1. Anxiety disorders involve excessive and persistent worries or fears that interfere with daily functioning, unlike ordinary worries or fears. 2. Common anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. 3. Proposed causes of anxiety disorders include biological factors like abnormal neurotransmitter levels or brain structures, as well as psychological factors like repressed urges, conditioning, or traumatic experiences.

1. What Is Abnormality?What Is Abnormality?

2. Abnormal Psych: Intro ($h!t’s about to get weird)
• Learning Goals:
– Students should be able to answer the following:
1: How should we draw the line between normality and disorder?
2: What perspectives can help us understand psychological disorders?
2
Rating Student Evidence
4.0
Expert
I can successfully answer level 3 AND critically debate
if labeling disorders has a potential dangerous effect
on self-fulfilling prophecy.
★ 3.0 ★
Proficient
I can identify the layout of the DSM, and different axes
of the DSM AND discuss the pros and cons of labeling
disorders.
2.0
Developing
I can identify the layout of the DSM, different axes of
the DSM, but need more time to review how this
impacts the classification of disorders.
1.0
Beginning
I need more prompting and/or support to identify the
concepts stated in level 2.

3. Fact of Falsehood
• 1. In some cultures, depression and schizophrenia are nonexistent.
• 2. The more contact people have with individuals with disorders, the less
accepting their attitudes are.
• 3.About 30 percent of psychologically disordered people are dangerous;
that is, they are more likely than other people to commit a crime.
• 4.Research indicates that in the United States there are more prison
inmates with severe mental disorders than there are psychiatric inpatients
in all the country’s hospitals.
• 5.Identical twins who have been raised separately sometimes develop
similar phobias.
• 6. Dissociative identity disorder is a type of schizophrenia.
• 7. In North America, today’s young adults are three times more likely than
their grandparents to report having suffered depression.
• 8. White Americans commit suicide nearly twice as often as Black
Americans do.
• 9. There is strong evidence for a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia.
• 10 Twenty-six percent of adult Americans suffer from a diagnosable
mental disorder in a given year. 3

4. The
study
of
abnormal
thoughts,
feelings
and
behaviors
P s y c h o p a t h o l o g y

5. Early Theories
• Abnormal behavior was evil
spirits trying to get out.
• Trephining was often used.
• Another theory was to make
the body extremely
uncomfortable

6. Early Explanations of Mental Illness
• Hippocrates – mental
illness from imbalance
of body’s four
humors
• Middle Ages –
mentally ill labeled
witches
LO 12.1 How has mental illness been explained? How is abnormality defined?

7. Some people still think mental illness is
demonology

8. What Is Abnormal?
Inability to
Function
Statistically
Rare
Social Norm
Deviance
Danger to
Self/Others
Subjective
Discomfort

9. Perspectives and Disorders
Psychological School/Perspective Cause of the Disorder
Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Internal, unconscious drives
Humanistic Failure to strive to one’s potential or
being out of touch with one’s feelings.
Behavioral Reinforcement history, the
environment.
Cognitive Irrational, dysfunctional thoughts or
ways of thinking.
Sociocultural Dysfunctional Society
Biomedical/Neuroscience Organic problems, biochemical
imbalances, genetic predispositions.

10. What is a psychological disorder?
• Behavior patterns or mental processes that cause
serious personal suffering or interfere with a
person‟s ability to cope with everyday life.
• Three main components:
– Deviant (being different)
– Distressful (causes worry, pain or stress)
– Dysfunctional (impairing life functioning)
• About 1 in 7 adults in the United States have
experienced a psychological disorder. 26% in the
last year.
*Note: Not all deviant behavior is considered a
disorder, as sometimes it is just a cultural,
situational or generational norm. (e.g. killing in war,
dressing differently, praying loudly etc…)
10

11. Case Study: The Three D‟s: ADHD
• ADHD
• A psychological disorder marked by the appearance by
age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme
inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
• 4% of children, though 10% are being medicated for it
• Diagnosed 2-3 times more in boys than girls
• Correlated to watching more TV before age 7
• Brain appears to be about three years behind on thinning
of cortex and pruning
• Medications help, but benefits may disappear after three
years
• FDA just approved an EEG brain wave method for
diagnosing ADHD
11

12. ADHD Setting the Record Straight

13. Biopsychosocial Approach to Explaining Disorders
13

14. Section 1: Test Your Knowledge
Is this a psychological disorder? Why or Why Not?
During most of her life, Mary has been inclined to keep to
herself. She has few friends but no close friends. Her
feelings are easily hurt, and she seldom participates in any
social activities. As a child, she did nearly average work in
school but never took part in school activities. She
eventually dropped out of school and got a job. She rarely
talks with the other employees and prefers to eat her lunch
alone. She prefers to keep to herself and quietly talks to
herself, even when customers are around. At times she
refuses to eat certain foods for fear of being poisoned. Most
of the time Mary refuses to attend to her personal hygiene
and prefers to be left alone quietly muttering to herself. She
leaves the house only for food and work.
14

15. 1: How should we draw the line between normality and disorder?
2: What perspectives can help us understand psychological disorders?
15
Rating Student Evidence
4.0
Expert
I can teach someone else about, the definitions of
normality and disorders as well as psychological
perspectives on disorders. In addition to 3.0 , I can
demonstrate applications and inferences beyond what
was taught
3.0
Proficient
I can explain, the definitions of normality and disorders
as well as psychological perspectives on disorders with
no major errors or omissions.
2.0
Developing
I can identify terms associated, the definitions of
normality and disorders as well as psychological
perspectives on disorders, but need to review this
concept more.
1.0
Beginning
I need more prompting and/or support to identify the
concepts stated in 2.0

16. Abnormal Psych: Classification and
Labeling• Learning Goals:
– Students should be able to answer the following:
3: How and why do clinicians classify psychological disorders?
4: Why do some psychologists criticize the use of diagnostic labels?
16
Rating Student Evidence
4.0
Expert
I can successfully answer level 3 AND critically debate
if labeling disorders has a potential dangerous effect
on self-fulfilling prophecy.
★ 3.0 ★
Proficient
I can identify the layout of the DSM, and different axes
of the DSM AND discuss the pros and cons of labeling
disorders.
2.0
Developing
I can identify the layout of the DSM, different axes of
the DSM, but need more time to review how this
impacts the classification of disorders.
1.0
Beginning
I need more prompting and/or support to identify the
concepts stated in 2.0

17. How do psychologists explain disorders?
• The Medical Model (Pinel):
– Mental illness is a sickness
(psychopathology)
• Noticed people would become crazy
due to syphilis
• Dorothea Dix advocates for humane
treatment in mental hospitals in
America
– Under the medical model, we seek
to:
• Diagnosis
• Understand the Symptoms
• Provide Treatment
• And use psychiatric hospitals only
when necessary
Trephination -boring
holes in the skull to
remove evil forces
17

18. How do Psychologists classify disorders?
• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR)-1994,
Revised 2000
• Published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA)
• Closely follows World Heath Organization's International Classification of
Diseases (ICD)
• The DSM is revised every few years (DSM-V was published in 2013)
– Contains over 400 disorder categories
– DSM III included homosexuality as a disorder (1973), the DSM-IV does
not.
• Critics say the DSM is too broad and anyone can be classified with a
disorder. People can be diagnosed falsely with diagnostic labels.
• Goals of the DSM:
1. Identify and classify disorders
2. Determine prevalence (not treatment)
18

19. Two Major Disorder
Classifications in the DSM
Neurotic Disorders
• Distressing but one can
still function in society
and act rationally.
Psychotic Disorders
• Person loses contact
with reality,
experiences distorted
perceptions.
John Wayne Gacy

20. Group-think Share…. Neurotic or Psychotic and why?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. 6.

21. Layout of DSM Disorder Profiles
I. Disorder Name
II. Diagnostic features (this is complete description
of the disorder)
III. Associated features ( these are the features that
accompany the disorder)
IV. Development and Course (this is how the
disorder can develop and how it could possibly
affect the life course)
V. Differential Diagnosis (other possible names or
similar disorders)

22. DSM-IV-TR Psychological Profile Overview
Are Psychosocial or Environmental Problems (school or housing
issues) also present?Axis IV
What is the Global Assessment of the person’s functioning?
(0-100 Point Scale)Axis V
Is a General Medical Condition (diabetes, hypertension or
arthritis etc) also present?Axis III
Is a Personality Disorder or Mental Retardation present?
Axis II
Is a Clinical Syndrome (cognitive, anxiety, mood disorders [16
syndromes]) present?Axis I
22

23. DSM & Reliability
• If two different
psychologists interview the
same patient, will they come
up with the same diagnosis
according to the DSM?
• 83% of opinions agreed in
one study based on criteria
in the DSM (It supposedly
has high validity and
reliability)
23

24. Is There Danger in Labeling People?
What would you diagnose
these people with?
24

25. Is There Danger in Labeling People?
• The Rosenhan Study (1973)
– Faked a disorder to get into a mental institution
– After arriving into the institution, the
„pseudopatient‟ stopped being symptomatic
– On average it took 19 days before
„pseudopatients‟ were released, even though they
were not experiencing symptoms
– Conclusion: Labeling causes Doctors to see
people as „insane‟ even when they are „sane‟
25

26. Is There Danger in Labeling People?
26

27. Is There Danger in Labeling People?
• Pros of Labeling
– Communicate disorders
– Discern Treatment
– Comprehend underlying
causes
• Cons of Labeling
– Leads to self-fulfilling
prophecy for both patient
and others
– Creates a stigma that follows
a person
Operational Defiant Disorder
27

28. Section 2: Test Your Knowledge
• A man is feeling depressed about his inability to support his family after
losing his job. The fact that the patient is currently unemployed is coded
on which axis in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-IV-TR)?
(A) Axis I
(B) Axis II
(C) Axis III
(D) Axis IV
(E) Axis V
• The medical model views mental illness as:
(A) A character defect
(B) A disease or illness
(C) An interaction of biological, cognitive, behavioral, social and cultural factors
(D) Normal behavior in an abnormal context
(E) Maladaptive contingencies of reinforcement
28

29. 3: How and why do clinicians classify psychological disorders?
4: Why do some psychologists criticize the use of diagnostic labels?
29
Rating Student Evidence
4.0
Expert
I can successfully answer level 3 AND critically debate if
labeling disorders has a potential dangerous effect on
self-fulfilling prophecy.
★ 3.0 ★
Proficient
I can identify the layout of the DSM, and different axes
of the DSM AND discuss the pros and cons of labeling
disorders.
2.0
Developing
I can identify the layout of the DSM, different axes of the
DSM, but need more time to review how this impacts
the classification of disorders.
1.0
Beginning
I need more prompting and/or support to identify the
concepts stated in 2.0

30. Section 2: Product Assessment
• In groups of 3 to 4 people, you are to create a
poster for a new disorder using the “Layout of
DSM Disorder Profiles” (I-Name, II-Diagnostic, III-
Associated Features, IV-Development, V-
Differential Diagnosis)
• A rationale as to why a disorder profile is needed
for this disorder (included the three D’s from the
prior lesson)
• An illustration to go along with this disorder
• Example: Senioritis
30

31. Abnormal Psych: Anxiety Disorders
• Learning Goals:
– Students should be able to answer the following:
5: What are anxiety disorders, and how do they differ from ordinary worries and
fears?
6: What produces the thoughts and feelings that mark anxiety disorders?
31
Rating Student Evidence
4.0
Expert
I can satisfy all the requirements of level 3.0
and debate the legitimacy of the proposed
causes of anxiety disorders.
★ 3.0 ★
Proficient
I can identify, describe and explain causes of
specific anxiety disorders.
2.0
Developing
I can identify and describe some of the
specific anxiety disorders.
1.0
Beginning
I need more prompting and/or support to
identify the concepts stated in 2.0

32. Anxiety Disorders
• Anxiety: General State of dread or
uneasiness that occurs in response
to a vague or imagined danger.
• Also, nervousness, inability to relax,
concern about losing control
• Physical Symptoms caused by over
active sympathetic nervous system:
– Trembling, Sweating, Rapid Heart
Rate, Shortness of Breath, Increased
Blood Pressure, Flushed Face,
Feelings of Light-headedness
32

33. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
• Excessive or unrealistic
worry about life
circumstances lasting for
at least six months
– Financial Issues, Work,
Relationships
• Hard to Treat and
Diagnosis
• Effects more Women and
Blacks
33

34. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

35. Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia
• Panic Attack: a short period of intense fear or discomfort with
most of the physical symptoms of anxiety present
• Agoraphobia: Fear of being in places or situations in which
escape may be difficult or impossible
– Accounts for 50-80% of phobia clients seeking treatment
• Both panic attacks and agoraphobia lead to avoidance
behaviors
• Treatment:
– Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
– Behavioral Therapy with conditioning and relaxation
35

36. Phobias- “Fear Disorder”
• Social Phobia
– Fear of social situations in which one might be exposed to the
close scrutiny of others and might be humiliated or embarrassed
– Examples: Public speaking, eating in public or dating
• Simple Phobia (most common)
– Happens in women 2-1
– Animal, Situational, Injection
– Irrational fear of a particular object or situation
36

37. Phobias- “Pickles”

38. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
• Obsessions: Unwanted thoughts, ideas
or mental images that occur over and
over again
• Compulsions: Repetitive ritual
behaviors involving checking or
cleaning (helps to reduce anxiety from
obsessions)
• 55% of OCD clients obsess over dirt or
contamination
• May be caused by frontal lobe glucose
metabolism or wired into brain
38
A PET scan of the brain of a
person with Obsessive-
Compulsive Disorder
(OCD). High metabolic
activity (red) in the frontal
lobe areas are involved with
directing attention.

39. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
39

40. The Hoarding Debate…

41. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
• Intense, persistent feelings of anxiety that are caused by a
traumatic experience
• Added to the DSM after the Vietnam War
• Previously called “shell shock” and “battle fatigue”
• Events that lead to PTSD:
– Rape, Child Abuse, Assault, Severe Accidents, Natural Disasters,
War
– Lower than average cortisol levels may predispose people to PTSD
• Symptoms:
– Flashbacks & Nightmares
– Tension & Aggression
– Avoidance Behavior & Substance Abuse
• Treatments:
– Prolonged CBT
– Virtual Therapy- reliving the event
– EMDR
41

42. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
42

43. What Causes Anxiety Disorders?
• Psychoanalytic Perspective: Repressed
unconscious urges from childhood
• Biological Perspective: Too much or too little
of certain neurotransmitters or brain
abnormality; sensitive amygdala
• Behavioral (Learning) Perspective:
Conditioned through classical conditioning
or operant conditioning to experience
anxiety
43

44. 5: What are anxiety disorders, and how do they differ from ordinary worries and
fears?
6: What produces the thoughts and feelings that mark anxiety disorders?
Mr. Burnes 44
Rating Student Evidence
4.0
Expert
I can satisfy all the requirements of level 3.0 and debate
the legitimacy of the proposed causes of anxiety
disorders.
★ 3.0 ★
Proficient
I can identify, describe and explain causes of specific
anxiety disorders.
2.0
Developing
I can identify and describe some of the specific anxiety
disorders.
1.0
Beginning
I need more prompting and/or support to identify the
concepts stated in 2.0

45. Check Your Understanding: Anxiety Disorders
• Which of the following is NOT considered an
anxiety disorder?
A) Ben, who goes home several times a day to check to
see if the stove is off.
B) Denise, who is terrorified of eating in public.
C) Mary, who worries excessively about an upcoming
job interview weeks before it happens.
D) Kent, a solider who has experienced sudden
blindness after seeing his buddies killed in war.
E) Sara, who without reason, starts to hyperventalate
and cry, while complaining that she thinks she will
die.
45

46. Anxiety Disorder Review
• Create a visual graphic organizer to help remember the different types of anxiety
disorders
46
Anxiety Disorders

47. Abnormal Psych: Somatoform and
Dissociative Disorders• Learning Goals:
– Students should be able to answer the following:
7: What are somatoform disorders?
8: What are dissociative disorders, and why are they controversial?
47
Rating Student Evidence
4.0
Expert
I can satisfy level 3.0 and evaluate claims made
by some researchers that dissociative or
somatoform disorders are not true disorders.
★ 3.0 ★
Proficient
I can identify somatoform and dissociative
disorders, there symptoms and explain the
possible causes of both types of disorders.
2.0
Developing
I can identify somatoform and dissociative
disorders.
1.0
Beginning
I need more prompting and/or support to
identify the concepts stated in 2.0

48. Somatoform Disorders
• Occur when a
person manifests a
psychological
problem
(depression) through
a physiological
symptom
(paralysis).
• Two types……

49. Somatoform Disorders
• Type I: Conversion Disorder
– People experience a loss or change of physical
functioning
– No medical explanation
– Examples: Sudden blindness, paralysis, glove
anesthesia
– Not faking it!
– Women twice as likely to be diagnosed
• Type II: Hypochondriasis
– Unrealistic Preoccupation with serious disease
– Will visit multiple doctors to be treated
– Affects men and women equally
– Caused by suppressed emotions that emerge as
physical symptoms
49

50. Somatoform Disorders
50

51. Somatoform Disorders
51

52. Dissociative Disorders
• Disruptions in conscious awareness
and sense of identity (memory issues)
• Explained by having unacceptable
urges or protection from anxiety
(psychoanalytic)
• Three Types
52

53. Psychogenic Amnesia
• Also called
“Dissociative Amnesia”
• A person cannot
remember things with
no physiological basis
for the disruption in
memory.
• Retrograde Amnesia
• NOT organic amnesia.
• Organic amnesia can be
retrograde or
anterograde.

54. Psychogenic Amnesia

55. Dissociative Fugue
• People with
psychogenic amnesia
that find
themselves in an
unfamiliar
environment.

56. Dissociative Identity Disorder
• Used to be known as
Multiple Personality
Disorder.
• A person has several
rather than one
integrated
personality.
• People with DID
commonly have a
history of childhood
abuse or trauma.

57. DID
– Considered extremely rare
– The personalities alternate, with the
original personality typically denying
awareness of the other(s)
– Skeptics question whether DID is a
genuine disorder or an extension of our
normal capacity for personality shifts.
57

58. DID- The faces of Eve
58

59. DID Kim Noble
59

60. DID Paula‟s Struggle
60

61. 7: What are somatoform disorders?
8: What are dissociative disorders, and why are they controversial?
61
Rating Student Evidence
4.0
Expert
I can satisfy level 3.0 and evaluate claims made by some
researchers that dissociative or somatoform disorders
are not true disorders.
★ 3.0 ★
Proficient
I can identify somatoform and dissociative disorders,
their symptoms and explain the possible causes of both
types of disorders.
2.0
Developing
I can identify somatoform and dissociative disorders.
1.0
Beginning
I need more prompting and/or support to identify the
concepts stated in 2.0

62. Abnormal Psych: Mood Disorders
• Learning Goals:
– Students should be able to answer the following:
9: What are mood disorders, and what forms do they take?
10: What causes mood disorders, and what might explain the Western world’s rising
incidence of depression among youth and young adults?
62
Rating Student Evidence
4.0
Expert
I can satisfy all the requirements of level 3.0
and analyze why mood disorders seem to
affect some people and not others.
★ 3.0 ★
Proficient
I can identify the symptoms associated with
specific mood disorders and explain how
mood disorders develop from biological and
psychological perspectives.
2.0
Developing
I can identify certain mood disorders.
1.0
Beginning
I need more prompting and/or support to
identify the concepts stated in 2.0

63. Mood Disorders
• Experience extreme or inappropriate
emotion.

64. Major Depression
• A.K.A. unipolar
depression
• Unhappy for at
least two weeks
with no apparent
cause.
• Depression is the
common cold of
psychological
disorders.

65. Major Depressive Episode
65

66. Major Depressive Episode
• Neurotransmitters involved: Serotonin and Norepinephrine
• Five of the following symptoms must be present for diagnosis:
1. depressed mood most of the day
2. loss of interest or pleasure
3. significant weight loss or gain due to appetite
4. sleeping more than normal
5. speeding up/slowing down of physical and emotional reactions
6. Fatigue
7. feelings of worthlessness
8. inability to concentrate
9. recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
10. May last for periods of months or more
66

67. Dysthymic Disorder
• Suffering from
mild depression
every day for
at least two
years.

68. Dysthymic Disorder
• Dysthymic disorder lies between a blue
mood and major depressive disorder. It
is a disorder characterized by daily
depression lasting two years or more.
68
Major Depressive
Disorder
Blue
Mood
Dysthymic
Disorder

69. Dysthymic Disorder Case Study: Eeyore

70. Bipolar Disorder
• Involves periods of
depression and manic
episodes.
• Manic episodes involve
feelings of high energy
(but they tend to differ
a lot…some get
confident and some get
irritable).
• Engage in risky behavior
during the manic
episode.

71. Bipolar Disorder
• May hear voices and experience
hallucinations, Delusions of superior abilities
– Example Behaviors: Spending sprees, quitting
jobs to pursue wild dreams, making bad decisions
• Mania:
– Inflated Self-Esteem
– Inability to Sit or Sleep
– Pressure to keep talking (push of speech)
– Racing Thoughts
– Difficulty Concentrating
– Overly Optimistic
71

72. 72
Mania can resemble schizophrenia or a crack high

73. 73
Creativity and Bipolar Disorder

74. Bipolar Disorder: Subtypes
• Bipolar I (most extreme) disorder is
characterized by the presence of one or more
manic or mixed episodes. Depressive episodes
usually occur too.
• Bipolar II (less extreme)disorder is
characterized by highs that are never more
severe than hypomania (less severe mania)
together with major depressive episodes.
• Cyclothymic disorder (least extreme) refers to
frequent episodes of hypomania and mild
depression occurring over at least a 2-year
period.
74

75. Bipolar Disorder an in-depth explanation
75

76. Famous People with Bipolar

77. 77
Explaining Mood Disorders
Since depression is so prevalent worldwide,
investigators want to develop a theory of
depression that will suggest ways to treat it.
Lewinsohn et al., (1985, 1995) note that a theory
of depression should explain the following:
• Behavioral and cognitive changes
• Common causes of depression

78. 78
Theory of Depression
Gender differences

79. 79
Theory of Depression
• Depressive episodes self-terminate.
• Depression is increasing, especially in
teens.
Post-partum depression

80. Suicide Statistics
• 1 million people worldwide/year
• White Americans are twice as likely than
Black Americans to kill themselves
• Women are more likely to attempt, Men
are more likely to succeed
• Suicide rates have doubled in the last 40
years among teens
• Who is likely to commit suicide?
– The Rich
– Single/divorced/widowed
– White
– Nonreligious
– Teens & Elderly
80

81. 81
Biological Perspective
Genetic Influences: Mood disorders run in
families. The rate of depression is higher in
identical (50%) than fraternal twins (20%).
Linkage analysis and association
studies link possible genes and
dispositions for depression.
JerryIrwinPhotography

82. 82
The Depressed Brain
PET scans show that brain energy consumption
rises and falls with manic and depressive
episodes.
CourtesyofLewisBaxteranMichaelE.
Phelps,UCLASchoolofMedicine

83. 83
Social-Cognitive Perspective
The social-cognitive perspective suggests that
depression arises partly from self-defeating
beliefs and negative explanatory styles.

84. 84
Depression Cycle
Negative stressful events.
Pessimistic explanatory style.
Hopeless depressed state.
These hamper the way the individual
thinks and acts, fueling personal
rejection.

85. 85
Example
Explanatory style plays a major role in becoming depressed.

86. 9: What are mood disorders, and what forms do they take?
10: What causes mood disorders, and what might explain the Western world’s
rising incidence of depression among youth and young adults?
86
Rating Student Evidence
4.0
Expert
I can satisfy all the requirements of level 3.0 and analyze
why mood disorders seem to affect some people and not
others.
★ 3.0 ★
Proficient
I can identify the symptoms associated with specific
mood disorders and explain how mood disorders
develop from biological and psychological perspectives.
2.0
Developing
I can identify certain mood disorders.
1.0
Beginning
I need more prompting and/or support to identify the
concepts stated in 2.0

87. Section 5: Test Your Knowledge
Which of the following is NOT true regarding depression?
A. Depression is more common in females than males.
B. Most depressive episodes appear not to be preceded by any
particular factor or event
C. Most depressive episodes last less than 3 months
D. Most people recover from depression without professional therapy.
The risk of major depression and bipolar disorder dramatically
increases if you:
A. have suffered a debilitating injury
B. have an adoptive parent with the disorder
C. have a parent or sibling with the disorder
D. have a life-threatening illness
E. have above-average intelligence
87

88. Schizophrenia• Learning Goals:
– Students should be able to answer the following:
11: What patterns of thinking, perceiving, feeling, and behaving characterize
schizophrenia?
12: What causes schizophrenia?
88
Rating Student Evidence
4.0
Expert
I can satisfy all the requirements of level 3.0 and
analyze why persons with schizophrenia display
different symptoms based on their subtypes.
★ 3.0 ★
Proficient
I can identify the specific feature of schizophrenia
and its subtypes and discuss the theories that seek
to explain how schizophrenia is contracted.
2.0
Developing
I can identify the specific feature of schizophrenia
and its subtypes.
1.0
Beginning
I need more prompting and/or support to identify
the concepts stated in 2.0

89. Schizophrenia Overview
• 1 in 100 people develop schizophrenia "split
mind”
• One of the most serious disorders of
psychology
• 2 million in the United States, 24 million
worldwide
• Characterized by loss of contact with reality
• May appear suddenly or gradually
• Usually appears in males during adolescents
and females during 20‟s.
• Breakdown in selective attention
89

90. Schizophrenia Experience
90

91. Schizophrenia Overview
• Disorganized Thinking
– Fragmented speech (word salad)
– Delusions (false beliefs)
– Inability to filter selective attention
• Disturbed Perceptions
– Hallucinations (mostly auditory sensation
errors)
– Described as a dream happening while awake
• Inappropriate Emotions and Actions
– Wrong or no emotions (flat affect)
– Senseless or weird acts (playing with hair)
91

92. Schizophrenia Overview
92

93. Schizophrenia Overview
93

94. Positive and Negative Symptoms
• Schizophrenics have present
inappropriate symptoms
(hallucinations, disorganized
thinking, deluded ways) that are
not present in normal individuals
(positive symptoms).
• Schizophrenics also have an
absence of appropriate symptoms
(apathy, expressionless faces,
rigid bodies) that are present in
normal individuals (negative
symptoms).
94
Positive or
Negative
Symptom?

95. Schizophrenia Subtypes
95

96. Paranoid Schizophrenia
96

97. Possible Causes of Schizophrenia
• DOPAMINE
– Too much of it!
– Leads to hallucinations
• UNUSUAL BRAIN ACTIVITY
– Low frontal lobe activity
– Misfiring neurons
– Increased activity in the core (thalamus and amygdala)
• MATERNAL VIRUS
– Flu virus during first term of pregnancy
– Babies born in the winter months increased risk
• GENETICS
– 1 in 10 if family member has it
– 1 in 2 if identical twin has it
– Not the sole cause of the disorder
• PSYCHOANALYTIC VIEW
– Id is overwhelmed and out of control
– Family members are pushy and overly critical
97

98. 98

99. 99
The Schizophrenia Switch

100. Early Warning Signs of Schizophrenia
100 100
Birth complications, oxygen deprivation and low-birth
weight.
2.
Short attention span and poor muscle coordination.3.
Poor peer relations and solo play.6.
Emotional unpredictability.5.
Disruptive and withdrawn behavior.4.
A mother’s long lasting schizophrenia.1.

101. 11: What patterns of thinking, perceiving, feeling, and behaving characterize
schizophrenia?
12: What causes schizophrenia?
101
Rating Student Evidence
4.0
Expert
I can satisfy all the requirements of level 3.0 and
analyze why persons with schizophrenia display
different symptoms based on their subtypes.
★ 3.0 ★
Proficient
I can identify the specific feature of schizophrenia
and its subtypes and discuss the theories that seek
to explain how schizophrenia is contracted.
2.0
Developing
I can identify the specific feature of schizophrenia
and its subtypes.
1.0
Beginning
I need more prompting and/or support to identify
the concepts stated in 2.0

102. Check Your Understanding: Schizophrenia
• The _____ type of schizophreneia is characted
by delusions.
A) Rediudal
B) Catatonic
C) Paranoid
D) Undifferentiated
E) Disorganized
102

103. Check Your Understanding: Schizophrenia
• Most of the drugs that are useful in the
treatment of schizophrenia are know to
correct ____ activity in the brain.
A) Norepinephrine
B) Epinephrine
C) Serotonin
D) GABA
E) Dopamine
103

104. Abnormal Psych: Personality Disorders and Stats on
Disorders
• Learning Goals:
– Students should be able to answer the following:
13: What characteristics typical of personality disorders?
14: How many people suffer or have suffered from a psychological disorder?
104
Rating Student Evidence
4.0
Expert
I can satisfy all the requirements of level 3.0 and
debate whether personality disorders might add
negative labels to individuals.
★ 3.0 ★
Proficient
I can identify specific personality disorders and
explain how they differ from Axis I disorders.
2.0
Developing
I can identify personality disorder clusters and some
of their subtypes.
1.0
Beginning
I need more prompting and/or support to identify
the concepts stated in 2.0

105. Labeling a Person Criminally Insane
• “Insanity” labels
raise moral and ethical
questions about how
society should treat
people who have
disorders and have
committed crimes.
• See article: Insanity
Defense
Una-bomber
105

106. Personality Disorders- Axis II
• Patterns of inflexible traits that disrupt social life or work and/or
distress the affected individual impairing their social functioning.
• Hard to estimate because people rarely seek treatment (don‟t think
they have a problem)
• Cluster A: Odd/Eccentric Behaviors
– Schizoid (78/22)- Loner
– Paranoid (67/33)- Untrusting
– Schizotypal (55/45)- Very Odd
• Cluster B: Dramatic/Impulsive Behavior
– Narcissistic (70/30) – Better than Everyone
– Borderline (38/62) – Unstable
– Histrionic (15/85)- Center of Attention
– Antisocial (82/18)- No Remorse
• Cluster C: Fearful/Anxiety Behaviors
– Avoidant (50/50) - Timid, Shy
– Dependent (31/69) – Stage Five Clinger “needy”
– Obsessive-Compulsive (50/50) – My way or the highway- Perfectionistic
106

107. Antisocial Personality Disorder
• AKA: Sociopath or Psychopath
– Typically a male, Begins before age 15
– Lies, steals, fights, sexually uninhibited
– Don't care about others rights or
feelings (even family)
• Biological Origins of ASPD
– No one gene (although twins studies
support genetics)
– Reduced arousal in autonomic nervous
system
– Reduced activity in frontal lobe gives
way to impulsivity
• Environmental Origins of ASPD
– Family instability
– Poverty
– Conditioning and Abuse
107
Ted Bundy
Serial Killer convicted
of killing several
people including
Florida State Chi
Omega Sorority girls
in 1978

108. Rates of Psychological Disorders
108

109. 13: What characteristics typical of personality disorders?
14: How many people suffer or have suffered from a psychological disorder?
109
Rating Student Evidence
4.0
Expert
I can satisfy all the requirements of level 3.0 and debate
whether personality disorders might add negative labels
to individuals.
★ 3.0 ★
Proficient
I can identify specific personality disorders and explain
how they differ from Axis I disorders.
2.0
Developing
I can identify personality disorder clusters and some of
their subtypes.
1.0
Beginning
I need more prompting and/or support to identify the
concepts stated in 2.0