of various parts functioning to sustain bodily functions. Peripheral Autonomic Central Structure Action Synapse Reflex Peeking Hind Limbic Lobes Motor Split Hormones
- 2. The Old Brain (Brainstem) Peripheral Autonomic Central Structure Action Synapse Reflex Peeking Hind Limbic Lobes Motor Split Hormones • Medulla – Heartbeat and Breathing • Pons “bridge” – Coordinates Movement and Sleep • Reticular Formation – Net of Nerves Inside the Brainstem – Controls Arousal & Alertness – Example: When you name is called • Locus Coeruleus – Center of Reticular Formation – Alertness and Panic 2
- 3. The Cerebellum “little brain” Peripheral Autonomic • MAIN FUNCTION: – Coordinates balance & movement • (ex. Walking, playing guitar hero) • OTHER FUNCTIONS: – Judges time – Stores muscle memory – Discriminates sounds and texture Central Structure Action Synapse Reflex Peeking Hind Limbic Lobes Motor Split Hormones 3
- 4. Peripheral Autonomic Central Structure Action Synapse Reflex Peeking Hind Limbic Lobes Motor Split Hormones Cerebellum Medulla Pons Reticular Formation
- 5. 2.7 What controls emotion, learning memory and motivation? • Limbic system – located under the cortex and involved in learning, emotion, memory and motivation Peripheral Autonomic Structures Under the Cortex Central Structure Action Synapse Reflex Peeking Hind Limbic Lobes Motor Split Hormones
- 6. The Limbic System (Emotional) Peripheral Autonomic Central Structure Action Synapse Reflex Peeking Hind Limbic Lobes Motor Split Hormones • Amygdala – Aggression and Fear • Thalamus – Signal Switchboard – Relays information to your pleasure areas – Relays senses (not smell) information to cortex areas • Ex: Information from eyes to visual cortex • Hypothalamus – Hunger, Thirst, Sex, & Body Temp. – reward center & dopamine pathways • Hippocampus – Memory 6
- 7. Thalamus Peripheral Autonomic Central Structure Action Synapse Reflex Peeking Hind Limbic Lobes Motor Split Hormones Cerebellum Medulla Pons Reticular Formation Amygdala Hippocampus Hypothalamus
- 8. o r t e x WHY is the cortex so wrinkled? Peripheral Autonomic The wrinkled outermost covering of the brain Central Structure Action Synapse Reflex Peeking Hind Limbic Lobes Motor Split Hormones
- 9. Peripheral Autonomic The Cerebral Cortex Central Structure Action Synapse Reflex Peeking Hind Limbic Lobes Motor Split Hormones 9
- 10. Peripheral Autonomic The Cerebral Cortex Central Structure Action Synapse Reflex Peeking Hind Limbic Lobes Motor Split Hormones 10
- 11. Peripheral Autonomic Central Structure Action Synapse Reflex Peeking Hind Limbic Lobes Motor Split Hormones S o m a t o s e n s o r y Somatosensory & Motor Areas M o t o r
- 12. Association areas deal with high level thinking such as directions and location Peripheral Autonomic Association Areas Central Structure Action Synapse Reflex Peeking Hind Limbic Lobes Motor Split Hormones 12
- 13. Thalamus Peripheral Autonomic Motor Cortex Sensory Cortex Corpus callosum Amygdala Central Structure Action Synapse Reflex Peeking Hind Limbic Lobes Motor Split Hormones Cerebellum Medulla Pons Reticular Formation Pituitary Gland Hippocampus Hypothalamus
- 14. • Both the left and right hemispheres can be roughly divided into four sections Peripheral Autonomic Four Lobes of the Brain Central Structure Action Synapse Reflex Peeking Hind Limbic Lobes Motor Split Hormones
- 15. Peripheral Autonomic The Cerebral Cortex • Frontal Lobes – Thoughts & Decision Making – Contains Motor Cortex – Contains Prefrontal Cortex • In charge of logic, step-by-step decision making, morals, and emotional control • Parietal Lobes – Sensation/Touch – Contains Sensory Cortex • Occipital Lobes – Vision Processing – Contains Visual Cortex • Temporal Lobes – Hearing & Memory – Contains auditory cortex Central Structure Action Synapse Reflex Peeking Hind Limbic Lobes Motor Split Hormones 15
- 16. Parietal Lobe Thalamus Peripheral Autonomic Motor Cortex Sensory Cortex Corpus callosum Amygdala Prefrontal Cortex Central Structure Action Synapse Reflex Peeking Hind Limbic Lobes Motor Split Hormones Frontal Lobe Occipital Lobe Cerebellum Medulla Pons Reticular Formation Pituitary Gland Hippocampus Hypothalamus Temporal Lobe