This document discusses afforestation of ravine lands. It begins with introducing what ravine lands are, how they are formed, and issues they cause. The objectives are to define ravine lands, identify factors influencing their location, outline ravine afforestation practices, and list suitable plant species. It describes methods used like literature review and selecting materials. Results discuss types of ravines, formation stages, need for afforestation, locality factors, soil preparation methods, and choice of species depending on soil type. National practices in countries like Nepal are also outlined. It concludes more protection and afforestation of ravines is needed using suitable soil preparation and plant species selection methods.

2. AFFORESTATION
OF
RAVINE LAND
Megharaj Poudel
Roll No: 6

3. PRESENTATION OUTLINE
• Introduction
• Objectives
• Method and Materials
• Result and Discussion
• Conclusion

4. INTRODUCTION
• A ravine is a very narrow, steep sided crevice in the
Earth's surface.
• Ravines are smaller than valleys, but larger than gullies,
although a ravine has the potential to develop into a
valley, over the course of thousands of years.

5. INTRODUCTION
• Typically, a ravine is formed through the process of
erosion, and it starts out as the site of a small stream or
river.
• Over time, the water wears a deep groove into the Earth,
which attracts water as it drains from other locations,
speeding the erosion process up.

6. INTRODUCTION
• There are many ravine lands adjoining to the river in the
world. These ravines have not only rendered extensive
areas barren but are also posing threats to the cultivated
lands above by their continuous extension backward and
destroying the vegetative cover

7. OBJECTIVES
• To define the ravine lands the find out the factors of the
locality of the ravine lands
• To outline the practices of ravine land afforestation in the
national and international perspectives
• To list down the species suitable for different types of
soils in ravine lands

8. METHODS AND MATERIALS
• Methods
–
–
–
–
Book Review
Internet Search
Selection of the Materials and
Preparation of Term Paper
• Materials
– Book
– Articles
– Ms Word and Power Point

9. RESULT & DISCUSSION
Types of Ravines
One the Basis of Shape: U and V Shape
On the basis of depth, bed width, and slope
,
The Stages of the formation of the ravines
Similar to Gully, 4 Stages

10. RESULT & DISCUSSION
Need of Afforestation in Ravines
Helps to improve water quality
Provides habitat and food for birds, fish and other
Provides shade and shelter
Source of recreational and scenic amenity
Flood protection
Water level control
Erosion control
River management
Riparian management
Drainage management
,

11. RESULT & DISCUSSION
Factors of Locality in Ravine Areas
,
•
Soil is generally sandy to stiff clay.
•
Less moisture in the top of the soil.
•
Formation of hillocks and ridges in between ravines
•
The hillocks and ridges have practically no contact
with permanent water table.
•
Ravines experience frost.
•
Uncontrolled felling, grazing and fire are present.

12. RESULT & DISCUSSION
Soil Preparation in Ravines Lands
Soil Preparation in the catchments
Cultivated lands
Waste lands near ravines
Soil preparation on the slopes of head
and sides of ravines
Soil preparations in the valleys

13. RESULT & DISCUSSION
Choice of Species
Clayey soil:
Acacia Arabica
Ailanthus
Albizzia
Syzygium
Terminalia arjuna
Dalbergia sissoo

14. RESULT & DISCUSSION
Sandy soils
Acacia catechu
Dalbergia sissoo
Albizzia
Melia azedarach
Prosopis juliflora
Azederachta indica

15. RESULT & DISCUSSION
National Practice
ICIMOD Indentified the need for the plantation
in ravine lands

16. RESULT & DISCUSSION

17. RESULT & DISCUSSION

18. CONCLUSION
There is the need of the protection of the ravines from
further destruction and need to maintain the greenery
in such areas.
The soil are prepared for the afforestation. The
methods of the preparation of soil in different soil
types such as sandy and clayey soil are different
The species for the afforestation of the ravine land
should be selected on the basis of the site condition.