Origin and Distribution Commercial Varieties Eco-physiological Requirements Recent trends in propagation of aonla ber jackfruit bael karonda & phalsa and Rootstock influence. Originating from diverse regions, commercial varieties of aonla, ber, jackfruit, bael, karonda, and phalsa have unique eco-physiological requirements. Aonla, native to India, thrives in subtropical climates with well-drained soil. Ber, originating from the Indian subcontinent, prefers arid environments. Jackfruit, native to South Asia, grows best in tropical regions with ample moisture. Bael, native to the Indian subcontinent, tolerates drought but requires well-drained soil. Karonda, indigenous to Southeast Asia, thrives in warm, humid climates. Phalsa, originating from the Indian subcontinent, prefers subtropical climates. Recent trends in propagation include micropropagation for mass multiplication and grafting onto compatible rootstocks to enhance vigor, yield, and disease resistance, ensuring sustainable cultivation.

1. Welcome
1

2. INDIRA GHANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA
Masteral seminar on
COLLEGE OFAGRICULUTURE, RAIPUR (C.G.)
Department Of Fruit Science
SEMINAR INCHARGE
Dr. Prabhakar Singh
Head ,
Dept. of Fruit science
college of agriculture Raipur
SPEAKER
Ravi kumar
M.Sc. Previous year
Dept. of Fruit science
Origin and Distribution Commercial Varieties Eco-physiological Requirements Recent
trends in propagation of aonla ber jackfruit bael karonda & phalsa and Rootstock influence.
2

3. Contents on Master Seminar
1. Origin and Distribution
2. Commercial Varieties
3. Eco-physiological Requirements
4. Recent Trends In Propagation
1. Aonla
2. Ber
3. Jackfruit
4. Bael
5. Karonda
6. Phalsa
3
Crops

4. 1. Aonla
Phyllanthus emblica
Origin and Distribution
Aonla is Native to tropical south-eastern Asia particularly central and south
India.
Wild and cultivated species available in the region extending from
base of Himalayas to Sri Lanka and from Malasia to South China.
4

5. Name of
variety
Institute, Breeding
Methods and Parents
Salient Features Photo
Krishna
(NA-5)
ANDUAT Faizabad
Chance Selection from
Banarasi
• Tree - spreading type
• High yielding with
medium size fruit.
• Average wt. (30-
45g).
• Tolerant to salinity
Kanchan
(NA-4)
ANDUAT Faizabad
Chance Selection from
Chakaiya
• Early maturity.
• Moderately Bearer .
• Fruit large size
• flattened, conical
angular in shape
• Skin very thin
smooth.
• Fiberless fruit.
• Good for chutney
making.
VARIETIES OF AONLA
5

6. Amrit
(NA-7)
ANDUAT
,Faizabad
Selection from
Francis
• Fruit is medium to large
• 95% pulp.
• Skin is rough, yellowish green
with pink ting.
• Suitable for candy, preserve
and jam.
Neelam
(NA-9)
ANDUAT
,Faizabad
Selection from
Banarasi
• Precocious and prolific regular
bearers.
• Fruit medium to large with
high pulp recovery (93%).
• Suitable for chutney and
jam.
Banarasi Seedling
Selection
• Early maturing.
• Vita. C - 625mg/100g pulp.
• Prone to heavy fruit drop.
• Poor self life.
6

7. Francis Seedling
selection
• Regular bearing habit.
• Fruit are large sized (40-60g).
• Oval round shape, light green
and slightly fibrous.
• Mid season variety.
• Prone to fruit necrosis.
Chakaiya Varanasi,
UP
Seedling
selection
• Alternate bearer.
• Fibrous fruit.
• Small size fruit.
• Resistant to sodic soil.
Laxmi-52 Pandey et
al., 2003.
Chance
seedling
selection of
Francis
• Free from necrosis.
• Suitable for candy .
7

8. Eco-physiological requirements of Amla
o Amla is a hardy sub-tropical fruit crop and is being cultivated in variable soil
conditions but its cultivation in tropical climate is quite successful.
o A mature amla can tolerate high temperature up-to 46 degree C. Warm
weather is conductive for the initiation of fruit growth during July-August.
o Well drained fertile loamy soil is ideal for cultivation.
o It can grow in light as well as heavy soils but not in sandy soils.
o Slightly acidic to saline pH of 6.5-9.5 , EC 5 dsm-1, ESP 30-40 are suitable for
cultivation.
o Recent years amla identified as an ideal plant for various kinds of water lands
like moisture stress, uplands, riverbeds etc.
o Irrigation should be avoided during flowering (mid-March to mid-April).
8

9. Recent trends in Propagation
• Nowadays the efficient and Cheaper Technique has been standardized.
• Recent trend in propagation is patch budding.
• In Amla patch budding technique has given 5-100 % success rate.
• Time of patch budding is May To August.
9

10. 10

11. Ber
Ziziphus mauritiana
Origin and Distribution
• Ber has been mentioned in ancient Sanskrit literature, it is said to be originated in
India and China area.
• It is found growing wild, semi-wild, and also cultivated in almost all parts of India.
• The major growing states are Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab,
Aryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh.
11

12. Varieties of Ber
Varieties Salient Features Photo
Gola  Early variety.
 it has round and bright yellow in
colure.
 Smooth and shining pulp white.
Seb  An early and good variety.
 fruits roundish.
 Yellow in colour.
 Skin is tough.
 Flesh cavity is absent.
Umran Late season variety.
Fruit is big in size and oval shaped.
Colour yellowish with brown ting.
Pulp hard with white and sweet.
12

13. Varieties/
Hybrids
Institute Breeding
Methods
Parents Salient Features Photo
Thar
Bhujraj
CIAH,
Bikaner
2007
From local
cultivar of
Bharatur
dist. of
Rajsthan
 Early and high
yielding
Thar
Sevika
CIAH,
Bikaner
2007
Seb x Katha Early and high
yielding
Goma
Kirti
CHES,
GODHR
A
Clonal
Selection
Umran Early maturity
than Umran ber
cultivar
13

14. Eco-physiological requirementsof Ber
 It is a hardy, drought tolerant tree.
 To produce high quality and abundant fruits it has certain eco-
physiological properties that must meet.
 It requires warm temperature for optimal growth and fruit production.
 Ideal temperature ranges from 20-35 degree C.
 Ber requires adequate water for fruit production and as a drought
tolerant it can survive in area with low rainfall.
 Irrigation during October causes flower-shedding and during May-
April causes fruit spoilage and delay ripening.
 Ber trees can grow best in well drained soils with pH 6-8.
 They can tolerate slightly alkaline and slightly acidic soils.
 Ber requires full sunlight for optimal growth and fruit production.
They can tolerate some shade but too much shade can reduce the
yield and quality.
 Pruning should be done during the dormant season to
avoid damaging the new growth of plant.
14

15. Recent trends in Propagation
• Mostly used commercial propagation method of Ber is T-budding because it is easier
method to adapt and convenient to propagate.
• It is done during July to September
• Recent studies shows that Micropropagation can also be done in Ber.
Source: Ibrahim et al., 2012
15

16. 16
Micropropagation in Ber :
 Tissue culture method for clonal multiplication of Zizyphus mauritiana cultivars Gola
and Seb have been described from a single bud culture.
 Shoot tips were cultured on full strength MS basal media , supplemented with
either IBA(10mg/l) or NAA (15mg/l) or BA (5mg/l)
 All media were dispensed in 25*150 mm test tubes containing 25ml medium.
 Cultures were incubated under 1000lux light intensity providing by white fluorescent
lamps for 16hrs photoperiod at 26+_ 1 degree c.
 The white globular callus was divided and incubated on full strength MS medium
supplemented with BA at 5mg/l for callus proliferation.
 This process continued for 120 days to obtain sufficient amount of organo-genic callus
with sub-culturing every 6 weeks .

17. Jack fruit
Artocarpus heterophyllus
Origin and Distribution
Jackfruit is indigenous to India, commonly grown in Sri
Lanka, Malaysia, Brazil, Jamaica, Myanmar, Singapore,
India.
In India, it grows in a Arid and semi-arid regions in assam,
W.B, Tripura, UP and parts of western ghats.
17

18. Varieties of Jack Fruit
Cultivars BM /
Institute
Parents Salient Features Photo
PLR -1 Selection
TNAU
Local It is high yielding, medium
height, less spreading.
Suitable for HDP.
In addition to regular bearing.
It produces fruit during off-
season.
TSS -19°brix
Average yield 105 fruit /tree
PLR-2 Selection
TNAU
Local  Good quality & bigger
sized fruits.
Highly palatable& edible,
flakes, which fetch more prices
due to attractive characters &
keeping quality.
Lesser incidence of pest &
diseases.
18

19. Name of
Cultivars
BM/
Institute
Parents Salient Features Photo
Singapur Introduce
d from
Ceylone
This is a highly precocious
type
produces fruit with in 2-3 year
Time.
Sometimes produces off
season
crops also.
Rudrakshi Selection
TNAU
Local
Parent
Produces small round fruits.
Having smooth rind with
fewer spines.
Inferior quality fruits.
19

20. Eco-physiological requirements of Jackfruit
• Jackfruit grows well and gives good yield
in warm humid climate of hill slopes and
hot humid climate of plants.
• Grows successfully from sea-level up-to
an elevation of 1200cm at an optimum
temperature of 22-25 degree C.
• Plant can tolerate frost and
drought conditions.
• The yield and quality of fruits
are medium under low humidity.
• The west coast plains with high
humidity are suitable.
• A deep rich alluvial or
open textured loamy soil or red
laterite soil with slightly
acidic condition of pH 6-6.5 with good
drainage is ideal.
• It varies with variety of soils.
20

21. Recent Trends In Propagation
• The Jackfruit can be sexually propagated
by seed .​
• Vegetatively by Veneer Grafting, Epicotyl
Grafting, and Soft wood Grafting.​
• But the recent studies shows that jackfruit ca
n be propagated through Micropropagation.​
21

22.  Micropropagation in Jackfruit :
 Propagation of Jackfruit plant from seeds is not widely accepted
because of high heterozygosis.
 To maintain the true types quality fruit , tissue culture technique could
be used for the vegetative propagation of jackfruit throughout the year.
 Healthy and juvenile Shoot Tips and Nodal Segments were
collected during the four different seasons (winter, summer, spring,
autumn) and were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium.
22

23. Bael
Aegle marmelos
Origin and distribution
Bael is indigenous tree of India and also found
growing in neighboring countries namely Nepal, Sri
Lanka, Malaysia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar,
Thailand and most of south east Asian countries.
Bael is found growing along foothills of Himalayas,
UP, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Uttaranchal, Jharkhand, MP,
The Deccan Plateau, and along the east coast.
23

24. Name of
Cultivars
BM/
Institute
Parents Salient Features Photo
1.Narendra
Bael – 4
Trees are spreading and
oblong fruit in shape, fruit
quality excellent and heavy
bearer.
1.Narendra
Bael – 5
Prolific bearer and fruits are
medium in size, round with
thin skull, low fiber and seed
content.
24

25. Name of
Cultivars
BM/
Institute
Parents Salient Features Photo
Narendra
Bael – 7
Fruits are very large in size,
flattened round, yellowish
green in color.
Narendra
Bael – 9
Fruits are elliptical round,
pulp yellow, average weight
1.3 kg , TSS 31%, and low
fiber content.
25

26. Name of
Cultivars
BM/
Institute
Parents Salient Features Photo
Narendra
Bael – 17
Fruits are attractive, average
weight 1.75 kg, fiber content
low.
CISH B – 1  It is a mid-season variety
which matures during
April-May.
 Trees are tall, vigorous with
dense canopy, erect growth
habit, precocious and heavy
bearer.
 Fruit shape is oval to
oblong.
 Average fruit weight 1 kg.
 Suitable for canning and
slices preparation 26

27. Name of
Cultivars
BM/
Institute
Parents Salient Features Photo
CISH B – 2  Trees are dwarf with
medium spreading habit.
 Foliage is sparse and
almost thornless,
precocious with
moderate bearing habit.
 Fruits are oblong to
round in shape.
 Suitable for processing
with pleasantly
aromatic pulp.
Goma
Yashi
 Good quality fruits with
large in size.
 Ovate in shape, greenish
yellow in color.
 Flesh color is straw.
27

28. Name of
Cultivars
BM/
Institute
Parents Salient Features Photo
Pant
Aparna
 Its trees are dwarf with
drooping foliage, almost
thornless, precocious and
heavy bearer.
 The leaves are large, dark
green and pear shaped.
 Fruits are globose in shape
with average weight 1 kg.
28

29. Eco-physiological requirements
o Though Bael is a fruit crop of sub-tropical
origin, also can perform well in tropical,
arid and semi-arid regions.
o Sunny warm humid climate is ideal.
o Tolerant to harsh climatic conditions.
o Can withstand temperatures of 41-49
degree C and –5 to –7 degree C.
o And pH ranges from 6-8.5 , ESP 30% ,
and EC 9 dsm-1.
o Suseptible to waterlogging and should not
be grown in areas with poor dainage.
o It requires full sunlight for optimal growth
and fruit production.
29

30. Recent trends in propagation
 Patch Budding
Ideal method with 90% success rate
Ideal time June-July
 Modified Ring Budding
Done during May
 Soft Wood Grafting
Done during February-May
30

31. Phalsa
Grewia asiatica.L
It is native to India and other countries like
Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia
and Thailand. It was introduced into the
Philippines before 1914 and also
naturalized in Australia In India, phalsa is
grown in the states of Punjab, Haryana,
UP, Rajasthan, and MP. It is also grown in
other parts of the country such as
Maharashtra, Karnataka, and AP.
31

32. Commercial varieties of Phalsa
1 .Sharbati
2.Thar Pragati
It is a dwarf and early variety, suitable
for high density planting. Fruits ripen in 60
days from fruit set, fruit yield is 3-4
kg/plant, fruits are suitable for table and
processing purpose
Thar pragati
32

33. Eco-physiological requirements of Phalsa
 It can be grown on a wide range
of soil, even on a moderately
alkaline soils.
 It is considered to be one of the
hardest fruit crop and is drought
resistant.
 Suitable in well drained, loamy
soils.
 It can stand the frost and the
plants can tolerate temperature as
high as 44°C.
 Under waterlogged conditions,
plants become chlorotic and
make poor growth.
33

34. Recent Trends in Propagation
1.Cutting
 It has been reported that phalsa cuttings with
100ppm indole butyric acid (IBA) for 24
hours 60% success.
 According to another report, as high as 70%
success can be achieved from hard wood
cuttings treated with 100ppm IBA.
2.Layering
 Propagation of phalsa by air layering has
also been tried by some workers.
 According to one report, air
layering gives 50% success when the
air layers are treated with a mixture of
IBA, NAA, 2,4-D and boron
in 10000,10000, and 1000ppm
respectively.
34

35. 6. Karonda
Carissa carandas
Origin and Distribution
It grows naturally in the Himalayas and
Western Ghats at elevations of 300 to 1800
m.
It is found grown in wild in India,
Malaysia, South Africa.
It is cultivated in Rajasthan, Gujarat,
UP, states of India.
35

36. Commercial varieties of Karonda
Name of
Cultivars
BM/
Institute
Parents Salient Features Photo
1.Pant
Manohar
 This variety is developed from
GB PUA and T Pant Nagar in
2007.
 The plants of this varieties are
medium-sized dense bushes.
 Fruits are dark pink blush on
white background.
 Weighing 3.49gm, yield
27kg/plant .
Pant
Sudarshan
 This variety is developed from
GB PUA and T Pant Nagar
in 2007.
 The plants of this varieties are
medium-sized dense bushes.
 Fruits are pink blush on white
background .
 On ripening fruits become
dark brown.
 Average weight 3.46gm, yield
29kg/plant 36

37. Name of
Cultivars
BM/
Institu
te
Parents Salient Features Photo
3.Pant
Suvarna
 This variety is developed
from GB PUA and T Pant
Nagar in 2007.
 Fruits are color dark brown
blush on green background.
 Average
weight 3.62gm, yield 22kg/p
lant.
 On ripening fruit color
changes to dark brown.
4.Konkanbol
d
 This variety is developed
from Konkankrishi
Vidyapeeth, Dapoli in 2004.
 The plants are medium-
sized and vigorous.
 Fruits are oblong in
shape and 12-154gm in
weight.
 The color of fruits is
dark purple. 37

38. Eco-physiological requirements of Karonda
 It is very hard and drought tolerant crop.
 It also thrives well both in tropical and sub-tropical
climates.
 It behaves as a xerophytic plant.
 Suseptible to heavy rainfall and
waterlogging conditions.
 It can be grown on a wide range of soils including saline
and sodic soils but better growth and yield
obtained from sandy loam soils.
38
Recent trends in propagation of Karonda
SEMI HARD WOOD CUTTING
 Recent propagation method used in karonda is semi hard wood
cutting .
 Generally 25-30cm long and 1cm diameter cuttings can be used
for propagation.
 The best time for planting cutting is June-july.
 This trial was conducted by CHES, CHETTALI found that
success was higher in semi hard wood cutting than hard wood
cutting.
 The success in table purpose,bold fruit varieties is lower than
pickle type varieties.

39. ROOT STOCK INFLUENCE
The role of rootstocks and its use in different fruit
crops has significant impact on fruit crop production
by influencing
canopy architecture, nutritional uptake, flowering, yield
and fruit quality.
39
Effect of Stock on Scion
1. Size and Growth Habit
2. Precocity in Flowering and Fructing
3. Fruit Set and Yield
4. Fruit Size and Quality
5. Nutrient Status of Scion
6. Winter Hardiness
7. Diseases Resistance
8. Ability to Resist Soil Adverse Conditions

40. 40
Effect of Scion on Root Stock
1. Effect on Root System of Stock
2. Cold Hardiness of the Rootstock
3. Age of Root Stock Seedling
IMPROTANCE OF ROOTSTOCKS IN FRUIT CROPS
• Impart resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses of scion cultivar
• Resistant to adverse soil and climatic conditions
• Cold hardiness
• Provide strong root system
• Regulate uptake of moisture and nutrients
• Regulate tree vigour and size
• Dwarfing effect
• Affect flowering, fruit set, fruit drop, fruit size
• Affect fruit quality and yield
• Trees propagated on rootstocks are true to type, comes to bear earlier, precocious.

41. CASE STUDY
Micropropagation of Karonda (Carissa carandas) through shoot multiplication
41

42. Results and discussion
After a period of 3 weeks maximum number of explants survived (74.3%) when
they were sequentially exposed to 70% ethanol
(3 min). There was minimum contamination in 0.5 cm long explants collected in
spring and winter seasons. There was increase in per cent contamination with the
increase in length of explant (1.5 cm) and the sprouting frequency
42
The conventional methods of propagation viz., through seeds, cuttings, grafting, air
layering, and stooling have given variable results which are not very satisfactory.
As, C. carandas is widely used for hedge plantations, a large number of plants per
unit area are required. Therefore, some alternative method for rapid and large scale
multiplication

43. CONCLUSION
• India have a diverse climatic condition therefore suitable for production of various
types of fruits i.e. Tropical, Sub-tropical, Temperate, Arid & Semi-arid fruits.
• Improved cultivars play vital role in improving production of the fruit crop in a
region.
• Micropropagation is the best technique for the production of millions of clones in
one year. When it comes to conventional techniques, it takes years to produce an
equal number of plants. Micropropagation facilitates the growth, storage, and
maintenance of a large number of plants in small spaces which makes it a cost-
effective process.
• Rootstocks greatly influence variety behavior as it ensures tolerance to biotic &
abiotic stress conditions, as well as the provision of minerals and water for the
total plant, and consequently impact crop yield and fruit quality.
43

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46. Thank You
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