1. Welcome
2. Introduction
3. Botany
Basically a pseophytic plant
Mature cardamom plant may
measure about two to four meters
in height.
It is a shallow rooted plant
A herbaceous perennial having underground rhizomes
Inflorescence is a long panicle with racemose clusters arising from the underground stem, but comes up above the soil
4. Varieties of Cardamom
Generally there are two types of caradamom
1. Eleterria Cardmom- (Small cardamom, green cardamom, true cardamom)
2. Amomum subtulatum- (Large cardamom, Black cardamom, Brown cardamom)
Types of Cardamom
Climate and soil
Propagation
Select from healthy, high yielding and well ripened capsules from high yielding, disease-free mother clumps are collected (500-600g/ha)
The seeds are extracted by gently pressing the capsules and then washed 3-4 times in cold water to remove the mucilage adhering to the seeds.
The washed seeds are drained, mixed with wood ash and dried under shade.
To ensure early and uniform germination, seeds should be sown immediately after extraction
Season- September in Karnataka and Nov-Jan in Kerala and Tamilnadu.
Acid scarification with 25 % nitric acid for 10 min.
Primary nursery:
Nursery site - moderately sloppy land, in open and well drained location near source of water.
Raised seed beds of one meter width and of convenient length are prepared.
Spread a layer of forest soil over the bed.
Sow the seeds in row spaced at 10 cm and 1-2 cm apart within the row.
Seed rate is 10g/m2.
After sowing beds are covered with a thin layer of sand (2cm)
Water the beds regularly to maintain sufficient moisture and to promote germination
Germination commences in about 20-25 days
Protect the seedlings by providing overhead shade.
Transplant the seedlings at 3-4 leaf stage to the secondary nursery.
Secondary nursery:
The seedlings are raised in the secondary nursery by two methods
Bed Nursery
The beds are prepared as described in primary nursery.
Spread a layer of compost on the bed and mix with soil
Seedlings with 3-4 leaves are transplanted at distance of 20-25 cm.
Mulching and watering should be done immediately after transplanting.
The seedlings will be ready for transplanting after 8-10 months of planting
Polybag nursery
Polybags of size 20x20 cm and 100 gauge thickness are filled with a mixture of forest top soil, cowdung and sand (3:1:1) is an excellent medium for filling polybags.
Provide suffient holes at the base of polybags to ensure good drainage.
Seedlings at 3- 4 leaf stages are transplanted into each bag.
Raising seedlings in polybags has many advantages like uniform growth, more tillering and good establishment in field.
Planting
Trashing
Pest and Diseases
Harvesting
Processing
value added products
Raddish cultivation based on botany, plant characteristic, soil, climate, variety and varietal characteristic, problem in cultivation and their management practices and storage and post harvest handling.
Raddish cultivation based on botany, plant characteristic, soil, climate, variety and varietal characteristic, problem in cultivation and their management practices and storage and post harvest handling.
Post harvest management of ginger and turmericChanbichingtham
post harvest practice is very important for the extension of shelf life and quality of the crops. These practices are generally not followed by common people. This presentation views to enlighten the knowledge of post harvest treatments to be followed.
BRINJAL CULTIVATION , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BRINJAL Arvind Yadav
BRINJAL CULTIVATION , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BRINJAL .BRINJAL
Botanical name : Solanum melongena
Family : Solanaceae
Chromosome No. : 2n = 24
Origin : India
Common name : Eggplant, Aubergine.
Economic importance and uses :-
It is an annual crop cultivated all over India.
The fruits are available practically throughout the year.
Brinjal fruits are a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins particularly ‘B’ group.
Analysis of 100 g of edible fruit contains 91.5g of water, 6.4 g of Carbohydrates, 1.3g of Protein, 0.3g of fat and 0.5g of mineral matters.
Its green leaves are the main source of vitamin C (38-104.7mg/100g).
Economic importance and uses :-
It is an annual crop cultivated all over India.
The fruits are available practically throughout the year.
Brinjal fruits are a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins particularly ‘B’ group.
Analysis of 100 g of edible fruit contains 91.5g of water, 6.4 g of Carbohydrates, 1.3g of Protein, 0.3g of fat and 0.5g of mineral matters.
Its green leaves are the main source of vitamin C (38-104.7mg/100g).
Economic importance and uses :-
It is an annual crop cultivated all over India.
The fruits are available practically throughout the year.
Brinjal fruits are a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins particularly ‘B’ group.
Analysis of 100 g of edible fruit contains 91.5g of water, 6.4 g of Carbohydrates, 1.3g of Protein, 0.3g of fat and 0.5g of mineral matters.
Its green leaves are the main source of vitamin C (38-104.7mg/100g).
This Presentation is about Lentil (Lens culinaris), also known as Massur, Masoor, Masura. This Presentation includes Introduction, Biological Classification, Morphology of Lentil Plant, Floral Biology, Origin, Cytology, Breeding Objectives, Breeding Procedures, Diseases and Insects damage the Lentil Crop,
Pea is an important vegetable in India; the crop is generally cultivated for its green pods. It is highly nutritive and is rich in protein. It is used as a vegetable or in soup, canned frozen or dehydrate. It is cooked as a vegetable along or with potatoes. Split grains of pea are widely used for dal. Pea straw is a nutritious fodder.
Pract no. 9 (b) floral biology of mangotusharamodugu
Scientific Name: Mangifera indica L.
Common Names: Mamidi, Am
Chromosome number : 2n = 2x = 40
The origin of mango is Indo – Burma region.
In India Mango is acclaimed as “King of fruits”.
Floral Biology :
Inflorescence :
Inflorescence is a large and terminal panicle.
The branching of the inflorescence is usually tertiary, rarely quaternary, but the ultimate branching is always cymose.
The mango inflorescence or panicle bears mainly two types of flowers – male and hermaphrodite.
The panicle bear 500-6000 flowers of which 1-70% are bisexual, remaining are male depending on the cultivar and temperature during its development. The percentage of perfect flowers varies between 0.74 per cent in Rumani, 16.41 to 55.7 per cent in Neelum and up to 69.8 per cent in Langra.
Pulses are a very important source of protein in Indian diets as majority of population is vegetarian. however, the production of pulses is not keeping pace with the growing population in the country. lentil is one of the important Rabi pulses. it is one of the oldest pulse crops and the most nutritious of the pulses. it is also used as a cover crop to check the soil erosion in problem areas. lentil contributes about 6% in total pulses area as well as production of India. It is mostly eaten as "DAL". the pulse is first converted into split pulse or 'dal' by the removal of skin and the separation of the fleshy cotyledons. It is cooked easily and hence preferred. It is good for patients too. Lentil contains about 11% water, 25% protein and 60% carbohydrates. It is also rich in calcium, iron and niacin
the vegetables are grown more than two years. These are very rich in minerals and nutrient.THESE NOT GROWN IN LARGE QUANTITIES.some of the perrenial vegetable are drumstick,ivygourd,pointed gourd,artichoke,cassava,taro,chow chow
Post harvest management of ginger and turmericChanbichingtham
post harvest practice is very important for the extension of shelf life and quality of the crops. These practices are generally not followed by common people. This presentation views to enlighten the knowledge of post harvest treatments to be followed.
BRINJAL CULTIVATION , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BRINJAL Arvind Yadav
BRINJAL CULTIVATION , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BRINJAL .BRINJAL
Botanical name : Solanum melongena
Family : Solanaceae
Chromosome No. : 2n = 24
Origin : India
Common name : Eggplant, Aubergine.
Economic importance and uses :-
It is an annual crop cultivated all over India.
The fruits are available practically throughout the year.
Brinjal fruits are a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins particularly ‘B’ group.
Analysis of 100 g of edible fruit contains 91.5g of water, 6.4 g of Carbohydrates, 1.3g of Protein, 0.3g of fat and 0.5g of mineral matters.
Its green leaves are the main source of vitamin C (38-104.7mg/100g).
Economic importance and uses :-
It is an annual crop cultivated all over India.
The fruits are available practically throughout the year.
Brinjal fruits are a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins particularly ‘B’ group.
Analysis of 100 g of edible fruit contains 91.5g of water, 6.4 g of Carbohydrates, 1.3g of Protein, 0.3g of fat and 0.5g of mineral matters.
Its green leaves are the main source of vitamin C (38-104.7mg/100g).
Economic importance and uses :-
It is an annual crop cultivated all over India.
The fruits are available practically throughout the year.
Brinjal fruits are a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins particularly ‘B’ group.
Analysis of 100 g of edible fruit contains 91.5g of water, 6.4 g of Carbohydrates, 1.3g of Protein, 0.3g of fat and 0.5g of mineral matters.
Its green leaves are the main source of vitamin C (38-104.7mg/100g).
This Presentation is about Lentil (Lens culinaris), also known as Massur, Masoor, Masura. This Presentation includes Introduction, Biological Classification, Morphology of Lentil Plant, Floral Biology, Origin, Cytology, Breeding Objectives, Breeding Procedures, Diseases and Insects damage the Lentil Crop,
Pea is an important vegetable in India; the crop is generally cultivated for its green pods. It is highly nutritive and is rich in protein. It is used as a vegetable or in soup, canned frozen or dehydrate. It is cooked as a vegetable along or with potatoes. Split grains of pea are widely used for dal. Pea straw is a nutritious fodder.
Pract no. 9 (b) floral biology of mangotusharamodugu
Scientific Name: Mangifera indica L.
Common Names: Mamidi, Am
Chromosome number : 2n = 2x = 40
The origin of mango is Indo – Burma region.
In India Mango is acclaimed as “King of fruits”.
Floral Biology :
Inflorescence :
Inflorescence is a large and terminal panicle.
The branching of the inflorescence is usually tertiary, rarely quaternary, but the ultimate branching is always cymose.
The mango inflorescence or panicle bears mainly two types of flowers – male and hermaphrodite.
The panicle bear 500-6000 flowers of which 1-70% are bisexual, remaining are male depending on the cultivar and temperature during its development. The percentage of perfect flowers varies between 0.74 per cent in Rumani, 16.41 to 55.7 per cent in Neelum and up to 69.8 per cent in Langra.
Pulses are a very important source of protein in Indian diets as majority of population is vegetarian. however, the production of pulses is not keeping pace with the growing population in the country. lentil is one of the important Rabi pulses. it is one of the oldest pulse crops and the most nutritious of the pulses. it is also used as a cover crop to check the soil erosion in problem areas. lentil contributes about 6% in total pulses area as well as production of India. It is mostly eaten as "DAL". the pulse is first converted into split pulse or 'dal' by the removal of skin and the separation of the fleshy cotyledons. It is cooked easily and hence preferred. It is good for patients too. Lentil contains about 11% water, 25% protein and 60% carbohydrates. It is also rich in calcium, iron and niacin
the vegetables are grown more than two years. These are very rich in minerals and nutrient.THESE NOT GROWN IN LARGE QUANTITIES.some of the perrenial vegetable are drumstick,ivygourd,pointed gourd,artichoke,cassava,taro,chow chow
Carrot cultivation based on botany, plant characteristic, soil, climate, variety and varietal characteristic, problem in cultivation and their management practices and storage and post harvest handling.
Carrots that are rich in vitamin A is a great source of dietary supplement .It can be cultivated very easily at temperate regions by following the proper cultivation techniques.
Origin and Distribution Commercial Varieties Eco-physiological Requirements R...AmanDohre
Origin and Distribution Commercial Varieties Eco-physiological Requirements Recent trends in propagation of aonla ber jackfruit bael karonda & phalsa and Rootstock influence.
Originating from diverse regions, commercial varieties of aonla, ber, jackfruit, bael, karonda, and phalsa have unique eco-physiological requirements. Aonla, native to India, thrives in subtropical climates with well-drained soil. Ber, originating from the Indian subcontinent, prefers arid environments. Jackfruit, native to South Asia, grows best in tropical regions with ample moisture. Bael, native to the Indian subcontinent, tolerates drought but requires well-drained soil. Karonda, indigenous to Southeast Asia, thrives in warm, humid climates. Phalsa, originating from the Indian subcontinent, prefers subtropical climates. Recent trends in propagation include micropropagation for mass multiplication and grafting onto compatible rootstocks to enhance vigor, yield, and disease resistance, ensuring sustainable cultivation.
Crossandra - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management –special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
seed production of Carrot (CSK HPKV) harmanjeet singhStudent
CONTENTS:
Introduction
Scientific Classification
Why Most Of Carrot In Orange Colour ???
Climate
Soil
Land Requirement
Seeds And Sowing
Sowing Time
Manures And Fertilization
Spacing
Carrot Varieties
Irrigation
Weed Control
Pollination Of Carrot
Isolation
Methods Of Seed Production
Plant Protection
Harvesting And Seed Yield
Seed Standards (%)
Similar to Advance in production technology of Cardmom.pptx (20)
Role of Microorganism and Enzymes in Food Preservation by Pallavi Wani.pptxPallavi Wani
Food preservation?
Food preservation is a process in whichFruits and vegetables are prevented from getting spoilt. The color, taste, and nutritive values of food is also preserved. Food products lasts for a long period of time: shelf life of food product is increased
Role of Microorganism in Food preservation
As the human population is increasing, we need to adopt new techniques for producing qualitative and nutritious food. These microorganisms can be used to cope with the shortage of food supply.
Microorganisms are an important part of the food industry as these are helpful in food preservation and production.
Usually, microorganisms are used in making dairy products (yogurt and cheese), fermented vegetables (olives, pickles, and sauerkraut), fermented meats (salami), and sourdough bread.
These are also utilized for the production of wine and several other beverages.
Recently in the food industry, the use of microorganisms has started on a large scale for the production of chocolate, food color, from preserving fruits, vegetables and meat, and as probiotics which are helpful for human health.
Microorganisms contribute to the smell, texture and taste of the food
For example, bacteria are Lactobacilli that is used for the production of food as these bacteria ferment lactic acid
Lactobacilli are conventionally used to add aroma and texture to the food while preventing the spoilage of dairy products, meat and vegetables as well as silage.
Microorganisms that are present in the GI tract are known for producing health promoting compounds that are called probiotics
These probiotics in fermented products help in the preservation of milk products through the formation of lactic acid which adds to the flavor as well as nutritional value of the food
The role of different types of microorganisms in various food processes
SI.No Microbial Activity
Microbes
Use in industry
1 Pectinolytic activity Lactobacillus brevis ,Erwinia herbicola
Cofee industry
2 Naringinase activity Aspergillus niger,
Aspergillus oryzae,
Fruit juices industry
3 Fermentation Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus Dairy industry
4 Protease activity Bacillus tequilensis Brewing industry
5 Asparaginase activity
Cladosporium sp Baking industry
1. Role of Lactic Acid Bacteria
Lactic acid bacteria are being used in a number of food production and storage methods in the modern food industries.
Lactobacilli are commonly used for the storage of uncooked fermented sausages and sliced meats to avoid pathogenic
These bacteria have replaced the chemical additives such as sodium lactate and potassium acetate which were used for the safety and quality
Mechanism- of action of lactic acid bacteria in raw fermented sausages is the conversion of sugars to lactic acid through fermentation. This contributes to the unfavorable conditions for the growth of pathogenic and spoilage microorganism.
Lactobacillus spp.
Advance in production technology of Mint.pptxPallavi Wani
1. welcome
2. Introduction
3. Botany
4. Uses
1. JAPANESE MINT (Mentha arvensis)
Branches : Rigid, pubescent
60-90 cm tall.
Leaves : Broad ovate leaves, lanceolate to oblong, 3.7-10 cm long sharply toothed, or shortly petiolated and hariy.
Flowers : arranged in cyme which are usually sessile or rarely pedunculate. Flowers are purplish, minute.
Japanese mint (M.arvensis
Primary source : Menthol
Fresh leaves : 0.4-6.0 per cent oil.
Main constituents of the oil are
Menthol (65-75%), Menthone (7-10%)
Menthyl acetate (12-15%) and
Terpenes (pipene, limonene and comphene).
PEPPER MINT (Mentha piperita
Branches : square, branching stems are of dark-green to deep purple colour and bear opposite, broadly lance-shaped.
Leaves : slightly toothed leaves of deep-green colour, 2.5 to 5 cm long.
Pepper mint (M. piperita):
Fresh herb : essential oils (0.4 to 0.6 %).
Constituents are Methyl acetate (14-15%), Menthone (9-25%) Menthofuran and terpenes like pinene and limonene.
Medicinally, it is an excellent carminative and gastric stimulant.
Applied externally it acts as a mild analgesic.
SPEAR MINT ( Mentha spicata)
Perennial herb
Height of 90 cm tall
Oil yield 0.6 %
High carvone content
. BERGAMOT MINT (M.citrata)
Branching, perennial herb
60 cm tall
Oil content 0.4-0.5%
Oil emits lemon like smell
Soil and Climate-
The mean temperature between 20-400 C during major part of the growing period
(Light showers at planting stage and ample sunshine at the time of harvesting) is ideal for its cultivation.
Well drained loam or sandy loam soils rich in organic matter having pH between 6 and 8.2 are ideally suited for its cultivation.
Japanese mint can be cultivated both in tropical and sub-tropical areas
Pepper mint and spear mint :
Ideal yield only in humid and temperate conditions like Kashmir and hills of UP and HP.
Bergamot mint :
Grown even in temperate climate.
PROPAGATION:
Mints are propagated through the creeping stolons, suckers or runners and terminal cuttings
Stolons are obtained from previous years planting
Best time for obtaining stolons is during the months of December-January.
On an average about 400 kg stolons are required for planting one hectare of land.
LAND PREPARATION
Thoroughly ploughed, harrowed fine soil. All the stubbles of weeds should be removed before the crop is planted.
Manuring may be done at the time of land preparation by adding FYM @ 25 to 30 t/ha.
Green manuring may also be done before the mint is planted.
Mints are planted on flat land or ridges. Hence, flat beds of convenient sizes or ridges are made according to the spacing recommended.
In plains, planting is done during winter months, whereas in temperate climate, planting is done from 1st week of January to 3rd week of February.
Harvesting
Yield
Advance in production techonology of Alovera.pptxPallavi Wani
1. Welcome
2. Introduction
3. Uses
4. CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANT
Commercially cultivated species-Aloe barbadensis
Aloe arborescens, Aloe perryi
Aloe ferox
VARIETY
CIM sheetal (2005) is a barbaloin free variety released from CIMAP, Lucknow
The plant is suited for rainfed cultivation
High leaf and sap yielding, foliage yield: 400 -500 q/ha.
Soil and climate
Hardy, grows on sandy coastal to loamy soils with a pH of up to 7- 8.5
Water logged conditions and problematic soils are not suited
Commercial cultivation can be done in regions having 25-40O It can be cultivated in arid and semi arid region
Propagation and planting
Medium sized root suckers are chosen and carefully dug out without damaging the parent plant at the base and directly planted in the main field.
Root suckers (10,000/ha) or leaf cuttings
Nearly 3-4 months old suckers having 4-5 leaves and 20-25 cm length can be used Spacing - 90x90 cm Season-June-July.
15- It can also be propagated through leaf cuttings. In this case, after the harvest of the crop, the underground rhizome is also dug out and made in to 5-6 cm length cuttings which should have minimum 2-3 nodes on them.
16. It is rooted in specially prepared sand beds or containers and after it has started sprouting, it is ready for transplanting
17. Manures and fertilizers
10-15 tons of FYM/ha - during 18. land preparation- Apply 30kg/ha Nitrogen + 120kg/ha of Gypsum during field preparation
In addition 30kg N can be applied 20 DAP
17. Irrigation
Soon after planting
According to the soil moisture
4-5 irrigations are sufficient per year. Weed control
Weeding may be done twice a year
21. Pests and diseases
Normally aloe is free from pests and diseases
Major insect : Mealy bug
Major diseases : Leaf spot and Anthracnose
Control measures
1. For controlling mealy bugs spray Chlorpyriphos 2 ml in 1 litre of water.
2. Spray the crop with Bavistin 10 g with Carbendazim 2g per litre and repeat at 10 days interval for controlling anthracnose.
3. Leaf spot can be controlled by spraying the crop with 0.2% Mancozeb at weekly intervals
24. Processing- The mucilaginous pulp from the leaf parenchyma, which is mainly carbohydrate in nature, is used in skin disorders.
For the purpose of isolation of aloe gel, the portion of leaves remaining after the removal of their exudates is cut open and their mucilage is scraped out with a blunt edged knife.
This mucilage is stirred vigorously in a blender to make it into a uniform solution and is strained through a muslin cloth and filtered.
The gel is precipitated from the extract and isolated by centrifugation
The gel is re-dissolved in slightly warm water.
It is dried at high temperature and weighed
Soilless Cultivation- The cultivation of aloe in containers has also become a standard technique in central and southern Europe.
The rooted sucker is transplanted into a plastic pot, 2.5–3.5 L in volume and re-potted after 6–9 months into a 24 L container.
Hydroponic Cultivation
Importance of Tropical tubers in solving global hunger by Pallavi Wani.pptxPallavi Wani
Tropical root and tuber crops are the second most important group of crop plants after cereals. Tuber crops occupy remarkable position towards food security of the developing world due to their high calorific value and superior CHO content. In world the total productivity of tuber crops of about 10.88 t/ha and in India tuber crops total production of about 6.58 mt from an area of 0.24 mha. Among tuber crops sweet potato, cassava and elephant foot yam are cultivated commercially in considerable area. These commodities are grown by small scale farmers and more yield than other food crops.
Root and tuber crops are known as energy banks of nature providing staple food, meet the calorie needs of about one fifth of word’s population. These crops have complex role to play in food security, reduction hunger and elimination of poverty. Tuber crops were well adapted to diverse soil and environment condition with wide farming system by this that can enable all year round production. And Tuber crops are efficient source of CHO compared to other food crops. Apart from that also good source of vitamins, minerals which helps in several health problems, also used for various medicinal purpose (Sanket J et al., 2019).
Sweet potato is important tropical tuber crop. It is herbaceous perennial but cultivated as annual. And Botanically called Ipomoea batatas belongs to Family Convolvulaceae having its hexaploid Chromosome number is 90.
Another important tuber crop is cassava next to sweet potato. Cassava is perennial, monoecious shrub. Botanically called Manihot esculenta belongs to family Euphorbiaceae having its diploid chromosome number is 36.
BIOFORTIFICATION OF CASSAVA:3. Yam:
Dioscorea is a perennial deciduous vine belongs to family dioscorea. It is recognized as the fourth most important tuber crop.
It contributes about 10% of the total root and tubers production around the world.
Yams also considered as famine food and play a prime role in the food habit of small and marginal rural families and forest-dwelling communities during the food scarcity periods.
4. Taro:Taro is staple and subsidiary food crop, botanically called colocasia esculenta, belongs to family Araceace. Tubers are low in fat, high in vit A & abundant in complex carbohydrates.
5. Elephant foot yam
Elephant tuber manly raised as cash crop, It is botanically called Amorphophallus paeoniifolius belongs to family Aracea, having its diploid chromosome number is 28.
Corm and pseudostem are the edible part of EFY.
6. Arrowroot
Botanically called Maranta arundinacea belongs to family marantaceae, having its diploid chromosome is 24.
Anti-Nutritional Factors:
VALUE ADDITION:
Major Tuber crops research centers in India
o CTCRI REGIONAL CENTER, BHUBANESWAR, ORISSA
o CTCRI, TRIRUVANANTHAPURAM, KERALA
o 19 AICRP Centers.
Conclusion:
Tropical root and tuber crops play a major role in food security, culture and economic propesperity in many Asian, African countries.
Advabced Breeding methods for quality improvement in solanceous vegetables.docxPallavi Wani
Background/Introduction
World Population during 2020 is 7.8 billion, is growing steadily, and it is predicted to reach 9.1 billion by the year 2050. (united nation population division). Per capita calorie consumption of Fruit & Vegetable is expected to more than triple by the year 2050 in south Asia as compared to 2010. To feed growing population FAO projects the need to increase agricultural output by at least 60 per cent in the next decade. Over the coming decades a changing climate, growing World Population, rising food prices, and environmental stresses will have significant yet impact on food security. To fed growing population, FAO projects the need to increase agricultural output by at least 60 per cent in the next decade. India is ranked 94th position out of 104 countries. And it is also leading producer of many vegetables, but it has estimated around 15 per cent population is under nourished and lack of inadequate food intake both in quality and quantity. So thus improvement of nutritive value of crop is the major gole of breeding programme.
By use of conventional breeding method to get the product will take more number of years and labours, so if we start by modern breeding technologies like, Marker assisted selection, Molecular Breeding, Antisense RNA, and CRIPSR/cas-9 etc., along with conventional method of breeding we can save the lot of time to develop the product.
Vegetable crops are rich in dietary micronutrients, antioxidants and functional phytochemicals. Among vegetables solanaceous vegetables are the good source of health- protective dietary elements such as vitamins, minerals and antioxidant in the human diet. These solanaceous family includes Tomato, Brinjal, Chilli and Potato. (Kumari et al., 2017)
Classification of Quality traits
Any degree of excellence is called quality. There are mainly 5 categories-
1. Morphological traits- Related to product appearance which includes fruit size, shape, color and thickness
2. Orgenoleptic traits- Concerned with palatability of the produce, examples are taste, aroma, flavor etc.,
3. Nutritional traits (Neutraceuticals)- These are determine value of the product such as Beta carotene, ascorbic acid, TSS, Protein , vitamins, minerals
4. Undesirable traits- Includes Solanine content in brinjal and browning in potato
5. Other traits- Includes keeping quality, cooking quality
Advantages of Quality Breeding
It enables grower to get the good product
Helps in consumer acceptability
Makes the product more suitable for processing
Provides Food and health security
Quality traits of Solanaceous vegetables
ADVANCED BREEDING METHODS
E. GENETIC ENGINEERING
F. RNA INTERFERENCE TECHNOLOGY (RNAi)
G. CRISPR CAS9- A genome editor
ACHIEVEMENTS
Transgenic Approach for Bio fortification in vegetables crops
Research Regulation
The square tomato is not only special in terms of shape, but it will also improve your quality of life. Because it contains more than 50% lycopene
FUTURE THRUT
Adavanced Breeding Methods for quailty improvement in solanaceous- Pallavi WaniPallavi Wani
1. Welcome
2.Back ground information
9. Vegetable crops are rich in dietary micronutrients, antioxidants and functional phytochemicals. Among vegetables solanaceous vegetables are the good source of health- protective dietary elements such as vitamins, minerals and antioxidant in the human diet. These solanaceous family includes Tomato, Brinjal, Chilli and Potato. (Kumari et al., 2017)
11. Advantages of Quality Breeding
14.Quality traits of Solanaceous vegetables
20. Mutation Breeding
23. Case study
28. Molecular Breeding
30. case study
39. Marker assisted selection
40.Steps in Marker Assisted Selection
41. Marker Assisted-Backcrossing (MAB)
56. Genetic Engineering-It refers to direct or artificial manipulation of one or many genes, most often foreign gene is inserted into an organism to get a desired phenotype. Ex: Golden rice, Flavr savr tomato etc.,
Steps involved in genetic engineering are
1. Extraction of plasmid from bacterial cell which is followed by isolation our gene of interest
2. After that cutting DNA at specific location with help of certain enzymes called restriction enzymes or molecular scissors
3. After the second step that is cutting DNA segment followed by the ligases process it is nothing but joining of DNA fragments of desired sequences along with plasmid molecule to form a specific type of hybrid DNA is called recombinant DNA technology
4. In next step the rDNA inserted into the host cell to form a transformed bacterial cell these transformed bacterial cell allowed them to grow inside a media
5. Last step is selection and screening of transformed cells with desired character.
63. RNAi-RNA interference technology (RNAi): sequence specific gene silencing phenomenon caused by the presence of double stranded RNA. These RNAi allows down regulation in gene in a more precise manner without effecting expression of other genes. It was first observed by Richard in 1990.
67. Components of RNA interferance
70. CRISPR-It has been successfully applied to various plants, including Rice, Wheat, Maize and Tomato (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) is a types of DNA sequences found in the genomes of prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria. It is nothing but acquired immune system present in prokaryotes, which is identified in early 1987 in E. coli.Later, scientists identified and modified as a powerful gene editing tool and got a broad application in genome research field due to its ease of use and cost-effectiveness. Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna got nobel prize for genome editing discovery.
78. Case study on CRISPR- Potato
84. Achivements
85. Wild Sources for quality traits
86. Varieties released with improved quality traits.
87. Transgenic Approach for Bio fortification in vegetables crops-Biofortification refers to process of improving nutritional quality of food crops
90. CONCLUSION
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Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
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Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
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Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
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• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
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2. CARDAMOM
Plant profile
Queen of spice
B.N: Elettaria cardamomum
Family : Zingiberaceae
C.N: 2n=48.
Popularly known as : Small or lesser or
Malabar cardamom
Origin: Western Ghats of India .
Economic part: Fruit (Capsules)
Volatile Oil: 1,8 -Cineole
3. Basically a pseophytic plant
Mature cardamom plant may
measure about two to four meters
in height.
It is a shallow rooted plant
A herbaceous perennial having
underground rhizomes
Inflorescence is a long panicle with
racemose clusters arising from the
underground stem, but comes up
above the soil
Botany
4. BOTANY
• Leaves are lanceolate or oblong,
lanceolate or ovate in shape with short
petioles.
• Pseudostem has light green or reddish
purple or purple colour.
Flowers are bisexual, fragrant
Fruit is trilocular Capsule
Flower initiation is in March – April
7. Generally there are two types of caradamom
1. Eleterria Cardmom- (Small cardamom, green cardamom, true cardamom)
2. Amomum subtulatum- (Large cardamom, Black cardamom, Brown cardamom)
Varieties of Cardamom
Small cardamom
- Elettaria cardamomum
Large cardamom
- Amomum subulatum
8. Origin and distribution
• Small cardamom - Evergreen rainy forests of Western
Ghats in South India and Sri Lanka
• Large cardamom - Native to sub-Himalayan region
11. Helps to cure stomach
disorder
Improve blood
circulation
Gives relief form
asthma, sore throat
Aids in weight loss
Good remedy
for vomiting
Relives cold, and sore
throat, joint pain
Health benefits of small cardamom
12. Types of small cardamom
Based on the fruit size varieties are broadly recognized as:
• Elettaria cardamom var. major consisting of
wild indigenous types
• Elettaria cardamom var. minor comprising the
cultivated types viz.; Mysore and Malabar
• Vazhukka - natural breed between Mysore
and Malabar
13. Malabar Mysore Vazhukka
Plant stature Medium size and attain
2-3 m height on
maturity
Robust, 3-4 m
height
Robust like
mysore
Leaves Dorsal side Pubescent
or glabrous
Both side Pubescent
or glabrous
Oblong to
Lanceolate
Panicle Prostrate Erect Semi erect
Fruits Globose to oblong
shape
Ovoid, Dark green bold globose to
ovoid in shape
Adaptability 600-1200 m 900-1200 m 900-1200 m
Cultivated in Karnataka Mostly in Kerala Kerala
Types of Cardamom
17. No. Selection
/Varities
Cultivar Special distinguishing characteristics Area of adaptability
ICRI (Spices Board) Idduki
1
ICRI -1
Malabar
An early maturing profusely flowering
variety, medium sized panicle with globose
extra bold dark green coloured capsules
South Idduki zone of
Kerala, where the rainfall
is well distributed
2 ICRI -2 Mysore
Performs well under irrigated conditions.
Suitable for higher altitude. It has medium long
panicles oblong bold and parrot green capsules
(Tolerant to Azhukal diseases)
Kerala and Tamil Nadu
3 ICRI -3 Malabar
Early maturing type, non-pubescent leaves,
oblong bold, parrot green capsules. It is
tolerant to rhizome rot disease
Cardamom growing tract
of Karnataka
High yielding varieties and selections
18. No
.
Selection/
Varities
Cultivar Special distinguishing characteristics Area of adaptability
ICRI (Spices Board) Idduki
4
ICRI -4
Malabar
An early maturing variety adaptable to
low rainfall area, medium size panicle,
globose bold parrot green, capsules,
non pubescent leaves.
Suitable for low rainfall
area
5 ICRI -5
Malabar
Hybrid, early bearing, high yield,
high oil content, deep green bold
capsules, moderately tolerant to rot
disease.
Kearla and parts of
Tamilnadu
6 ICRI -6 Malabar
Hybrid early bearing, high yield,
high oil content, deep green long bold
capsule, moderately tolerant to rot,
thrips ,bores and drought
Cardmom growing tract
of Karnataka
High yielding varieties and selections
19. Cardamom Research Station, Kerala Agricultural University, Pampadumpara, Kerala
No. Selection/
Varities
Cultivar Special distinguishing
characteristics
Area of adaptability
7 PV-1 Malabar
An early maturity variety with
slightly ribbed light green
capsules. Short panicle. Close
racemes , narrowly ellipsoid to
elongate capsules
All cardamom
growing tracts of
Kerala and parts of
Tamil Nadu
8
PV-2
Vazhukka
High yielder, deep green long
bold capsules, high dry recovery
percent.
Kearla
20. Regional Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Mudigere,
Karnataka
No. Selection/
Varities
Cultivar Special distinguishing characteristics Area of adaptability
9 Mudigere -1 Malabar
Compact plant, suitable for high density
planting. Tolerant to hairy caterpillars and
while grubs. Short panicle. Bold, pale green
capsules. Tolerant to thrips and shoot
hole borer. Pubescent leaves
In the traditional
cardamom growing
Malanad areas of
Karnataka
10
Mudigere -2 Malabar Suited for cultivation in valleys in
Karnataka
Cardamom growing
tracts of Karnataka
11
Mudigere -3 Malabar Tolerant to thrips and shoot hole
borer.
Karnataka
12
Karnataka
Njallani
Green Gold
Vazhukka
Performs well under intensive
cultivation
Kerala and
Karanataka
21. IISR Cardamom Research Centre, Appangala, Karnataka
No. Selection/
Varities
Cultivar Special
distinguishing
characteristics
Area of adaptability
12
IISR Avinash Malabar
Characterized by high
yield (745 kg (dry
capsules)/ha)
Rhizome rot
resistant
Traditional cardamom tracts of
Kerala and Karnataka
13 IISR
vijetha
Malabar Tolerent to katte
Kodagu, Nort Wynad, Hassan &
Chikmagalur
14 Appangala-1 Malabar Early maturing Traditional cardamom tracts of
Kerala and Karnataka
15 Appangala -2 Malabar High yielding and
resistant to
cardamom mosaic
virus
Traditional cardamom tracts of
Kerala and Karnataka
22. Wonder cardamom- a new variety of cardamom
Drought-resistant cardamom variety.
This variety can also be grown in rubber plantations at lower altitude.
The specialty of the variety is that it has branched panicles.
The yield per plant is 3.0 to 4.0 kg of dry cardamom compared to 2.5-3.0 kg
in Njallani- the most popular variety of the region.
One kilogram carries around 3,800-5,000 capsules.
Source: National Innovation Foundation
23. The leaves are dark green in colour.
The plant shows a strong tiller base with 50 per cent of its
capsules of the size 6.5-7 mm.
Average flowering and crop is noticed throughout the year for
8 rounds.
The health of the plant and the high-yielding characteristics
make it one of the most promising varieties in the field.
The Kerala Cardamom Processing and Marketing Company
(KCPMC) has developed three new varieties of cardamom
Elarani I, II and III - at its research centre in Thekkady. The
clones for this have been identified from selected mother clones
from an estate the Kadamkuzhy in Idukki district.
Elarani I
24. Reported to be one of the highest yielding varieties which gives
good crop for 8 rounds throughout the year.
The new varieties are 25-50 per cent superior to Njallani plants.
The yield of the new series seems to be 100-150 kg per acre more
than the Njallani varieties.
Elarani II
Average flowering variety and gives a normal crop through out
the year for 8 rounds.
The leaves are light green in colour and its panicles are long.
The capsule looks round and the size of almost above 40 per cent
is 7-8 mm in size.
Elarani III
25. Ideal climatic and soil conditions for cardamom:
Natural habitat: Evergreen forests of Western Ghats
Altitude: 600 to 1200 m above MSL
Annual rainfall: 1500 to 2500 mm
Temperature: 10 to 35°C.
Soil type preferred: Forest loamy soils.
Soil pH: 5.5 to 6.5, generally acidic in nature
Soil nutrient status: High in organic matter and nitrogen, low to medium in
available phosphorus and medium to high in available potassium.
Climate and soil
26. Propagation
• Select from healthy, high yielding and well ripened capsules from high
yielding, disease-free mother clumps are collected (500-600g/ha)
• The seeds are extracted by gently pressing the capsules and then washed 3-
4 times in cold water to remove the mucilage adhering to the seeds.
• The washed seeds are drained, mixed with wood ash and dried under
shade.
• To ensure early and uniform germination, seeds should be sown
immediately after extraction
• Season- September in Karnataka and Nov-Jan in Kerala and Tamilnadu.
• Acid scarification with 25 % nitric acid for 10 min.
Seed Propagation:
27. Primary nursery:
Nursery site - moderately sloppy land, in open and well drained location
near source of water.
Raised seed beds of one meter width and of convenient length are prepared.
Spread a layer of forest soil over the bed.
Sow the seeds in row spaced at 10 cm and 1-2 cm apart within the row.
Seed rate is 10g/m2.
After sowing beds are covered with a thin layer of sand (2cm)
Water the beds regularly to maintain sufficient moisture and to promote
germination
Germination commences in about 20-25 days
Protect the seedlings by providing overhead shade.
Transplant the seedlings at 3-4 leaf stage to the secondary nursery.
28. Secondary nursery:
The seedlings are raised in the secondary nursery by two methods
Bed Nursery
The beds are prepared as described in primary nursery.
Spread a layer of compost on the bed and mix with soil
Seedlings with 3-4 leaves are transplanted at distance of 20-25 cm.
Mulching and watering should be done immediately after transplanting.
The seedlings will be ready for transplanting after 8-10 months of planting
29. Polybag nursery
Polybags of size 20x20 cm and 100 gauge thickness are filled with a
mixture of forest top soil, cowdung and sand (3:1:1) is an excellent
medium for filling polybags.
Provide suffient holes at the base of polybags to ensure good drainage.
Seedlings at 3- 4 leaf stages are transplanted into each bag.
Raising seedlings in polybags has many advantages like uniform
growth, more tillering and good establishment in field.
30. Suckers are collected from high yielding plants and planted at a spacing
of 1.8m x0.6m, thus accommodating approximately 6800 plants/ha of
clonal nursery area.
Overhead shade is provided and nursery is irrigated.
After 12 months of planting, each planting unit produces on average 32-42
suckers.
In an area of 1ha clonal nursery 1 to 1.4 lakhs planting units can be
produced after one year.
Rapid clonal multiplication technique
31. For planting, pits of required size are prepared before commencement of the
monsoon season (April – May).
For planting Malabar types, pits of size 45*45*45 cm are prepared and for
Mysore and Vazhukka types, 90*90*90 cm recommended
The pits are filled to one third topsoil.
Application of well decomposed FYM or compost and 100 g rock phosphate
will help in proper establishment and quick growth of suckers.
Planting season-June-July
In Karnataka, 10 month old seedlings are preferred for planting ,while in
kerala and Tamilnadu 18 month old seedilngs are commonly used.
Planting
32. • For Mysore and Vazhukka cultivars plant to plant distance can
be 3x3 m or 2.4x 2.4 m respectively.
• A spacing of 1.8 x 1.8 m or 2.0 x 2.0 m is Malabar types
suitable in Karnataka.
• Immediately after planting, the plant base should be mulched
well with available dried leaves to protect solid from erosion and
conservation of moisture.
• Planting should be done diagonally to the slope which will be
helpful as a self protector of soil.
• Deep planting should be avoided, as it results in suppression of
the growth of new shoots.
33. Shade regulation
• Cardamom being a pseophyte (shade loving- 50% shade) is very
sensitive to moisture stress
• Cardamom does not tolerate direct sun light, also too much shade affects
metabolic activities of plants.
• Removal of excess shade so as to allow sufficient penetration 50% filtered
sunlight for proper growth and flowering
•Shade regulation done during March-April in new plantations during May-
June after the receipt of summer shower in the existing plantations
34. Common shade trees in cardamom estates
• Dadap (Erythrina lithosperma)
• Albizia karuna
• Red cedar (Cedrella tuna)
• Jack tree
• Elangi (Mimusops elangi)
Balangi (Atrocarpus fraxinifolius)
35. Irrigation
Generally Cardamom is grown as a rainfed crop, but provide
sprinkler irrigation during summer for increased yields.
This is the period in which development of young tillers and
panicles takes place
Regular irrigation (1-1.5 inches per irrigation) will help the
initiation of panicles, flowering and fruit setting.
Earthling up
Earthling up of the plant base with top soil is recommended during Dec.- Jan. While
carrying out this operation, care should be exercised to ensure that only top soil is used,
and it is evenly spread at the base covering only half the bulb portion of the rhizome.
This operation helps to keep the top 10 to 15 cm soil loose and friable enabling easy
root penetration and water percolation.
36. Mulching and Forking
• Fallen leaves of the shade trees are
utilized for mulching (5-10 cm
thickness).
Forking the plant base to a distance
up to 90 cm and a depth of 9-12 cm
promotes better root penetration.
Panicles are exposed above the
mulch for the pollination by bees
37. Trashing
Trashing consists of removing old and drying shoots of the plant once in a
year with the onset of monsoon, under rainfed conditions and.
This operation may be carried out once in a year at any time one month after
completion of the final harvest.
These materials can also be used as mulch.
38. Weeding
Frequent weeding is necessary
2-3 weedings are necessary in a year (May-June, Aug- Sept and Dec-Jan)
Weeding in the interspaces are recommended
Mechanical weed cutters be used for weeding
39. Nutrient Management
Application of organic manures such as FYM, cowdung or
compost @ 5 kg / plant or neem cake @ 1-2 kg / plant may be
done during June-July.
The present recommendation of nutrients for cardamom is
N:P2O5:K2O @ 75:75:150 kg/ha.
The fertilizers may be applied in two split doses, before and
after the southwest monsoon, in a circular band of 20 cm wide
and 30-40 cm away from the base of the clumps, and mixed
with soil.
41. Pests
Management:
Regulate shade in thickly shaded areas.
Spray insecticides like quinalphos 0.025%
during March, April, May, August and
September.
Symptoms
•Adults and nymphs suck sap and cause
damage to leaves, shoots, inflorescence
• Thrips affected capsules fetch lower price.
1. Thrips: Sciothrips cardamom
42. 2. Shoot, panicle and capsule borer:
Dichocrocis (Conogethes) punctiferalis
Symptoms:
•Larvae bore the unopened leaf buds, panicles causing drying
of feed on young seeds causing the capsules empty
Management:
•Spraying quinalphos ( 0.075%) is effective in controlling
this pest.
43. 3. Black hairy caterpillar (Eupterote canerica, E. cardamomi, E.
fabia etc)
Symptoms:
Management:
•Spraying fenthion 0.075% is effective in controlling
this pest.
.
Symptoms:
Larvae bore the unopened leaf buds, panicles causing drying of
feed on young seeds causing the capsules empty
Management:
Light traps at night
2% Methyl parathion dust/ Quinalphos (0.05%)
Collect and destroy the hairy caterpillars
45. Diseases
1. Damping off / rhizome rot / clamp rot –
Pythium vexans, Fusarium oxysporum,
Rhizoctonia solani, Phytophthora sp.
Management
1. Providing proper drainage
2. Maintain proper phytosanitary measures in nursery
3. Drenching the nursery beds with Copper
oxychloride 0.25%
4. Soil drenching with B.M 1%
46. Symptoms
2. Azhukal disease / capsule rot / fruit rot:–Phytophthora
parasitica car. nicotianae/ Phytophthora palmivora
Water soaked lesions on tender leaves and
capsules
Upon decay emits bad foul smell and drop
off
The infection spreads to the underground plants
and the rhizomes become rots.
The tip of inflorescence also rot.
47. Infected Panicle
Infected leaves
Control of Azhukal
Management:
1. Removal and burning of
infected plants.
2. Provide proper drainage
3. Three sprays with BM 1% in
May, June, July
4. Soil drench with BM 1 % (or)
Copper oxychloride 0.25%
48. 3. Rhizome Rot Disease
Rotten rhizomes and tillers
Symptoms
•Yellowing of foliage
and dropping of leaves
•Rotting extends to the
rhizome and roots
•Rotten rhizomes
become soft, dark brown
in color and emit foul
smell
49. 4. Chenthal disease / leaf blight: Colletotrichum
gloeosporioides
Management
1. Removal and destruction of
affected leaves
2. Three sprays with
carbendazim 0.1% (or)
Mancozab 0.2% (or) copper
oxychloride 0.25% at 30 days
interval.
•Initially manifests on the leaves as
water soaked lesions which later
coalesce to from yellowish-brown to
reddish brown patches
50. 5. Mosaic – Cadamom mosaic virus (CDMV)
Symptoms
General chlorosis of young leaves
Mosaic symptoms appear on the
leaflamina
Mosaic type of mottling is observed on
leaf sheaths and young pesudostem
In advanced stage the whole plant
shows mosaic symptoms.
51. Management
1. Collection and removal of infected clumps along with
rhizomes and burning.
2. Raising of nursery in diseases free areas.
3. The virus is disseminated by the aphid vector (Pentalonia
Caladii) and also through infected rhizomes
4. Spray with dimethoate (or) Methyl dematan (or)
Phosphomidon to kill the vector.
52.
53. Some points to identify the maturity stage are
Distinctly developed shoulders of the capsule.
Clear cut line in between two segment of the shell.
Triangular deep cut at the point of attachment
Loose attachment of capsule to the panicle.
Change of seed colour to brownish black or black
54. Harvesting of capsules Cardamom plants
take about two years to bear capsules.
It takes about three months for fruit
maturity.
Harvesting of cardamom is the most
important operation that requires special
attention of growers.
Proper harvesting will improve the
quality and quantity of the produce
Harvesting
55. Care may be taken to pick capsules only at a physiologically
mature to fully ripened stage so as to allow proper development of
seed and to obtain higher recovery.
Over ripening of capsules should be avoided as it results in loss of
capsules due to rodents and squirrels in the field and splitting at
the time of curing, which results in lower market value.
After harvest, washing the capsules with clean water and draining
the water is essential to get good quality dried cardamom.
56. 1. Only the green and mature
capsules.
2. This process will naturally
give a lower green crop per
pick.
3. The gap between picking
rounds can be maintained at
20 to 30 days.
1. Done semi-mature capsules
are also removed.
2. This process reduces curing
percentage and gives green
coloured capsules upon
curing.
3. Can be maintained between
30 to 45 days.
In harvesting it involves two types of
picking…………..
1) Light picking
2) Hard picking
Light picking Hard picking
57. In the first year of bearing the yield may be 25 to 50 kg/ha under
favourable conditions.
In the second year, the average yield would be around 50 to 70 kg
and in the third year it may go up to an average of 100 kg.
The average yield of dry capsules from a well maintained
cardamom field from the fourth year onwards will be 500 kg/ha.
Drying recovery about 20-24%.
Yield
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63. 3. Curing/ drying
• Moisture is reduced from 80% to 11-12%
• Capsules are spread out thinly on wire-net trays in the curing chamber
or heated chambers (kilns) and hot air is passed
64. Cardamom curing is a process in
which the moisture of freshly
harvested capsule is reduced from
80% to 10 to 12% at an optimum
temperature of 50o C so as to retain
green colour to the maximum extent.
There are mainly two types of
drying…
1. Natural (sun drying)
2. Artificial drying by using
fire wood (traditional
flue pipe system)
Curing
65. The traditional fire wood based
curing house consists of wood
burning furnace, flue pipes and
drying racks in a chamber.
The furnace is made up of fine
bricks or ordinary bricks having
about 2.5 M x 0.6 M grate size to
facilitate charging with big wood
logs.
The hot flue gases escapes through the chimney after circulating through
25-30 cm diameter flue pipes, made of mild steel sheets placed in the centre
of the room.
66. The racks containing harvested
cardamom capsules are kept at
30-50 cm distance from flue
pipe to avoid over heating.
The roof of the curing chamber
is insulated from inside with
wooden planks.
The capacity of the curing house
varies from 200 to 500 kg fresh
capsules.
67.
68. Types of cardamom driers
• Kiln driers
• Cross flow electrical driers
• Infrared driers
• RRL-Trivandrum drier
• IISC drier (25-100kg capacity, most fuel efficient)
• Solar drier (Cheap and best, most popular with 25-35kg capacity)
• Electrical drier (high cost and intermittent supply of electricity is a
disadvantage)
• Low cost drier of CPCRI (20-25kg/batch)
• Vertical flow electrical drier from UAS, Bangalore (temp – 53oC, time-14
hours, 10kg/batch)
69.
70.
71.
72. 4. Polishing
The product is rubbed gently against coarse surface of wire/ coir mat to
remove the stalk and other dried remains of floral parts, gives attractive
color and the polishing effect
Air screen separators are also used
5. Grading
The GOI and the ISI/BIS have prescribed Agmark grades
Cleaned capsules are sorted out into different grades according to their size
(7mm, 6.5mm and 6 mm) and color as long, medium and shorts
74. 6. Storage
After grading cardamom capsules are stored
Capsules stored at a moisture content of less than 10 % to retain the original
parrot green color and to prevent mould growth.
Use of 300 gauge black polythene lined gunny bags improves efficiency of
storage.
Wooden boxes are also used
75. In order to get prime price in the market,
grading of capsules by sieving under
different diameter sieves is to be done.
The cardamom with good green colour
and above 7 mm will fetch the highest
price in the market.
78. GRADES OF CARDAMOM
1. Bold: Popular Export Grade with greenish colour.
Yellow/Black/open cardamom removed.
2. Super Bold: A very special variety with greenish colour. Cannot
see any yellow/Black/open cardamom.
3. Extra Bold: Best in the Export market with greenish colour.
Yellow/Black/open cardamom will be removed.
4. Bulk: This grade will contain all size, matured and immatured
capsules, black, yellow and splited cardamom.
5. Small: black capsules.
6. Open / Splits: The colour may be partly greenish/pale yellow.
79.
80.
81. Value added products of cardamom
cardamom seeds
cardamom powder
cardamom oil
cardamom oleoresin
cardamom coffee and tea
sugar cardamom mix
cardamom flavoured cola beverage
cardamom chocolate
cardamom-flavoured ‘flan’
cardamom tincture
82. Green cardamom
• After harvesting, capsules are dried either in fuel Kiln or electrical drier or in
the sun. Soaking freshly harvested green cardamom capsules in 2 % washing
soda solution for 10 minutes prior to drying helps to retain original green color
during-drying.
• Under flue pipe drier, it should be dried at 45-50 °C for 14-18 hours, while
over night drying at 50-60°C is required under an electric drier.
• The capsules are spread-thinly and stirred frequently to ensure uniform drying.
83. Bleached cardamom
• Bleaching is done to turn the capsules to white by
• Soaking fresh capsules in potassium metabisulphite (25% containing
1% HCl for 30min)
• Hydrogen peroxide (4-6%)
• Sulphur dioxide fumes
• Bleaching powder
84. • The basic cardamom aroma is produced by a combination of
the major components, 1,8 - cineole and α- terpinyl acetate
in essential oil. obtained by steam distilation, for 4 hours.
Cardamom Oil
Oleoresin
•The oleoresins are obtained through solvent
extraction method.
•Super critical fluid extraction (SCFE) is also
adopted.
96. INNOVATIVENESS IN CARDAMOM CULTIVATION
Sebastian Joseph: This farmer changed the face of cardamom cultivation in India
Joseph developed the Njallani, a variety of cardamom that now accounts for 70%
of all of the spice
Njallani belongs to Vazhukka type with high yield potential and rare ability to
respond to better agronomic management.
97. Thiruthali variety (Sri. T. P. Joseph)
• Thiruthali variety has yield potential of 4 t/ha, with economic life
period of more than 15 years.
• It has high resistance to Pest & Disease incidence. The variety is highly
resistant to Root grub, with moderate tolerance to Azhukal disease
98. Cardamom Washing Machine by Sri. N.J.Thomas
• Only one person is sufficent to operate the machine.
• It would be possible to clean eight to ten tonnes of green cardamom in one day by one
person.
• He has invented the cardamom polishing machine CARPOL which was recognized by
the spice boardand national inovation foundation during 1995
100. MICRONUTRIENT MIX
Foliar application of
micronutrient mixture developed
by ICAR-IISR specific to
cardamom (Dosage @ 5g/L)
twice in May – June and
September-October, for higher
yield.
102. Cardamom (Amomum subulatum) has been used for the treatment
of various diseases due to its potential medicinal properties.
Methanol extract of Cardamom has remarkable antimicrobial
activity against some pathogenic bacteria
Cardamom is an effective crude drug for the asthmatic patient
because of its flavonoids which likely to contribute in its airways
relaxing action .
Current researches recommend that Cardamom has anticancer
property as it decreased activity of the cancer cell lines
Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies 2021; 9(3): 111-117
Islam et al., 2021
103.
104. Dry cardamom immediately after harvest to retain the original colour at
which they are harvested.
Maintain temperature inside the room between 40° and 50°C in the first
10 to 12 hours, then increase to 55°C for rest of the curing period.
Provide proper openings for expelling the moisture from the room while
curing, which is essential to retain good green colour during drying.
Avoid raising of temperature above 65°C inside the room in order to
reduce splitting of capsules and loss of vital volatile cardamom oil.
Polish the cured capsules when they are hot.
Use black polythene lined gunny bags for packing cured cardamom and
store them in wooden boxes for better storage efficiency.
A few tips to improve the quality of cured cardamom are:
105. REFERENCES:
Introduction to Spices, Plantation Crops, Medicinal and
Aromatic Plants by N. Kumar
Agri-tech TNAU
KAU Agri-Infotech Portal:CEL
Spice Board of India, Cochin Kerala
Indian Institute of Spice Research
Cultivation of Spices Crop by A.A Farooqi and Sree Ramu