Radish floral biology , plant habit, seed production

1. RADISH
Vaishnavi
2019-11-172

2. • BOTANICAL NAME: Raphanus sativus L
• FAMILY: Brassicaceae
• ORIGIN: Egypt
• CH. NO.: 2n=18

3. Introduction:
• Radish is a quick growing and short duration vegetable crop.
• It has high nutritive value.
• It is a good source of ascorbic acid and trace elements. Pink-
skinned radish is generally richer in ascorbic acid than the
white skinned.
• Cultivation of radish both for root and seed is very easy.
• Radish is an ancient vegetable. Inscriptions in Pyramids in
Egypt showed its existence about 2000 B.C:
• It is widely grown in almost all states of India. It is most
suitable for raising in kitchen garden or home garden.

4. Taxonomy:
• Kingdom: Plantae
• Division: Angioserms
• Order: Brassicacales
• Family: Brassicaceae
• Genus: Raphanus
• Species: R.sativus

5. Origin
• Radish probably originated in Europe and Asia.
• It has been under extensive cultivations in Egypt since long.
• It was introduced in England and France in the beginning of
16th century.

6. CYTOGENETICS:
• •Basic and haploid chromosome numbers of radish: X=n=9.
• •Chromosome size range: 1.5-3.5 m.
• •Basic genome of radish has both homologous and non-
homologous chromosome.
• •Basic cytological and phylo-genetics relationship, the species
of Raphanus and Brassica evolved from a common ancestral
form with chromosome number 2n=6 by chromosome
duplication.

7. BOTANY
• The edible portion of radish develops from the
primary root and hypocotyl the inflorescence is a
typical terminal raceme of cruciferae.
• The flowers are small, usually white in colour and
resemble those in cabbage and cauliflower. Sepals
(four) are erect and petals (four) are clawed.
• Radish is cross- pollinated due to sporophytic
system of self-incompatibility.

8. • It shows considerable inbreeding depression on
selfing. It is entomophilous. It is pollinated mainly by
wild honey bees and wild-flower flies. Stigma
receptivity is maintained upto four days after
anthesis.
• Emasculation is not necessary in bud-pollination.
After pollination, the buds are to be protected from
foreign pollen by enclosing the particular branch
bearing those buds in a muslin cloth bag.

9. Floral biology
Flowering is at its full bloom in the month of march. The
inflorescence of radish is a typical terminal raceme of cruciferae

11. The flowers are small, white , rose or lilac in colour with
purple veins in bractless raceme. The sepals are erect and
petals are clawed

12. Each flower has six stamens and a pistil. The pistil is
oblong.

13. The fruits are indehiscent , 3-7 cm long and upto 1.5
cm in diameter with 6-12 seeds and long conical beak.
In some genotypes beak shape may vary

14. The fruits contain 6-12 seeds

15. Radish flower pollinated by bees

16. Breeding objective:
•Early rooting :
Pusa Reshmi: Variety is suitable for early sowing. Ready to harvest
in 50 to 60days.
•High yield :
Co 1, Pusa Rashmi, Pusa Chetki, Pusa Desi, Japanese White and Arka
Nishant are popular varieties. Sandy loam soils with high organic
matter content are highly suited for radish cultivation. The highest
yield can be obtained at a soil pH of 5.5 to 6.8.

17. • White, long/stump roots with thin tap root and non-
branching habit: Long ,small topped roots are prefered as it
requires less space
•Non-pithy roots : radish becomes pithy and bitter when harvest is
delayed
•Pungency of roots as per consumers preference: Japanese
prefer slightly pungent and sweet radish because they prefer to
cook radish,while in Europe and America they prefer less pungent
radish as they prefer to eat radish as a salad
• Slow bolting habit: Bolting is the production of a flowering stem
(or stems) on agricultural and horticultural crops before the crop is
harvested, in a natural attempt to produce seedsand reproduce.

18. •Heat tolerance : varieties are evaluated for heat tolerance by how
crisp they stay and how soon they become pithy in warmer
weather.
•Drought resistance: radishes are sensitive to water, and need a
consistent and frequent supply of water.
• Wet tolerance : varieties with wet and flood tolerance are
important as root is the economical part
•Resistance to alternaria blight, white rust, RMV : varieties
resistant to diseases are necessary to reduce dependency on
chemical remedies
•Tolerance to aphids : Most serious pest of radish

19. Variety and Varietal character:

20. A. European or Temperate Types:
1)White Icicle:
• The roots are thin and tender and
icicle shaped.
• The skin of roots of this variety is
pure white.
• It is a sweet flavoured variety.
• It is very short duration (20-25 days)
and suitable for kitchen garden.
• It can be grown in pot also.
• Delay in harvesting causes pithiness
in roots that reduces quality of
roots.
• It is sown in October-November in
plains.

21. 2)Scarlet Globe:
• It is an early variety takes about 25-30 days for'
development of harvestable roots, Outer skin of
roots is scarlet in colour with white tip, flesh is pure
white.
• Roots are round in shape.

22. 3)Scarlet Long:
• It is an early variety (25-30 days).
• Leaves are 15-20 cm in length and light green in
colour.
• The roots are long and tapering to a point.

23. Sparkler :
A round, bright red radish with a distinctive
white tip; all white inside.
.

24. Cherry Belle :
This round, red radish is a common variety often
found in your local supermarket. It is delicious in
salads.

25. White Beauty :
A small, round radish with a sweet, juicy flavor;
white inside and out

26. French Breakfast :
This mild, extra-crunchy, slightly pungent
radish is good raw or cooked

27. Early Scarlet Globe :
A juicy, crispy-tender heirloom variety with a
round shape, red skin, and white flesh.

28. Some unique varieties
1. Sakurajima Mammoth –
Believed to be the largest radish variety in the world, this
incredible radish can weigh up to 100 pounds at maturity. In
spite of its size, it has a sweet, mild flavor.

29. Green Meat – Also known as Misato Green,
this radish variety is green inside and out.
The outer skin is surprisingly spicy, but the
flesh is mild.

30. Easter Egg – This interesting variety can be white, pink,
red or purple. Slice it thin to add flavour, texture, and
colour to salads

31. Watermelon – An heirloom radish with white skin and intense,
reddish-purple flesh. The Watermelon radish, which reaches
baseball size, looks much like a miniature watermelon. The
flavor is slightly peppery.

32. Black Spanish – This round radish displays coal-black
skin and pure white flesh

33. White Globe Hailstone – Pure white inside and out;
the flavor is mildly spicy.

34. Chinese Green Luobo – Also known as Qinluobo, this
heirloom radish is a unique shade of lime green inside
and out.

35. B.Tropical or Asiatic Types:
1) Japanese White:
• It in an introduction ' from Japan, c.v. "Shiroaguri-kiyo"
recommended by IAR! Regional Station, Katrain (HP).
• The roots are pure white, 20 to 30 cm or so long, blunt
at root-end.
• They are mildly pungent.
• Though, it is tropical variety but it responds well to
comparatively low temperature.
• Roots become ready for harvesting in 45 days, It is
suitable for October to December sowing.

37. • 2)Pusa Desi:
• Roots are long (30-35 cm) white, tapering
with green stem -end variety is suitable for
sowing in early August to October in two
northern plains of India
• Roots become ready for harvesting in 45 to 50
days.

38. 3)Pusa chetki:
• It is developed by IARI, New Delhi from the seeds collected
from Denmark.
• Roots are pure white and they are mildly pungent. The leaves
are entire, upright, dark green and slightly lobed.
• Sowing can be done from March to August. The roots
become ready for harvesting in 40 to 45 days (early variety).
• It flowers during October-November depending on sowing
time.

39. 4)Pusa Reshmi:
• it was developed through recombination breeding,
released by IARI, New Delhi.
• The roots are white, long (30 to 35 cm), tapering
with green stem-end.
• The foliage is medium, light green with cut leaves.
• It can be sown in September and roots become
ready before the onset of cooler period of the winter
season.
• Roots are ready for harvesting in 50 to 60 days.

40. 5)Punjab Safed:
• (White 5 x Japanese White)
• The roots of this variety are white, tapering,
mildly pungent and 30-40 cm long
• The roots are ready for harvesting in 40 to 45
days or so.

41. 6)Kalyani white:
• The roots are pure white having blunt ends, 25-30
cm long.
• Top growth is short.
• The roots are mildly pungent.
• This variety is suitable to grow all the year round
except during hot summer.
• Roots become ready for harvesting in 45-50 days.

42. 7)Arka Nishant:
• This variety was developed from the seed collected
from Singapore; and released by Indian Institute of
Horticultural Research, Bangalore in 1980.
• The roots are mildly pungent, marble white in colour,
non-pithy roots of excellent quality. Roots become
ready for harvesting in 45 to 50 days.
• Premature bolting and root forking are not
commonly seen.

43. 8)Chinese pink:
• An introduction identified by Dr. Y.S. Parmar. University of
Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP).
• The roots are 10 to 15 cm long pink with white colour
towards the tip.
• The roots are ready for harvesting in about 50-55 days.

44. Breeding Methods of Radish:
Mass Selection:
• This is practiced in landraces/cultivars collected from the
farmers’ field. Roots are allowed to reach an over-mature
stage. They are dug-up and leaves (but not growing points)
removed.
• Bare roots after discarding the undesirable types are
immersed in a container of water. Roots which float being
pithy and full of air spaces are discarded and only the large
sinking roots are retained for seed production in isolation en
masse. Small sinkers are also rejected.

45. •Pedigree method:
• Pusa Himani: Black Radish× Japanese White
• Pusa Rashami: Green Top×Desi.
•Polyploid breeding:
• Polyploids with 2n=36 produced.
• No distict advantages.
• Two polyploid varieties have been developed and
these yields more than diploids.
1.Sofia Delicious(2n=36)
2.Semi long Red Giant(2n=36).

46. Hybrid Breeding:
• This has been a common breeding approach in
Japan. Inbred lines which are self-incompatible are
produced by 5-6 generations of selfing through bud-
pollination, while selfing, only the plants with
desirable root shape, size, colour, and other quality
considerations are advanced to the next generation.

47. • The F1 hybrids could be:
• (i) Single crosses
• (ii) Three-way crosses
• (iii) Double crosses
• In a practical breeding programme, the
recommended isolation distance is 500-1000 m to
avoid outcrossing. Usually planting ratio of male and
female lines is 1: 1.

48. Resistance Breeding For Biotic Stress
• Asmer Tip Top: Res. To insect Erioischia brassicae
• Punjab Safed: Res. To Leaf spot.
• Chinese Rose White: Res. To Downy Mildew.
• Nerina: Res. To Mosaic Virus.
• Summer Wonder: Res. To Black rot.