In our engineering system, friction, wear and tribology are not phenomena that most peoples are considering on daily basis. Wear tribological process occurs when two surfaces are in contact and both one are moving relative to each other. The cast iron is widely used in industrial sector. It have high rate of friction. To reduce the friction the various types of coating is analyzed as well as with lubrication the rate of wear decreases. Prof. Matin A. Shaikh | Prof. Ajij A. Shaikh | Prof. Mrs. G. V. Patil ""A Review: Tribological analysis of Cast Iron by Advanced Coating"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29871.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/29871/a-review-tribological-analysis-of-cast-iron-by-advanced-coating/prof-matin-a-shaikh
The document discusses surface preparation methods for bonding with industrial adhesives. It emphasizes that surface preparation is critical for achieving a strong bond, as the adhesive must adhere well to the substrates. The types of surface preparation depend on the expected performance requirements, service conditions, and cost considerations. Common preparation methods include degreasing to remove oils and greases, abrading to increase surface area, and special pretreatments like plasma treatment or chemical etching. Thorough cleaning without contamination is important for optimal bonding.
This document provides an overview of industrial adhesives and adhesive bonding technology. It discusses the advantages of adhesive bonding over mechanical fastening, including continuous bonding, reduced stress concentrations, and increased design freedom. It also reviews limitations of adhesive bonding such as temperature and chemical resistance. The document describes different types of adhesives and their characteristics, including anaerobics, cyanoacrylates, epoxies, polyurethanes, and others. It emphasizes the importance of designing joints for adhesive bonding and considering factors like joint geometry, adhesive selection, loading conditions, and manufacturing process.
Thermal spray coatings can enhance the wear resistance of materials. High-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying is particularly effective due to producing very dense coatings with low porosity and high hardness. HVOF spraying involves melting or softening powder using a high-velocity oxy-fuel flame and projecting it onto a substrate. HVOF coatings have exceptional wear resistance, high bond strength, and are more cost-effective than other coating methods. Studies have shown that HVOF sprayed ceramic oxide and carbide coatings can significantly reduce wear in applications, performing better than uncoated materials. HVOF sprayed chromium carbide and tungsten carbide coatings are commonly used for their high wear resistance and ability to
Use of cutting fluids in machining processes can reduce the cutting temperature and provides lubrication to tool and work piece. These translate to longer tool life and improved surface quality. Metalworking fluids are a major cause of health hazards for operators apart from being sources of environmental pollution thus necessitating research in dry and minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) machining. The introduction of coolant techniques such as near-dry machining so called minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) and cryogenic coolant have shown promising performances especially in terms of cutting tool life. Nowadays, MQL is widely used in machining performances.
Experimental Test on Gfrp Gratings for Mechanical Properties and Chemical Res...IOSR Journals
This document describes an experimental study that tested the mechanical properties and chemical resistance of glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) gratings. GFRP gratings were manufactured using a hand lay-up process with isopthalic resin and glass fiber rovings. The gratings were then subjected to tensile testing, flexural testing, chemical resistance testing using sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide, and load bearing testing. The tensile testing found an ultimate tensile strength of 231.985 MPa. Flexural testing found a cross breaking strength of 448.2 N/mm2. Chemical resistance testing showed minimal weight changes (<0.2%) after exposure. Load bearing testing showed the gratings could withstand loads
Tribological testing regime for establishing ficiency of zddp in presence of ...IAEME Publication
This document provides a review of tribological testing regimes used to establish the efficiency of Zinc Dialkyl Dithio Phosphate (ZDDP) as an anti-wear additive in lubricants when wear debris is present. ZDDP has been widely used as an anti-wear additive for over 60 years. The review examines how ZDDP forms protective films and interacts with wear debris under different tribological conditions. It also discusses the need for further comprehensive testing that introduces controlled wear debris to better understand ZDDP's effectiveness in contaminated environments and inform condition monitoring.
Study of sliding wear rate of hot rolled steel specimen subjected to Zirconia...IJERA Editor
Wear is nothing but loss of material by usage. In a mechanical industry mechanical components will operate
under severe load, temperature and high speeds. Under such a type of situation, when metal to metal contact take
place the surfaces that comes in contact is subjected to wear. These should be considered as a serious affair in an
industry because if the process of wear continues it can reduce service life of the component and also to the
entire mechanical system to which the component has been used. In the light of the above the present work
mainly deals with the study of wear behavior of hot rolled steel with and without zirconia coating on the contact
surface and the effect of zirconia coating with varying thickness.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Wear Rate using Alternating Material for...IRJET Journal
This document experimentally investigates wear rates of materials for bushings used in food mixers. The existing bushing material is gunmetal, which has a high copper content. Testing on a pin-on-disc tribometer shows the wear rate of gunmetal at various loads and speeds. To reduce wear, a composite of brass and 5% molybdenum disulfide is proposed as an alternative material. Samples of the proposed material are fabricated via powder metallurgy and tested under the same conditions as the existing gunmetal. Test results show the proposed composite has a lower wear rate than the existing gunmetal bushing material across all loads and speeds tested.
The document discusses surface preparation methods for bonding with industrial adhesives. It emphasizes that surface preparation is critical for achieving a strong bond, as the adhesive must adhere well to the substrates. The types of surface preparation depend on the expected performance requirements, service conditions, and cost considerations. Common preparation methods include degreasing to remove oils and greases, abrading to increase surface area, and special pretreatments like plasma treatment or chemical etching. Thorough cleaning without contamination is important for optimal bonding.
This document provides an overview of industrial adhesives and adhesive bonding technology. It discusses the advantages of adhesive bonding over mechanical fastening, including continuous bonding, reduced stress concentrations, and increased design freedom. It also reviews limitations of adhesive bonding such as temperature and chemical resistance. The document describes different types of adhesives and their characteristics, including anaerobics, cyanoacrylates, epoxies, polyurethanes, and others. It emphasizes the importance of designing joints for adhesive bonding and considering factors like joint geometry, adhesive selection, loading conditions, and manufacturing process.
Thermal spray coatings can enhance the wear resistance of materials. High-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying is particularly effective due to producing very dense coatings with low porosity and high hardness. HVOF spraying involves melting or softening powder using a high-velocity oxy-fuel flame and projecting it onto a substrate. HVOF coatings have exceptional wear resistance, high bond strength, and are more cost-effective than other coating methods. Studies have shown that HVOF sprayed ceramic oxide and carbide coatings can significantly reduce wear in applications, performing better than uncoated materials. HVOF sprayed chromium carbide and tungsten carbide coatings are commonly used for their high wear resistance and ability to
Use of cutting fluids in machining processes can reduce the cutting temperature and provides lubrication to tool and work piece. These translate to longer tool life and improved surface quality. Metalworking fluids are a major cause of health hazards for operators apart from being sources of environmental pollution thus necessitating research in dry and minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) machining. The introduction of coolant techniques such as near-dry machining so called minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) and cryogenic coolant have shown promising performances especially in terms of cutting tool life. Nowadays, MQL is widely used in machining performances.
Experimental Test on Gfrp Gratings for Mechanical Properties and Chemical Res...IOSR Journals
This document describes an experimental study that tested the mechanical properties and chemical resistance of glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) gratings. GFRP gratings were manufactured using a hand lay-up process with isopthalic resin and glass fiber rovings. The gratings were then subjected to tensile testing, flexural testing, chemical resistance testing using sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide, and load bearing testing. The tensile testing found an ultimate tensile strength of 231.985 MPa. Flexural testing found a cross breaking strength of 448.2 N/mm2. Chemical resistance testing showed minimal weight changes (<0.2%) after exposure. Load bearing testing showed the gratings could withstand loads
Tribological testing regime for establishing ficiency of zddp in presence of ...IAEME Publication
This document provides a review of tribological testing regimes used to establish the efficiency of Zinc Dialkyl Dithio Phosphate (ZDDP) as an anti-wear additive in lubricants when wear debris is present. ZDDP has been widely used as an anti-wear additive for over 60 years. The review examines how ZDDP forms protective films and interacts with wear debris under different tribological conditions. It also discusses the need for further comprehensive testing that introduces controlled wear debris to better understand ZDDP's effectiveness in contaminated environments and inform condition monitoring.
Study of sliding wear rate of hot rolled steel specimen subjected to Zirconia...IJERA Editor
Wear is nothing but loss of material by usage. In a mechanical industry mechanical components will operate
under severe load, temperature and high speeds. Under such a type of situation, when metal to metal contact take
place the surfaces that comes in contact is subjected to wear. These should be considered as a serious affair in an
industry because if the process of wear continues it can reduce service life of the component and also to the
entire mechanical system to which the component has been used. In the light of the above the present work
mainly deals with the study of wear behavior of hot rolled steel with and without zirconia coating on the contact
surface and the effect of zirconia coating with varying thickness.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Wear Rate using Alternating Material for...IRJET Journal
This document experimentally investigates wear rates of materials for bushings used in food mixers. The existing bushing material is gunmetal, which has a high copper content. Testing on a pin-on-disc tribometer shows the wear rate of gunmetal at various loads and speeds. To reduce wear, a composite of brass and 5% molybdenum disulfide is proposed as an alternative material. Samples of the proposed material are fabricated via powder metallurgy and tested under the same conditions as the existing gunmetal. Test results show the proposed composite has a lower wear rate than the existing gunmetal bushing material across all loads and speeds tested.
Fabrication and analysis of mechanical properties of frp compositesIAEME Publication
This document describes the fabrication and analysis of the mechanical properties of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. It discusses fabricating two test pieces - one with glass fibers and epoxy resin, and another with glass fibers, epoxy resin, and iron flakes added. Both test pieces are fabricated according to ISO standards and then tested to determine their tensile, flexural, and shear strengths. The results are compared to determine which composite has better mechanical properties.
The document discusses denture base resins used in fabricating complete dentures and other prosthodontic appliances. It defines a complete denture as a removable prosthesis replacing the entire maxilla and mandibular dentition. Denture base resins can be heat-polymerized, autopolymerized, thermoplastic blanks, light-activated, or microwave cured. Heat-polymerized resins are most commonly used for denture fabrication due to their strength, dimensional stability and color stability compared to autopolymerized resins. The document outlines the composition, processing techniques and potential errors for different denture base resins.
Sterimed Group - Manufacturers & Suppliers Foley balloon catheter from IndiaSterimed Group
Made from natural latex rubber. Used for short/long term urine drainage. Silicon elastomer coated smooth surface for atraumatic catheterization. High strength polymer layer in the middle layer of the catheter ensures wider inner diameter and hence high flow rate. Minimises encrustration and subsequent catheter blockage and failure
Araldite Adhesives technology. Antala Industria (Spain).Antala Industria
This document provides an overview of industrial adhesives technology. It discusses the advantages of adhesive bonding over mechanical fastening, including continuous bonding, reduced stress concentrations, and increased design freedom. It also reviews limitations of adhesive bonding, such as temperature and chemical resistance. The document describes different types of adhesives and their characteristics, including anaerobics, cyanoacrylates, epoxies, and polyurethanes. It emphasizes the importance of designing joints for adhesive bonding and considering factors like joint geometry, adhesive selection, loading conditions, and manufacturing process.
Effect of Nozzle Design and Processing Parameter on Characteristics of Glass/...IJERA Editor
Among the various methods commingling process is comparatively better alternative to produce hybrid yarns. The required properties of hybrid yarns can be obtained by controlling main processing parameters such as air pressure, overfeed and take-up speed along with proper selection of nozzle (jet) design. The commingling machine has been fabricated to study the commingling parameters. The nozzle is the most important element of the commingling machine. The design specification of commingling jet along with the processing parameters decides the final characteristics of yarn. In the present study two different types of jets have been selected to investigate commingling characteristics of glass/polypropylene hybrid yarn.
A complete denture is a removable dental prosthesis that replaces the entire dentition and associated structures of the maxilla and mandible. It is composed of artificial teeth attached to a denture base, which is typically made of heat-cured or chemically-cured denture base resin. Heat-cured resin requires processing using a polymerization cycle involving water baths at different temperatures, while chemically-cured resin polymerizes at room temperature. Both resin types are biocompatible but heat-cured resin tends to be stronger with less porosity and distortion compared to chemically-cured resin.
Wear Rate Analysis and Investigation of Alternating Material for Food Mixer B...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research study that analyzed the wear rate of different bushing materials for a food mixer. The current bushing material is gunmetal, which has lower mechanical strength and a high wear rate. The study aims to find an alternative material with a lower wear rate. Brass composites with varying percentages of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) were fabricated and tested. A pin-on-disc tribometer was used to measure and compare the wear rates of the existing gunmetal and proposed composite materials under dry and lubricated conditions. An L9 Taguchi experimental design was used to determine the most influential process parameters on wear rate. The results will help identify a composite material with improved performance
Painting structural steel at a fabrication shop offers advantages over field painting like better control over weather and application. Shops have used these advantages to produce high quality coatings work. Successful shop painting depends on controlling factors like steel design, surface preparation, coatings application, and work procedures to ensure coating quality. Proper techniques are needed for tasks like abrasive blasting, coating application, and handling of steel pieces.
Design Fabrication and Static Analysis of Single Composite Lap Jointijsrd.com
Mechanically fastened joints are critical parts in composite aircraft structures. The composite structural members are highly used in the following applications such as aerospace, automobiles, marine, architecture etc., In the past decades, Adhesive bonding is a practical joint method for joining composite materials which provide low shear and Tensile strength .To improve the strength material joint is to be used in the work. A Glass fibre Epoxy composite is to be fabricated by hand lay-up method. And experimentally results are to be obtained. The Experimental results are to be compared with Analytical and Numerical results. For numerical analysis ANSYS software is to be used.
A complete denture replaces the entire dentition and associated structures of the maxilla and mandible. It consists of artificial teeth attached to a denture base, which is composed of denture base resin. There are several types of denture base resins including heat polymerizable, autopolymerizable, thermoplastic blanks, light activated materials, and microwave cured materials. Heat activated denture base resin is commonly used and involves processing the resin in a water bath at temperatures ranging from 74°C to 100°C to induce polymerization. Chemically activated resin polymerizes at room temperature and is often used for temporary or repair work. Processing errors can occur with shrinkage, porosity, crazing or creep depending on the
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Optimizing the manufacturing of the nose cone of a race careSAT Journals
can be employed right from the mold making process to the actual
manufacturing of a composite part. It focuses on developing a cost-effective, time-saving and reusable mold that can withstand
relatively high pressures and temperatures and serve as an alternative to the current industry norms. The challenge lies in
effectively eliminating the pattern making stage without compromising on the surface finish of the mold.
Considering the high velocities that race cars travel with, nose cone geometry plays a critical role in dictating the aerodynamic
design that provides minimum drag and ensures optimum performance of the car. The first step in achieving this goliath of a step
has its foundation in making a coherent assembly of the nose cone while maintaining its structural integrity and strength. Based
on the experimental data, the lamination strategy was worked out to adjudicate the carbon fiber prepreg layers on the nose cone
mold.
Key Words: Composites, Mold, Carbon fiber, Prepregs, Nose Cone, Joggle technique
Asbestos & cnt reinforced friction material by aditya ojha & bs sridhar & ank...Aditya Ojha
The document summarizes research into developing an asbestos and carbon nanotube reinforced friction material. It describes creating samples of the material and testing their wear and coefficient of friction characteristics. The results showed the material exhibited excellent resistance to wear under different loading conditions and a high coefficient of friction. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the material. The conclusion is that a cost-effective, high performance friction composite was developed using economical constituents.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all
aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses various types of adhesives used in the footwear industry including latex, neoprene, polyurethane, hot-melt, and pressure sensitive adhesives. It provides details on several important adhesives for footwear manufacturing such as neoprene adhesive, polyurethane adhesive, and hot melt adhesive. The document also covers adhesive selection criteria and testing methods for adhesives used in footwear production.
Short Description related to the rubber filler properties and Rubber filler types ( Reinforcing fillers, Semi- reinforcing fillers and Non-reinforcing fillers). e.g.:- Carbon Black, Silica, Calcium Carbonate, Clay and Miscellaneous Fillers
This document summarizes research on developing an eco-friendly rubber-textile composite material for constructing rubber dams. Key points:
- Rubber provides shock absorption and waterproofing, while technical textiles like nylon and polyester provide strength. Adhesion between rubber and fabric is critical.
- An optimized adhesive was developed to provide high adhesion strength between natural rubber and various fabrics. Nylon fabrics generally bonded better than polyester due to higher polarity.
- Different fabric weaves, weights, and chemical treatments were evaluated. A mockleno weave nylon fabric treated with resorcinol-formaldehyde-latex adhesive was found to perform best for bonding to rubber.
- Formulations
Development of Optimum Slip Ratio for High Voltage Porcelain Insulator Manufa...IRJET Journal
This document discusses developing the optimum ratio of fresh slip, wet scrap, and dry scrap for manufacturing high voltage porcelain insulators. Fresh slip is made from raw materials like clay and quartz, wet scrap comes from manufacturing waste before drying, and dry scrap is from dried waste. Ratios of the slips were tested by making insulator rods via extrusion and characterizing properties after firing. Testing included density, strength, thermal expansion, and microstructure analysis. The ratio with 70% fresh slip, 20% wet scrap, and 10% dry scrap (F70) provided optimum properties compared to other ratios. Determining the best reuse of waste slips can improve productivity and properties in insulator manufacturing.
Recent advancements in denture base materials [autosaved]atishmallick
Recent advancements in denture base materials provide more options that address limitations of traditional acrylic resins. New materials include fiber-reinforced resins that increase strength and impact resistance. Hypoallergenic resins contain less residual monomer to reduce allergic reactions. Thermoplastic resins can be reformed with heat, allowing for repairs and relines without additional processing. The document reviews various reinforced resins, hypoallergenic options, and thermoplastic materials that provide alternatives to acrylic resins for denture bases.
This document discusses the applications of industrial tribology. It begins by defining tribology and the main causes of friction and wear between surfaces. It then discusses several industrial applications where tribology is important, including bearings, gears, cams, and automobile engines. For each application, the document discusses common failure mechanisms and how tribological principles can be applied to improve performance and reduce wear through methods like surface coatings, lubricants, and material selection. The document concludes by noting that understanding tribology can help conserve energy and that developing eco-friendly materials and lubricants can promote sustainability and reduce emissions.
IRJET- Tribological Behavior of Silicon Nitride on Addition of Hexagonal Boro...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the tribological behavior of silicon nitride composites with the addition of hexagonal boron nitride. Silicon nitride is promising ceramic material for industrial applications requiring high strength and fracture resistance. The addition of hexagonal boron nitride to silicon nitride can decrease the friction coefficient and improve wear resistance. The study used a pin-on-disc tribometer to test silicon nitride composite samples with varying amounts of hexagonal boron nitride, ranging from 4-16% by volume. The results showed that addition of hexagonal boron nitride decreased the friction coefficient and wear rate, with the best performance at 10% hexagonal boron nitride by volume.
Charaterization of Coatings on Tool: A reviewijtsrd
The document discusses coatings that are applied to cutting tools to improve performance and lifetime. It provides an overview of different coating techniques like physical vapor deposition (PVD) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and common coating materials used like TiC, TiN, Al2O3. The summary reviews how coatings can increase tool life by reducing wear and temperature. It also mentions that the selection of the right coating depends on factors like the workpiece material and tool material. The conclusion discusses how coatings improve hardness and lubrication to enable dry machining, and that proper selection of cutting parameters is important when using coated tools.
Fabrication and analysis of mechanical properties of frp compositesIAEME Publication
This document describes the fabrication and analysis of the mechanical properties of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. It discusses fabricating two test pieces - one with glass fibers and epoxy resin, and another with glass fibers, epoxy resin, and iron flakes added. Both test pieces are fabricated according to ISO standards and then tested to determine their tensile, flexural, and shear strengths. The results are compared to determine which composite has better mechanical properties.
The document discusses denture base resins used in fabricating complete dentures and other prosthodontic appliances. It defines a complete denture as a removable prosthesis replacing the entire maxilla and mandibular dentition. Denture base resins can be heat-polymerized, autopolymerized, thermoplastic blanks, light-activated, or microwave cured. Heat-polymerized resins are most commonly used for denture fabrication due to their strength, dimensional stability and color stability compared to autopolymerized resins. The document outlines the composition, processing techniques and potential errors for different denture base resins.
Sterimed Group - Manufacturers & Suppliers Foley balloon catheter from IndiaSterimed Group
Made from natural latex rubber. Used for short/long term urine drainage. Silicon elastomer coated smooth surface for atraumatic catheterization. High strength polymer layer in the middle layer of the catheter ensures wider inner diameter and hence high flow rate. Minimises encrustration and subsequent catheter blockage and failure
Araldite Adhesives technology. Antala Industria (Spain).Antala Industria
This document provides an overview of industrial adhesives technology. It discusses the advantages of adhesive bonding over mechanical fastening, including continuous bonding, reduced stress concentrations, and increased design freedom. It also reviews limitations of adhesive bonding, such as temperature and chemical resistance. The document describes different types of adhesives and their characteristics, including anaerobics, cyanoacrylates, epoxies, and polyurethanes. It emphasizes the importance of designing joints for adhesive bonding and considering factors like joint geometry, adhesive selection, loading conditions, and manufacturing process.
Effect of Nozzle Design and Processing Parameter on Characteristics of Glass/...IJERA Editor
Among the various methods commingling process is comparatively better alternative to produce hybrid yarns. The required properties of hybrid yarns can be obtained by controlling main processing parameters such as air pressure, overfeed and take-up speed along with proper selection of nozzle (jet) design. The commingling machine has been fabricated to study the commingling parameters. The nozzle is the most important element of the commingling machine. The design specification of commingling jet along with the processing parameters decides the final characteristics of yarn. In the present study two different types of jets have been selected to investigate commingling characteristics of glass/polypropylene hybrid yarn.
A complete denture is a removable dental prosthesis that replaces the entire dentition and associated structures of the maxilla and mandible. It is composed of artificial teeth attached to a denture base, which is typically made of heat-cured or chemically-cured denture base resin. Heat-cured resin requires processing using a polymerization cycle involving water baths at different temperatures, while chemically-cured resin polymerizes at room temperature. Both resin types are biocompatible but heat-cured resin tends to be stronger with less porosity and distortion compared to chemically-cured resin.
Wear Rate Analysis and Investigation of Alternating Material for Food Mixer B...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research study that analyzed the wear rate of different bushing materials for a food mixer. The current bushing material is gunmetal, which has lower mechanical strength and a high wear rate. The study aims to find an alternative material with a lower wear rate. Brass composites with varying percentages of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) were fabricated and tested. A pin-on-disc tribometer was used to measure and compare the wear rates of the existing gunmetal and proposed composite materials under dry and lubricated conditions. An L9 Taguchi experimental design was used to determine the most influential process parameters on wear rate. The results will help identify a composite material with improved performance
Painting structural steel at a fabrication shop offers advantages over field painting like better control over weather and application. Shops have used these advantages to produce high quality coatings work. Successful shop painting depends on controlling factors like steel design, surface preparation, coatings application, and work procedures to ensure coating quality. Proper techniques are needed for tasks like abrasive blasting, coating application, and handling of steel pieces.
Design Fabrication and Static Analysis of Single Composite Lap Jointijsrd.com
Mechanically fastened joints are critical parts in composite aircraft structures. The composite structural members are highly used in the following applications such as aerospace, automobiles, marine, architecture etc., In the past decades, Adhesive bonding is a practical joint method for joining composite materials which provide low shear and Tensile strength .To improve the strength material joint is to be used in the work. A Glass fibre Epoxy composite is to be fabricated by hand lay-up method. And experimentally results are to be obtained. The Experimental results are to be compared with Analytical and Numerical results. For numerical analysis ANSYS software is to be used.
A complete denture replaces the entire dentition and associated structures of the maxilla and mandible. It consists of artificial teeth attached to a denture base, which is composed of denture base resin. There are several types of denture base resins including heat polymerizable, autopolymerizable, thermoplastic blanks, light activated materials, and microwave cured materials. Heat activated denture base resin is commonly used and involves processing the resin in a water bath at temperatures ranging from 74°C to 100°C to induce polymerization. Chemically activated resin polymerizes at room temperature and is often used for temporary or repair work. Processing errors can occur with shrinkage, porosity, crazing or creep depending on the
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Optimizing the manufacturing of the nose cone of a race careSAT Journals
can be employed right from the mold making process to the actual
manufacturing of a composite part. It focuses on developing a cost-effective, time-saving and reusable mold that can withstand
relatively high pressures and temperatures and serve as an alternative to the current industry norms. The challenge lies in
effectively eliminating the pattern making stage without compromising on the surface finish of the mold.
Considering the high velocities that race cars travel with, nose cone geometry plays a critical role in dictating the aerodynamic
design that provides minimum drag and ensures optimum performance of the car. The first step in achieving this goliath of a step
has its foundation in making a coherent assembly of the nose cone while maintaining its structural integrity and strength. Based
on the experimental data, the lamination strategy was worked out to adjudicate the carbon fiber prepreg layers on the nose cone
mold.
Key Words: Composites, Mold, Carbon fiber, Prepregs, Nose Cone, Joggle technique
Asbestos & cnt reinforced friction material by aditya ojha & bs sridhar & ank...Aditya Ojha
The document summarizes research into developing an asbestos and carbon nanotube reinforced friction material. It describes creating samples of the material and testing their wear and coefficient of friction characteristics. The results showed the material exhibited excellent resistance to wear under different loading conditions and a high coefficient of friction. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the material. The conclusion is that a cost-effective, high performance friction composite was developed using economical constituents.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all
aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses various types of adhesives used in the footwear industry including latex, neoprene, polyurethane, hot-melt, and pressure sensitive adhesives. It provides details on several important adhesives for footwear manufacturing such as neoprene adhesive, polyurethane adhesive, and hot melt adhesive. The document also covers adhesive selection criteria and testing methods for adhesives used in footwear production.
Short Description related to the rubber filler properties and Rubber filler types ( Reinforcing fillers, Semi- reinforcing fillers and Non-reinforcing fillers). e.g.:- Carbon Black, Silica, Calcium Carbonate, Clay and Miscellaneous Fillers
This document summarizes research on developing an eco-friendly rubber-textile composite material for constructing rubber dams. Key points:
- Rubber provides shock absorption and waterproofing, while technical textiles like nylon and polyester provide strength. Adhesion between rubber and fabric is critical.
- An optimized adhesive was developed to provide high adhesion strength between natural rubber and various fabrics. Nylon fabrics generally bonded better than polyester due to higher polarity.
- Different fabric weaves, weights, and chemical treatments were evaluated. A mockleno weave nylon fabric treated with resorcinol-formaldehyde-latex adhesive was found to perform best for bonding to rubber.
- Formulations
Development of Optimum Slip Ratio for High Voltage Porcelain Insulator Manufa...IRJET Journal
This document discusses developing the optimum ratio of fresh slip, wet scrap, and dry scrap for manufacturing high voltage porcelain insulators. Fresh slip is made from raw materials like clay and quartz, wet scrap comes from manufacturing waste before drying, and dry scrap is from dried waste. Ratios of the slips were tested by making insulator rods via extrusion and characterizing properties after firing. Testing included density, strength, thermal expansion, and microstructure analysis. The ratio with 70% fresh slip, 20% wet scrap, and 10% dry scrap (F70) provided optimum properties compared to other ratios. Determining the best reuse of waste slips can improve productivity and properties in insulator manufacturing.
Recent advancements in denture base materials [autosaved]atishmallick
Recent advancements in denture base materials provide more options that address limitations of traditional acrylic resins. New materials include fiber-reinforced resins that increase strength and impact resistance. Hypoallergenic resins contain less residual monomer to reduce allergic reactions. Thermoplastic resins can be reformed with heat, allowing for repairs and relines without additional processing. The document reviews various reinforced resins, hypoallergenic options, and thermoplastic materials that provide alternatives to acrylic resins for denture bases.
This document discusses the applications of industrial tribology. It begins by defining tribology and the main causes of friction and wear between surfaces. It then discusses several industrial applications where tribology is important, including bearings, gears, cams, and automobile engines. For each application, the document discusses common failure mechanisms and how tribological principles can be applied to improve performance and reduce wear through methods like surface coatings, lubricants, and material selection. The document concludes by noting that understanding tribology can help conserve energy and that developing eco-friendly materials and lubricants can promote sustainability and reduce emissions.
IRJET- Tribological Behavior of Silicon Nitride on Addition of Hexagonal Boro...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the tribological behavior of silicon nitride composites with the addition of hexagonal boron nitride. Silicon nitride is promising ceramic material for industrial applications requiring high strength and fracture resistance. The addition of hexagonal boron nitride to silicon nitride can decrease the friction coefficient and improve wear resistance. The study used a pin-on-disc tribometer to test silicon nitride composite samples with varying amounts of hexagonal boron nitride, ranging from 4-16% by volume. The results showed that addition of hexagonal boron nitride decreased the friction coefficient and wear rate, with the best performance at 10% hexagonal boron nitride by volume.
Charaterization of Coatings on Tool: A reviewijtsrd
The document discusses coatings that are applied to cutting tools to improve performance and lifetime. It provides an overview of different coating techniques like physical vapor deposition (PVD) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and common coating materials used like TiC, TiN, Al2O3. The summary reviews how coatings can increase tool life by reducing wear and temperature. It also mentions that the selection of the right coating depends on factors like the workpiece material and tool material. The conclusion discusses how coatings improve hardness and lubrication to enable dry machining, and that proper selection of cutting parameters is important when using coated tools.
Charaterization of Coatings on Tool: A reviewijtsrd
The document discusses coatings that are applied to cutting tools to improve performance and lifetime. It provides an overview of different coating techniques like physical vapor deposition (PVD) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and common coating materials used like TiC, TiN, TiCN, and Al2O3. The summary discusses how coatings can increase tool lifetime by reducing wear and improving hardness. It also mentions that choosing the right coating is important as an improper selection could decrease tool life. The document then reviews several studies that evaluated how coatings affected tool wear, heat generation, surface finish, and other performance factors under different cutting conditions and with various workpiece materials.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
A Review on Investigation of Tribological Behavior of Nanocoating for Piston ...IJLT EMAS
Nanocoating can help to improve performance and life
of automotive engine by reducing the wear between the engine
components. In this research have selected the proper material
for top piston ring and same material are to be selected for
preparation of pin for tribometer testing and material of cylinder
liner tested and fabricated the same material of tribometer disc.
Nanocoating by electroplated Chromium coating and Chromium
nitride using DLC method by PVD coating was done on
specimen pin and piston ring and this material which was used
tribometer testing.
Depleting fossil fuel resources, economic
competitiveness and environmental concerns has compelled to
explore newer avenues to improve efficiency of automotive
engines. Various techniques have been adapted to achieve this
goal.
SMART MANUFACTURING METHOD FOR PISTON ROD CHROME PLATINGIRJET Journal
This document compares the traditional hard chrome plating process for piston rods to a newer HVOF (High Velocity Oxy Fuel) process. Hard chrome plating is commonly used due to its durability and corrosion resistance, but contains toxic hexavalent chromium. HVOF offers superior performance and is more environmentally friendly. Testing showed HVOF coatings had higher hardness and better corrosion resistance than hard chrome coatings. HVOF also has fewer processing steps and does not release harmful emissions, making it a smarter manufacturing method for piston rod coating.
IRJET-Tribological Study Of aluminum based Composite Material for Automotive ...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study on the tribological properties of an aluminum-based composite material for potential use as an automotive brake material. The researchers developed an aluminum-titanium carbide composite using stir casting and tested it using a pin-on-disc tribometer. Experiments were designed using the Taguchi method to evaluate the effects of load, sliding speed, and sliding distance on the wear behavior of the composite. Analysis of variance was used to determine the most significant factors affecting wear. The results of this study could help optimize composite brake materials to improve braking performance and durability.
FORCE AND WEAR ANALYSIS OF PVD COATED CUTTING TOOL" - A REVIEWIJARIIE JOURNAL
The document reviews tribological properties of ternary nitride coatings used on cutting tools. It discusses how coatings like titanium aluminum nitride (TiAlN) and chromium nitride (CrN) exhibit improved tribological and mechanical properties over binary nitride coatings. The coatings provide benefits like high hardness, corrosion resistance, and oxidation resistance, enabling higher cutting forces and longer tool life. Scanning electron microscopy and scanning probe microscopy are used to examine the microstructure and properties of these coatings.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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The tribological properties of textured surfaces of brass and aluminum were compared with untextured surfaces of the same specimens. This was done to research the effect of micro-dimples and their geometry parameters in reducing the wear of samples tested under lubricated contact with a ball-on-flat reciprocating tribometer.
Two body abrasive wear behavior of short glass fiber and particulate filled p...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes the results of an investigation into the two-body abrasive wear behavior of different polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) composites. Three composites were tested: PMMA with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and short glass fiber (1P); 1P with silicon carbide (SiC) microparticles (2P); and 2P with molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanoparticles (3P). Two-body abrasive wear tests were conducted using varying loads, abrasive paper grit sizes, and abrading distances. The results showed that wear loss and specific wear rate increased with grit size and load, and decreased with abrading distance
Clinching as a Nonconventional Method to Join Drawing Quality Steel Sheetsijtsrd
The most common methods for joining the galvanized steel sheetsin automotive industry is resistance spot welding.These methods require some specific time-consuming pretreatment of joined materials and the protective layer is destroyed which lead to decreasing of corrosion resistance.Therefore, it is necessary to utilize the other joining methods. The contribution deals with analysis of properties of clinched joints. There were made samples with single press joint and various sheets orientation due to punch and die and also samples with double press joints. Deep drawing quality steels of U.S.SteelKošice, Ltd. productions of various thicknesses a quality were used. The steels are also used in automotive industry. Moreover carrying capacity of press joints was evaluated. Luboš Kašcák"Clinching as a Nonconventional Method to Join Drawing Quality Steel Sheets" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd8243.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/8243/clinching-as-a-nonconventional-method-to-join-drawing-quality-steel-sheets/luboš-kašcák
Development and Testing of Friction and Wear Test Rigijtsrd
This research paper presents a friction and wear test rig, developed from locally available materials. Sizing of the various components of the rig was done as specified by Society of Automobile Engineers. The required materials for the test rig were sourced locally, constructed and assembled. The input shaft was sized to fit in the speed range of available lathe machines. The test rig was tested using Soy oil, groundnut oil and SAE 40 oil lubricant. Samples generated from the test rig were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy to obtain wear metal count in the oil samples. Results for three wear elements showed that at 40 rpm, copper in oil samples ranged from 6.2 10.2 concentration whereas at higher speeds, a distinct reduction in wear metal concentration was obtained. Other wear elements followed similar profile. The test rig is capable of predicting performance of oil lubricants in storage and operating conditions. The test rig is recommended in industries to increase mean time between machine failures of production equipment thereby improving productivity and profitability. Kingsley N. Nwankwo | Gbashi M. Samuel | Yanshio T. Emmauel "Development and Testing of Friction and Wear Test Rig" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28046.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/28046/development-and-testing-of-friction-and-wear-test-rig/kingsley-n-nwankwo
Review on Influence of Cooling Technique on Tool Wear in Turning of Titanium ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research study that investigated the influence of different cooling techniques (dry, flooded, and minimum quantity lubrication) on tool wear during the turning of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V. The study used Taguchi's design of experiments methodology to optimize cutting parameters like speed, feed rate, and depth of cut under each cooling condition. Results found that minimum quantity lubrication reduced tool wear more than dry or flooded cooling. Analysis also showed minimum quantity lubrication was suitable for higher cutting speeds compared to the other techniques.
Experimental Investigation Of Adding TICN And ALCRN PVD Coating On D3 Tool St...IRJET Journal
The document experimentally investigates adding TiCN and AlCrN PVD coatings to D3 tool steel with pre-treatments of nitriding and microblasting. It aims to improve the mechanical and tribological properties of D3 tool steel for use in forming tools. Tests were conducted on untreated and treated D3 steel samples to determine the impact on compression strength, impact strength, and wear resistance. The results showed that TiCN coating provided better performance than AlCrN coating in terms of impact strength, compression strength, and wear behavior. Additionally, nitriding before PVD coating improved strength properties but other factors like surface roughness and coating type also influence performance.
Wear Rate Analysis of Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing In Different ConditionsIJMER
Friction and wear always occur at machine parts which run together. This affects the
efficiency of machines negatively. Hydrodynamic journal bearings are widely used in industry because
of their simplicity, efficiency and low cost. Wear due to relative motion between component surfaces is
one of the primary modes of failure for many engineered systems. Unfortunately, it is difficult to
accurately predict component life due to wear as reported wear rates generally exhibit large scatter.
An attempt has been made to study the influence of wear parameters like load, speed, type of lubricant
used, temperature, and viscosity of lubricant. The main objective of the study is to evaluate the wear
rate of different journalbearing materials (brass and white metal) under similar conditions. The
materials are tested in dry and wet lubrication under similar operating conditions. For this purpose we
use Pin-on-disc apparatus. It was found that the wear rate of both materials is more in dry conditions
compared to lubricated conditions (when tested under similar working conditions). We also found that
wear rate of white metal is more as compared to brass and higher frictional force is observed in case
of brass material
Experimental Study on Surface Roughness by Using Abrasive ParticlesIJERA Editor
New advancement of technology and never satisfying demands of the civilization are putting huge pressure on the natural fuel resources and these resources are at a constant threat to its sustainability. Surface finish has a vital influence on functional properties such as wear resistance and power loss due to friction on most of the engineering components. Voltage, mesh number, revolutions per minute (rpm) of electromagnet, and percentage weight of abrasives has been identified as important process parameters affecting surface roughness. The experiments were planned using response surface methodology and percentage change in surface roughness (ΔRa) was considered as response. Analysis of experimental data showed that percentage change in surface roughness (ΔRa) was highly influenced by mesh number followed by percentage weight of abrasives, rpm of electromagnet, and voltage. The process has been investigated extensively in the finishing of cylindrical surfaces. The surface finish was found to improve significantly with an increase in the grain size, relative size of abrasive particles vis-à-vis the iron particles, feed rate and current. Super finishing is a micro-finishing process that produces a controlled and smooth surface condition on work pieces. It is not primarily a sizing operation, its major purpose is to produce a surface on a work piece capable of sustaining uneven distribution of a load by improving the geometrical accuracy. The wear life of the parts micro finished to maximum smoothness is extended considerably. According to the design of experimentation, mathematical model for Lapping operation on advance ceramic material is proposed. In order to get minimum values of the surface roughness, optimization of the mathematical model is done and optimal operation of the examined factors is going to be determined. The obtained res
1. The document discusses improving the wear resistance of cutting tools through coating. It describes how coating cutting tools with hard materials like cemented carbides and thin films can improve tool life and machining performance.
2. Various wear mechanisms that occur during metal cutting are described, including abrasive, diffusion, oxidation, adhesion, and fatigue wear. Coatings help reduce wear from these mechanisms.
3. The literature review discusses how coatings have boosted cutting tool wear resistance and productivity. Over 70% of cemented carbide tools now use coatings. Common coating materials and their benefits in improving friction and wear properties are outlined.
Studies On Microstructure And Mechanical Properties Of Flyash Reinforced Al20...dbpublications
The aim is to study the mechanical property and Tribological behavior of Al2024/flyash composite with various weight fractions (3%, 6%, 9%) were prepared by squeeze casting method. The average particle size of flyash is 45-50 μm. In addition, Al2024 alloys were cast for comparison purposes. Microstructure, hardness and tensile properties of these composites were evaluated and compared with as-cast alloy and the composites. In addition, tribological properties of these composites were evaluated using a Pin-on-Disc apparatus with different parameters of varying loads of 10N and 50N and(with constant parameters such as time of 10 minutes, sliding velocity of 3 m/s, track diameter of 150mm).The microstructure of the composites shows homogenous distribution of flyash particles in the Al matrix composite. The wear and mechanical properties of composites improve with increasing the weight fraction of flyash. The aim of present study is to evaluate the effect of microstructure, mechanical and tribological properties of aluminium alloy Al2024/flyash metal matrix composites
Similar to A Review Tribological analysis of Cast Iron by Advanced Coating (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD29871 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 2 | January-February 2020 Page 10
tribological behavior of Al7075, AISI 1020 and AISI 1045
steels during the ball crater abrasion wear test without the
presence of lubricants. [1-2].
In 2017 all materials having less wear rate than without
coating as well as friction force acting oncontactsurface
is also less with coating surfaces. For manganese
phosphate range of wear rate is 34μ/min to 40μ/min. It
is advisable to coating the cam with manganese
phosphate. Data obtained from experiment about
friction force are very near to wear rate. Here also
manganese phosphate is the best material with
minimum force of 8.179 N at 900 rpm. For without
coating 17.54 N forces measuredat1800 rpm whichone
is maximum from experiment [3].
In 2017 a wide range of commercial lubricantsincluding
SAE10W30, SAE20W40 and SAE20W50 were used to
analyze frictional and wear behaviour. Tests were
conducted for constant load at 140 N for 105 min and
increment load with the range from 20 N to 140 N for
105 min to evaluate the behaviour offrictional forceand
wear for cylinder liner and piston ring. Relative amount
of wear is directly correlate with the effectivenessofthe
lubricant due to this wear was measured by weight loss
before and after testing. Result shows that viscosity and
variation of load plays a vital role to characterize the
behaviour of frictional force and wear [23].
In 2018 the coating is deposition techniques are
explained, the various techniques has merits and
demerits given in this paper. According to merits and
demerits the Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD)
technique is best. And we can coat the complex material
on any substrate. And also it is possibletocoatthedense
material with nanothickness onsubstratematerial.Only
the deposition process is very slow and for deposition
cost requires high means PVD is an expensivetechnique
[24].
In 2015 it has been found that the coated specimen has
improved the properties in improving the diesel engine
performance. The results show less deformation and
fewer scratches due to wear on the multilayer coated
Piston Ring as compared to the uncoated one. The
surfaces topography and the structure of the plasma
spray coatings is observed on the scanning Electron
microscope (SEM) [4].
For various Engineering applications in various fields like
automobile, aerospace, marine engineeringthematerial isto
be required hardest but less in weight. So, manycoatingsare
available to achieve the greater wear resistance property,
following some coatings are discussed have good results.
DLC (Diamond like carbon) coating have a better wear
resistance property,
In 2018 a multitechnical experimental analysis of these
solutions in dry and lubricated conditions. With
lubricant, steel without treatment suffers carbide
removal. PTFE coating prevents it by diminishing the
coefficient of friction but are less resistant in highly
loaded contact. Nitriding results in higher wear
resistance, especially when lubricated. (DLC+WC)
coating is the most efficient in dry conditions by
minimizing friction coefficient and wear rate [5].
In 2017 it is studied that diamond-like-carbon (DLC)
coating process was applied to 8620 H steel used for
camshaft production. Coatings are only applied to cams
on the camshaft. DLC coated cam surfacesimproved,the
amount of wear has been reduced [6].
In 2010 in a formula one engine valve train parts, the
camshaft and rocker arm are subject to severe sliding
conditions and constant demands for higher rotating
speeds, so it was necessary to increase endurance
reliability. Therefore, diamond-like carbon (DLC)
coating films that strengthen the surface were
developed, the film compositions and hardness balance
were optimized, and the coating films wereapplied.Asa
result, friction was reduced by a total of approximately
5kW, and endurance reliability was achieved that
enables continuous camshaft use in 4-Race events [7].
In 2018 the surface coated with diamond-like carbon
(DLC) significantly reduced both the friction and the
wear. The friction of the SS/DLC in water was even
lower than the friction of the SS/DLC or SS/SScontactin
oil. Furthermore, the wear coefficient of the SS/DLC in
water was comparable to the wear coefficient of the
SS/SS in oil [8].
In 2017 DLC deposited onto nitrided grey and nodular
cast iron substrates and the low friction of coated GCI
samples during the lubricious regime was attributed
mainly to the presence of tribolayerscoveringmostpart
of the wear track. These tribolayers play a major role in
reducing the friction coefficient due their highly
disordered graphitic structure confirmed via Raman
analysis, which have been reportedtoprovidelowshear
strength. Another effect provided by the formation of
these tribolayers is the smoothening of contact region,
reducing the severity of the asperities found on coated
GCI samples and, thus, contributing to maintain the
system in self-lubricating regime for longer periods [9].
In 2017 the lubricatedDLCcoatingsonpolishedsamples
suffered under strong fatigue wear on the same surface.
Fatigue wear was found for lubrication with oil as well
as for lubrication with water. In contrast DLC coated
rough surfaces showed no fatigue wear, also under
lubricated condition. By using rough DLC coatings the
wear of the counterpart is obviously remarkable
increased. If the tribological experiments were done
under excessive use of oil (not on a thin oil film), no
fatigue wear on the surface could be found as well [10].
In 2017 The maximum wear rate value for the H-DLC
coatings was 14 x 10-8 mm-3 /N m under a normal load
of 10 N and 5.5 x 10-8 mm-3 /N m under a normal load
of 50 N, following 2160 m of dry sliding. According to
the outcomes from the present research, the H-DLC
coating could be useful for wide range of industrial
applications such as automotive, aircraft and machine
components [11].
For increase the Tribological performance the lubricant is
used, the following is the some references which has
discussed about good performance of lubrication. Poly-
alpha-olefin (POA) is used as lubricant (base oil) for the best
results which is added in the mechanical parts then, the
Tribological performance is increased.
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD29871 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 2 | January-February 2020 Page 11
In 2017 The friction and wearpropertiesofoil-acid(OA)
modified Ag/PDA compositesasadditivesinpoly-alpha-
olefin (PAO) base oil were measured using four-ball
tribometer under different loads. The results show that
the PAO containing OA modified Ag/PDA nanoparticles
(OAMAgPDA) exhibit a better tribological propertythan
pure PAO. The maximumdecreaseinwearscardiameter
(WSD) and friction coefficient areamountedto40%and
30%, respectively [13].
In 2017 Tetrahedral amorphouscarbonnitride(ta-CNx)
is suitable for tribological applicationduetoits excellent
mechanical and adhesion properties. The tribological
properties are investigated with a ball-on- disk tribo-
tester with lubrication of poly alpha-olefin (PAO). In oil
ta-CNx presents slightly decreasing friction coefficient
and improving wear resistance with the N/C ratio,
indicating softer ta-CNx with better wear resistance
[14].
In 2014 NNBO as an additive in PAO shows better anti-
wear ability and load-carryingcapacitythanNN additive
in the same base stock, which is because N-containing
hetero- cyclic species and borate ester group in NNBO
additive have synergistic antiwear effects [15].
In 2018 the formation of carbon-based tribofilms from
poly-alpha-olefin (PAO) base oil molecules on Ti6Al4V
(Ti64) samples after thermal oxidization treatment,
where PAO enabling base oils to provide not only the
fluid but also the solid tribofilm.Lowerfrictionandwear
was found for oxidized Ti6Al4V under lubrication by
PAO base oil [16].
In the lubricant some additives are added means the hybrid
lubricant is used to increase the Tribological properties of
material. So, below some references which worked on the
additives to get better result in friction & wear.
In 2004 The layered structure and the rheological
properties of anti-wear films, generated in a
rolling/sliding contact from lubricants containing zinc
dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDTP) and/or molybdenum
dialkyldithiocarbamate (MoDTC) additives, have been
studied by dynamic nanoindentation experiments
coupled with a simple modelling of the stiffness
measurements. This low friction coefficientisattributed
to the presence of MoS2 planes sliding over each other
in a favourable configuration obtained when the
pressure is sufficiently high, which is made possible by
the presence of ZDTP [17].
In 2016 During the irradiation of high molecular weight
poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) in presenceofoxygen
perfluoroalkyl(peroxy) radicals and functional groups
are formed which allow chemical coupling reactions (cc
= chemical compatibilized) with oils and plastics. The
micropowder resulting from the irradiation of PTFEare
used in base oils to improve the tribological properties
significantly if oil molecules are covalently linked to
primary PTFE particles in the oil dispersion. These oil-
PTFE-cc-dispersions show primarily anti-wear (AW)
properties [25].
In 2018 the effect of tappet insert clearance on the
tribological and tribochemical performance of the
camlobe/follower tribopair when lubricated in a fully-
formulated oil containing 1 wt%ofMolybdenumDialkyl
Dithiocarbamate (MoDTC). Results show that the
chemistry of the tribofilm derived on camlobes and
tappet inserts vary as a function of tappet insert
clearance and cam profile. Also, regardless of thetypeof
coating, the smaller clearanceoftappetinsertsexhibited
higher friction and wear. Therefore, based on this work,
the use of the thicker tappet insert would beinadvisable
as this possibly can cause higher fuel consumption and
inefficient performance of the intake/exhaust valves of
the engine [18].
In 2018 an automated micropitting test rig was applied
to study the effect of slide to roll ratio (SRR) on
micropitting behaviour in rolling-sliding contacts
lubricated with Zinc Dialkyl Dithiophosphate (ZDDP)
containing lubricants [19].
In 2008 Alkyl amine salts of three representativedialkyl
phosphates showed excellent antiwear effectiveness in
the low load region (5 kg) being generally equal or
superior to the component acid phosphates and greatly
superior to tricresyl phosphate. With the alkyl amine
phosphates, no pattern of performance vs, molecular
structure appeared. The absence of differentiation in
wear results with the amine components, especially at
5-kg load, supports the view that the timine salts
reported here function as antiwear additives by
releasing acid phosphate, the actual antiwear agent, at
frictional contacts [12].
In 2018 Polypropylene and lithium complex thickened
(Li-complex) greases were tested both as neat greases
and with a 2 wt% addition of ZDDP and/or MoDTC. A
combination of ZDDP and MoDTC in the polypropylene
grease provided the lowest friction with greater
longevity compared to the Li-complex grease with the
same additives, independent of sliding speed, contact
pressure, temperature or type of sliding: continuous vs.
reciprocating. The additive combination of ZDDP and
MoDTC provided the best antiwear performanceinboth
greases [20].
In 2016 the anti-wear performance and action
mechanisms of zinc dithiophosphate (ZDDP) have been
investigated under varioustestconditions.after rubbing
tests the physical and chemical properties of ZDDP
tribofilms have been investigated using surface
characterisation methods such as atomic force
microscopy(AFM),scanning electronmicroscopy(SEM),
Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray
absorption near-edge structure (XANES) [21].
In 2015 the wear rates of coatings and AISI 52100 steel
balls lubricated with the GMO-containing oil were the
lowest in most cases. From these results, it was
concluded that the GMO was a compatible FM with the
coating and improvedtribological characteristicsofboth
sliding surfaces [22].
By reviewing the above literature coating on substrate
material with lubricant, additives added in lubricant.
Tribological terms are dependent on the various
parameters.
4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD29871 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 2 | January-February 2020 Page 12
RESEARCH GAP IDENTIFICATION:
Sr.
No.
Substrate
Coating
Material
Deposition
technique
Condition Result Gap
[1]
[2]
[6]
[9]
Cast iron,
Al7075,
AISI 1020
and AISI
1045
steels,
8620H
Steel,
GCI and
NCI
-
-
DLC
-
-
CVD
PECVD
Dry
Dry
It is found that the material hardness
also greatly affects the wear depth,
wear volume and wear width.
DLC coated cam surfaces improved,
the amount of wear as compares to
without coating.
The low friction of coated GCI samples
during the lubricious regime was
attributed mainly to the presence of
tribolayers covering most part of the
wear track
Coating,
Lubricant,
Additive
[8]
[10]
[11]
AISI 440C
, 52100
stainless
steel
DLC
coating
CVD,
PECVD
Lubricated
(Oil & Water)
The lowest coefficient of friction was
obtained for the SS/DLC contact in
water, taking into consideration all
the tested parameters.
Additive
in
lubricant
[12] 440C
stainless
steel
- - Lubricated
(Neopentyl
Polyol
Esters +Amine
Phosphates)
The amine phosphates promoted
significantly less deterioration of the
base ester than did the dialkyl
phosphates.
Coating
[13]
[14]
High
carbon
chrome
steel
ta-CNx ion beam
assisted
filtered arc
deposition
Lubricated
(poly alpha-
olefin+Ag/
polydopamine)
In oil ta-CNx presents slightly
decreasing friction coefficient and
improving wear resistance.
Cast Iron
[18]
[22]
[25]
AISI
52100
steel,
100Cr6
metallic
surfaces
DLC
-
CVD
-
Lubricated
(SAE-5W20,
PAO+MoDTC &
GMO, PTFE)
The GMO reduces the friction & wear
of the DLC coating.
PTFE-cc product provides a very good
wear protection, with a rollerwear
dimension of 1 mg.
Cast iron
Coating
COATING DEPOSITION TECHNIQUE ANALYSIS:
The commonly used deposition techniques are thermal spray deposition, electrode position, physical vapor deposition and
chemical vapor deposition which are elaborated below: [24]
Merits and demerits of Deposition Techniques
Process Merits Demerits
Thermal Spray Deposition (i) Low cost
(ii) High deposition rate
(iii) Can be widely used for numerous
coating material
(i) Residual stress
concentration is high
(ii) Difficulty in Nano porous coating.
Electro-Deposition (i) High deposition rate
(ii) ability to coat complex materials
(iii) Controlled Nano porous coating.
(i) Caustic waste
Physical Vapor Deposition (i) Can coat complex materials.
(ii) Dense coating of Nano scale thickness.
(i) low deposition rate
(ii) high initial cost
Chemical Vapor Deposition (i) Uniform deposition on complex shape
(ii) Can coat complex materials.
(i) Restricted to chemical
composition and use of volatile gases
(ii) Low deposition rate
(iii) High initial cost
5. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD29871 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 2 | January-February 2020 Page 13
WEAR RATE CALCULATION:
Pin-on-Disc wear testing is a method of characterizing the coefficient of friction, frictional force, and rate of wear betweentwo
materials. During this tribological test, a stationary disc articulates against a rotating pin while under a constant applied load.
As shown in below Figure. A pin on disc test consists of a stationary "pin" under an applied load in contact with a rotating disc.
The pin can have any shape to simulate a specific contact, but spherical tips are often used to simplify the contact geometry.
Pin-on-Disc Machine
CONCLUSION:
Cast iron has great demand in industrial applications, but in
the mechanical linkage or in mechanism the cast ironhaving
high wear rate. So to reduce the wear rate the DLC coating is
suitable with lubrication.
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