This document summarizes a seminar on advances in tribology presented by Apurv Verma. It discusses topics such as friction, lubrication, wear mechanisms, types of motion, tribology applications in piston rings and cylinder liners, recent developments like soybean oil and PVD coatings as lubricants, tribology concerns in MEMS devices, and the economic impacts of tribology research. Application areas covered include integrated circuits, sensors, catalysts, micromachines, and more.

1. SEMINAR ON
ADVANCES IN TRIBOLOGY
BY
APURV VERMA
3RB09ME011
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BHEEMANNA KHANDRE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BHALKI

2. INDEX
• INRTODUCTION
• PRACTICAL OBJECTIVES OF TRIBOLOGY
• FRICTION
• TYPES OF MOTION
• TRIBOLOGY IN PISTON RINGS AND CYLINDER LINER
• WEAR AND ITS MECHANISM
• LUBRICATION
• SOYBEAN OIL AS FUTURE LUBRICANT OIL FOR IC ENGINES
• PVD
• TRIBOLOGY CONCERNS IN MEMS DEVICES
• IMPACT OF TRIBOLOGY
• ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF TRIBOLOGY

3. INTRODUCTION
• It is a GREEK word TRIBOS means rubbing processes.
• Tribology is the science and technology of interacting surfaces in
relative motion.
• Tribology tries to describe everything that happens when things
rub together.
TRIBOLOGY TRIANGLE

4. PRACTICAL OBJECTIVES OF
TRIBOLOGY

5. FRICTION
• What is friction?
 It’s a FORCE.
 Occurs whenever two objects are IN CONTACT with each other.
 It’s the resistance to movement. It SLOWS objects down.
5

6. Fto move the box on:
Let’s use THE SAME FORCE
RICTION
higher friction
wooden floor
lower friction
ice
In which case friction is higher?
Which one will slide further?
WHY?
6

7. LUBRICATION
Why do we need it?
 lower the friction
 prevent wear
↓ wear
↓ friction remove heat and contamination

8. WEAR
 What is wear?
It’s the removal of material
from a solid surface by the
action of another surface.
8

9. WEAR MECHANISMS
• Abrasive
• Adhesive
– High contact pressures
– Low contact pressures
– Wear tracks
– Augmented asperities

10. TYPES OF MOTION
There are two types of motion between two
moving parts.
● Sliding motion
e.g :- Piston in IC engine
●Rolling motion
e.g :- Bearings, wheels of automobiles

11. TRIBOLOGY IN PISTON RINGS AND
CYLINDER LINER
• Cylinder liner is fixed one
and piston will slide up
and down inside on it.
• Friction exists between
these parts , it results in
wear.
• It can be reduced by applying
lubricant.

12. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN
TRIBOLOGY
• Soybean oil as future lubricant for IC engines.
• Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
• Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD)
• Tribology concerns in MEMS devices
Diamond Coating
Ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD)
Self Assembled Monolayers (SAMs)
Cantilever Beam Array Technique

13. SOYBEAN OIL AS FUTURE LUBRICANT
FOR IC ENGINES
• Soybean oil is a vegetable oil
extracted from soybean seeds.
• It is easily available at low
price.
PROPERTIES OF SOYBEAN OIL :-
> It has a high viscosity index up to 223.
> Has comparatively high flash point 610°F.
> Has good fire point about 650°F.
> It has high pour point, it can be reduced by winterizing the
soybean oil.

14. MERITS OF SOYBEAN OIL
• Soybean oil is biodegradable, in general it is
less toxic.
• It is a renewable oil, so it reduces dependency
of foreign petroleum products.
• Ease of processing.

15. CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION
CVD is used to grow a thin layer of advanced
materials on the surface of a substrate.
Application:-
• Integrated circuits, electronic devices and sensors.
• Catalysts
• Micromachines, fine powder and ceramic powder
protective coatings.

16. CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION
Thin film is formed from gas phase
components.

17. CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION
• Two types of CVD:-
• LPCVD (Low Pressure CVD ) :- Good
uniformity, Used for poly-Si, oxide, nitride.
• PECVD (Plasma Enhanced CVD ) :- Low
temperature process and high deposition rate.
Used for oxide, nitride, etc.

18. CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION
Pressure sensor Resistance-heated furnace
Quartz tube
Trap
To exhaust
Si Wafers
Pump
Source
gases
Gas control
system
LPCVD Systems

19. PHYSICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION
• PVD is a fundamentally a vaporization coating technique,
involving transfer of material on an atomic level.
• It is an alternative process to electroplating.
• The process is similar to chemical vapor deposition (CVD)
except for the raw materials.
• i.e. the material that is to be deposited starts in solid form,
whereas in CVD the precursors are introduced to the reaction
chamber in gaseous state.

21. APPLICATIONS OF PVD
• PVD coatings are used to improve
Hardness, Wear Resistance, Oxidation
Resistance.
Thus, such coatings used in variety of applications
such as :-
• Aerospace
• Automotive
• Surgical/medical
• Dies and moulds for all manner of material processing
• Cutting tools
• Fire arms

22. TRIBOLOGY CONCERNS IN MEMS
DEVICES
• Friction and Wear are the biggest issues
in blocking advances of MEMS
technology.
• Once SAMS and Diamond Coatings are
more fully developed, MEMS technology
will be able to more completely realize its
potential.

23. DIAMOND COATINGS
• Diamond has a variety of useful properties compared to
Silicon
– Low wear, low coefficient of friction, thermally
stable, isotropic hardness
• Diamond cannot be simply made into smaller and
smaller flakes, then deposited on MEMS devices
• Diamond (or diamond-like) film must be grown on
surface.

24. UNCD
ULTRANANOCRYSTALLINE DIAMOND
• A “better” method for producing diamond-like films.
Grain size is 2-5nm.
• Unlike conventional diamond film CVD, C60 is
introduced into the reaction along with CH4.
– C60 collides with itself, creating C2 (carbon “dimers”)
– These C2 molecules enter the diamond lattice.
– An abundance of C2 is the goal of the UNCD creation
process.

25. SELF ASSEMBLED
MONOLAYERS (SAMs)
• Two Types
• Silane – deposits on silicon
• Thiol – deposits on gold
• Deposition Formations Deposition
• Densely Packed O O O
• Amorphous Structure Si Si Si Si
• Functional group determines: OH OH OH OH O O O O
Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si
• applications O O O O O O O O
• hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity
• Used as:
• binders for subsequent molecules
• lubricants
• Common hydrophobic SAMS:
• OTS (long chain hydrocarbon)
• FDTS (long chain fluorocarbon)

26. CANTILEVER BEAM ARRAY
TECHNIQUE
• Cantilever beams are fabricated of Beam Structures
different lengths
• Cantilevers are put into contact with
surface
• Longer beams adhere to surface
• Longest beam that does not stick
signifies adhesion force
• SAM coated beams adhere after
longer lengths than oxide surface

27. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF TRIBOLOGY
• The LUBRICANT REPORT estimated an amount exceeding
500 million pounds can be saved in the civilian sector of
UK by research in tribology.
• The estimated 11 % total savings in annual US energy
consumption is equivalent to some 16 billion US dollars
by an expenditure in research and development o f an
estimated twenty-four million dollars.
• Analysis of the failure of boiler tubes indicate that about
one-third of all occurrences were due to erosion.
• In UK, the application of tribological principles can effect
national energy savings. These are estimated at 468 to
700 million pounds per annum.

28. IMPACT OF TRIBOLOGY
• Since the publication of the Lubrication Report there has been
an increasing awareness throughout industry of the subject of
tribology.
• In the UK the National Centre for Tribology and Industrial
Units of Tribology have been set up to provide advice t o
industry on the utilisation of existing knowledge.
• Tribology is now recognized universally and President Carter
of U.S.A. declared it to be a generic technology underlying
many industrial sections and the prospectus for an Industrial
Tribology Institute at Rensselaer Technology Center has been
presented.

29. REFERENCES
• Mr. RAJSHEKHAR MATHAPATI
• www.wikipedia.com
• www.slideshare.com
• www.google.com
• Tribology In Industries by SUSHIL KUMAR
• Engineering Tribology by G.W. STACHOWIAK
• Industrial Tribology by M.H. JONES

30. ANY QUERIES