The document provides information on breeding of carrot and radish. It discusses the botany, genetics, breeding objectives and methods for both crops. For carrot, it describes varieties such as Pusa Kesar and Nantes half long. It also covers topics like introduction, mass selection, and heterosis breeding for carrot improvement. For radish, it discusses taxonomy, botany and cross-pollination, and provides a brief introduction.

1. COLLEGE OF HORTICLUTURE

2. An
Assignment Presentation
On
BREEDING OF CARROT & RADISH
Course – VSC:503 BREEDING OF VEGETABLE CROPS (2+1)
Submitted To,
Dr.Yogesh Pawar
College of Horticulture,
S. D. A. U., S. K. Nagar
Submitted By,
Chaudhari Ramila N.
M.Sc.(Hort.) 1st sem.

3. CARROT
Botanical name:-Daucus
carota L.
Family:-Umbelliferae
Chromosome no.:- 2n=18
Mode of pollination: cross
pollinated crop.

4. INTRODUCTION:
Carrot is one of the most important root vegetable
belonging to the family Umbelliferae.
 The cultivated forms are derived from south western
Asia probably in the hills of Punjab and Kashmir.
It is a rich source of alfa and ß carotene and a vital
precursor of vitamin A.
Uttar Pradesh having maximum production, Bihar having
highest area of carrot in india.
Carrot (Daucus carota L.) is cool season root vegetable
grown round the world in temperate climates during
spring, summer and autumn season and in subtropical
climates during winter. Carrot is an important source of
carotene content (pro-vitamin A).

5. ORIGIN:-
Afghanistan is believed to be the primary centre of genetic
diversity.
There is evidences that purple carrot together with yellow variant
spread from Afghanistan to the Mediterranean region as early as
the tenth or eleventh century.
The white and orange carrots are probably mutations of the
yellow form. The domestic carrot readily crosses with widely
adapted wild carrot known as Queen Anne’s lace.
The genus Daucus has many wild forms that grow mostly in
Mediterranean region and south-west Asia.

6. BOTANY:-
The cultivated types were evolved as the selection from inter specifc
cross between above 2 species. The plant is
consisting of hermaphrodite flowers in the peripheral and central zones
in the umbel inflorescence and male flowers in the intermediate zone.
Male sterility controlled by a cytoplasmic factor and one or more
recessive genes has been reported.
Closed anther mutants and types with unrolled stamen filaments
have been observed. This type of functional male sterility is useful in
hybrid seed production.
This phenomenon of protandry is also responsible for cross-
pollination.
The stigma becomes receptive on the fifth day after flower Opening
and remains active for 8 days, but the better fruit sets are from
pollination on 6 to 11 days after flower opening. Over 95% of cross
pollination has been observed in carrot.

7. PLANT CHARACTERS

8. PLANT CHARACTERS
Habit :
carrot is an annual or biennial herb, with an erect to much
branded stem, 30-120 cm height arising from a thick, fleshy tap
root,5-30 cm long.
Stem :
Usually the stem elongates and produces rough, hispid branches
during the second year.
Leaves:
Leaves are pinnately compound with long petioles expanded
into a stalk at the base.
Root:
The edible portion of carrot root is actually an enlarged fleshy
taproot. It consist primarily of phylom or cortex and core or xylem.
Good quality carrots have a maximum of cortex and minimum of
core in the so-called ‘Coreless’ cultivars, the core is small and deeply
pigmented so that the cortex and core are evenly coloured.

9. FLORAL BIOLOGY AND POLLINATION:-
Flower structure of carrot Flower of carrot

10. INFLORESCENCE
The inflorescence of carrot is a compound umbel. The primary
umbel can have over 1000 flowers at maturity, whereas secondary,
tertiary umbels bear fewer flowers. Floral development is
centripetal i.e. the flower to dehisce first are on the outer edges of
the outer umbellate. Carrot is protandrous. After straightening of
filament, the pollen is shed and stamens quickly fall. After this, the
petals open fully and the style elongates. Emasculation is laborious
and time consuming. As soon as first bud in an umbel opens, the
whole umbel of the female parent is bagged in a muslin bag. The
flower are removed daily until peak flowering has reached. anther
are removed from the early opening outer flower in the outer
whole of umbellate until sufficient flowers are emasculation.
Thus, only the emasculation flower are left on the female
inflorescence inside the bag.

11. Flowers:
Flowers are perfect with small petals, usually white or
yellowish in colour, Calyx is entire.
Stamens:
Stamens are five in number.
Ovary:
Inferior consists of two locules, each with a single ovule. On
the Upper surface of the ovary, there is swollen nectar which
supports the style and stigma.
Seed:
Seed is indehiscent mericarp, containing a single seed. In fact ,
2 mericarps pair to form the schizocarps ,the true carrot fruit
which develops from a two loculed ovary .the mericarpor the seed
is some what flatted on one side and the opposite side has
longitudinal ribs with bristly hairs .

12. TAXONOMY:-
Kingdom : Plantae
Order : Apiales
Family: Apiaceae
Genus : Daucus
Species: D. carota
• All cultivated carrots , together with the wild ones which are
known in Europe, belong to the species Daucus carota L. Most wild
Daucus forms are found in the south- Asia and the Mediterranean, a
few in Africa , Australia and America.
• All wild forms found in Asia, Asia Minor, Japan and U.S.A have the
same chromosome number as their European relatives.
• Daucus carota spp. Carota is the commonest wild from in Europe
and south west Asia. The present days cultivated carrot most
probably originated from this subspecies.

13. CYTOGENETICS:
•Basic and haploid chromosome numbers of carrot: X=n=9.
•The 9 pairs of chromosome, 4 choromosome pairs are
metacentric, 4 sub-metacentric and 1 satellite.
•Most of the 22 Daucus species 11 or 10 chromosome pairs
and only 2 others with nine pairs of chromosome.

14. GENETICS:
Root shape: Governed by three genes D,N,P.
•Long or Desi: Long and tapay, D-N-P. Eg. Pusa Desi.
•Cylindrical type: Cylindrical, dd, nn, p. Eg. Nantes.
•Chanteny type: Obvate root,dd,N-,Pp. Eg. Red variety
Tuber colour:
1.Red: iiPPyyee
2.Light red: iippyyee
Root tip: Monogenic
Root cracking: Monogenic, susceptible dominant to resistance.

15. GENETIC RESOURCES:-
As for most vegetables, carrot genetic resources are in the form
of open-pollinated cultivars. The U.S. and European databases are
on carrot germplasm accessions are as follow:
•USDA – ARS
•European cooperative programme for crop Genetic Resources-
ECP/GR.
•National centre for vegetable crops research- Carrot Breeding
Collection(CNPH), Eurpresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecularia-
Brazil=200 accessions.
•BAZ- Inst. Of Horticultural Crops, Germany= 5 species, 25
subspecies, 30 wild relatives.
•National Gene Bank - Rural development Administration, Korea.

16. BREEDING OBJECTIVES:-
• To develop varieties with high carotene content by crossing
Asiatic and European types.
• High root yield
• Orange colour root
• Earling rooting.
• Uniformity in root shape and size
• High sugar and dry matter in root
• Slow bolting habit
• Smooth root surface
• Cracking free roots
• Resistance to alternaria blight.
• To develop F1 hybrids using cytoplasmic male sterile lines and
with good colour, size, earliness, top root ratio and resistance to
cracking and diseases.

17. BREEDING METHODS:-
Introduction:-
• Zeno is very popular variety for the Nilgiris hills (Tamil Nadu) and
has been introduction from German Democratic Republic.
• Nantes half long is an introduction recommended by IARI
Regional Station, Katrain.
• Imperator, Danvers were introduce to India.
Mass selection:
For improvement of root length and high yield.
Bulk population :
This method has been successfully used to evolve Pusa kesar as
selection from a cross between Nantes and Local Asiatic.

18. Mutation Breeding
Chemical mutagens NEU (N-mitroso-N-ethyl urea) @ 0.025-0.6
per cent was successfully used to develop sterile line in carrot.
Polyploidy breeding:
Tetraploid (2n=36) and Octaploid (2n=72)have been developed
in carrot, The polyploidy have only limited utility in carrot.
Heterosis breeding:
1. Chanteny × Genanda = 25-33% yield increase
2. Virginea Savoy × Old Domain = Res. To CMV.

19.  Heterosis breeding:
• Heterosis has been reported for earliness, tuber length, tuber
yield, carotene content, top weight ,core diameter and root
diameter .
• In F2, considerable loss in vigour has also been observed. Male
sterility and self compatibility are the two plant phenomena
which are being frequently used in Heterosis breeding
programme.
• Although over 95 per cent crossing occurred under field
condition, the commercial production of F1 hybrid seed by natural
cross-pollination is considered impracticable because of the large
proportion of pollinator varieties that would have to be used.

20. Variety and Varietal character:
A. Tropical or Asiatic Types:
1)Pusa Kesar:
This is selection from a cross of Local Red and Nantes. The most
desirable feature of this variety is that roots stay for about a month
longer in the field than local red without bolting. The forking
percentage is also less.
2)Pusa Meghali:
This is also selection from a cross between nantes and Pusa
Kesar. Orange coloured roots with self-coloured core, shoot tops
suitable for early sowing. This is the only variety having orange
coloured flush in the tropical group.
3)Selection-233:
A derivative of a cross of Nantes x No.29. It is a desi type with all
good qualities of Nantes. Top reduced ,Leaves dark green, less
cracking and forking of roots. Harvesting can be delayed without
bolting and impairing its edible qualities.

21. 4)No.29:
Released by selection from local material by PAU. A desi
variety with long tapering red and thin roots.
B. European or Temperate Types:
1)Nantes half Long:
suitable for sowing during winter months. It takes about 110-
120 days for root formation. An introduction recommended by
IARI Regional Station, Katrain.
2)EarlyNantes:
Almost cylindrical roots terminating abruptly in small thin tail,
12-15 cm long, fine textured, oranges flesh with self-coloured
core. It takes 90-100 days for roots formation and 310-330 days for
seed crops.

22. 3)Chatenay:
An excellent cultivar for canning and storage. roots are 11.5-15 cm
long and 3-5 cm in diameter, thick, attractive orange growth, core
indistinct, flesh tender, sweet and fine textures.
4)Imperator:
Developed from a cross of Nantes and Chantenay. Roots are 15-17.5
cm long and 2.5-4.5 cm in diameter, with short tapered end ,deep
orange cortex and slightly distinct core
5)Zeno:
This is very popular variety for the Nilgiri hills .The roots are 15-17 cm
long, and slightly tapering towards the end. It takes 110-120 days for
root formation.
6)Pusa Yamdagini (Sel-5):
Development by hybridization between EDC 9981 x Nantes .. Roots
are 15-16cm long, orange, self-colored core, slightly tapering,
medium tops, quick growing in comparison with other temperate
types, high yielding and richer in carotene content.

23. Resistance Breeding For Biotic Stress
• Nantes, Imperator: Res. To pythium spp.
• Vilmorium 66: Res. To Nematode.
• Virginia Savoy: Res. To CMV
• Scarlet, Nantes: Res. To Tip burn.

24. MOLECULAR MARKER:
Plunkett used DNA sequence analysis of the chloroplast
matK gene to examine relationship within the Apiaceae. They
demonstrate generally poor molecular support for morphologically
defined subfamilies. similar conclusions were reached by Downie
Dna sequence analysis of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed
spacer and he intron of chloroplast gene rpoC1. However
monophyletic origin for the economically important subfamily
apioideae has been supported at the morphological and molecular
levels.
Nakajima (1991) used RADP and AFLO markers to characterize
relationship between 5 Daucus spp. Including D. carota all
D.carota, including 7 carrot cultivars lines and accessions of six
wild D.carota spp. Could be distinguished from other Daucus spp.
By both RADP and AFLP. Using markers, Nakajima demonstrated
that two carrot cultivars of Japanese origin appear more closely
related to wild D.carrota ssp. Than to carrot cultivars of European
origin.

25. APPLICATIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY:
Genome size is relatively small.
Variation in molecular genetics markers is quite extensive, and both
genetic transformation and regeneration of carrot are readily achieved.
Therefore, carrot is good candidate for biotechnological applications.
The carrot genetic linkage map includes around 1000 isozymes, RFLPs,
AFLPs, RAPDs and other molecular markers. From 10-25% of genomics
bclones tested are estimated to be in high copy numbers, while 20-30%
of the RFLP probes and RADP primers, and 40% of AFLP bands were
polymorphic.
 Reports of success have not yet been published but markers linked to
nematode resistance, CMS restorers, carotene content, and sugar
content are being sought.
Carrot transformants have been developed for hepatitis B vaccine and
other unique plant products but like most other vegetables, commercial
release of the carrot transgenics has not materialized.

26. RADISH
BOTANICAL NAME: Raphanus sativus L
FAMILY: Brassicaceae
ORIGIN: Egypt
CH. NO.: 2n=18

27. Introduction:
 Radish {Mooli) is a quick growing and short duration vegetable crop.
It has high nutritive value.
 It is a good source of ascorbic acid and trace elements. Pink-skinned
radish is generally richer in ascorbic acid than the white skinned.
Cultivation of radish both for root and seed is very easy.
Radish is an ancient vegetable. Inscriptions in Pyramids in Egypt
showed its existence about 2000 B.C:
 It is widely grown in almost all states of India. It is most suitable for
raising in kitchen garden or home garden.
Origin:
 Radish probably originated in Europe and Asia. It has been under
extensive cultivations in Egypt since long.
It was introduced in England and France in the beginning of 16th
century.

28. BOTANY
 The edible portion of radish develops from the primary
root and hypocotyl the inflorescence is a typical terminal
raceme of crciferae.
 The flowers are small, usually white in colour and
resemble those in cabbage and cauliflower. Sepals (four)
are erect and petals (four) are clawed.
 Radish is cross- pollinated due to sporophytic system
of self-incompatibility.
 It shows considerable inbreeding depression on selfing.
It is entomophilous. It is pollinated mainly by wild honey
bees and wild-flower flies. Stigma receptivity is maintained
upto four days after anthesis.
 Emasculation is not necessary in bud-pollination. After
pollination, the buds are to be protected from foreign
pollen by enclosing the particular branch bearing those

29. Taxonomy:
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Angioserms
Order: Brassicacales
Family: Brassicaceae
Genus: Raphanus
Species: R.sativus

30. CYTOGENETICS:
•Basic and haploid chromosome numbers of radish: X=n=9.
•Chromosome size range: 1.5-3.5 m.
•Basic genome of radish has both homologous and non-
homologous chromosome.
•Basic cytological and phylogenetics relationship, the
species of Raphanus and Brassica evolved from a common
ancestral form with chromosome number 2n=6 by
chromosome duplication.

31. Character No. of genes Type of gene action
Leaf
lobbing
Monogenic Lobbed leaf dominant to
simple
Leaf
hairiness
Monogenic Hairy leaf dominant to
glabrous
Root
colour
3 genes and
complimentary
gene action
Red: R2r2/R3r3/cc
White:r2r2/r3r3/CC
Leaf colour Monogenic Dark green leaf colour
dominant to yellow
green.
Genetics:

32. Breeding objective:
•Early rooting
•High yield
•White, long/stump roots with thin tap root and non-branching
habit
•Nonpithy roots
•Pungency of roots as per consumers preference
•Slow bolting habit
•Heat tolerance
•Drought resistance
•Wet tolerance
•Resistance to alternaria blight, white rust, RMV
•Tolerance to aphids

33. BREEDING METHODS:
Mass selection:
• This is practiced in cultivars collected from the farmer’s fields.
• Arka Nishant from IIHR.
Pedigree metho:
• Pusa Himani: Black Radish× Japanese White
• Pusa Rashami: Green Top×Desi.
Polyploid breeding:
Polyploids with 2n=36 produced. No distict advantages. Two
polyploid varieties have been developed and these yields more than
diploids.
1.Sofia Delicious(2n=36)
2.Semi long Red Giant(2n=36).

34. Variety and Varietal character:
A. European or Temperate Types:
1)White Icicle:
The roots are thin and tender and icicle shaped. The skin of
roots of this variety is pure white. It is a sweet flavoured variety. It is
very short duration (20-25 days) and suitable for kitchen garden. It can
be grown in pot also. Delay in harvesting causes pithiness in roots that
reduces quality of roots. It is sown in October-November in plains.
2)Scarlet Globe:
It is an early variety takes about 25-30 days for' development of
harvestable roots, Outer skin of roots is scarlet in colour with white
tip, flesh is pure white. Roots are round in shape.
3)Scarlet Long:
It is an early variety (25-30 days). Leaves are 15-20 cm in length
and light green in colour. The roots are long and tapering to a point.

35. B.Tropical or Asiatic Types:
1) Japanese White:
It in an introduction ' from Japan, c.v. "Shiroaguri-kiyO"
recommended by IAR! Regional Station, Katrain (HP). The roots are
pure white, 20 to 30 cm or so long, blunt at root-end. They are mildly
pungent. Though, it is tropical variety but it responds well to
comparatively low temperature. Roots become ready for harvesting in
45 days, It is suitable for October to December sowing.
2)Pusa Desi: Roots are long (30-35 cm) white, tapering with green
stem -end variety is suitable for sowing in early August to October in
two northern plains of India, Roots become ready for harvesting in 45
to 50 days.
3)Pusa chetki: It is developed by IARI, New Delhi from the seeds
collected from Denmark. Roots are pure white and they are mildly
pungent. The leaves are entire, upright, dark green and siightiy lobed.
Sowing can be done from March to August. The roots become ready
for harvesting in 40 to 45 days (early variety). It flowers during
October-November depending on sowing time.

36. 4)Pusa Reshmi: it was developed through recombination breeding,
released by IARI, New Delhi. The roots are white, long (30 to 35 cm),
tapering with green stem-end. The foliage is medium, light green with
cut leaves. It can be sown in September and roots become ready
before the onset of cooler period of the winter season. Roots are
ready for hatvesting in 50 to 60 days.
5)Punjab Safed: (White 5 x Japanese White): The roots of this
variety are white, tapering, mildly pungent and 30-40 cm long. The
roots are ready for harvesting in 40 to 45 days or so.
6)Kalyani white: The roots are pure white having blunt ends, 25-30
cm long. Top growth is short. The roots are mildly pungent. This
variety is suitable to grow all the year round except during hot
summer. Roots become ready for harvesting in 45-50 days.

37. 7)Arka Nishant: This variety was developed from the seed
collected from Singapore; and released by Indian Institute of
Horticultural Research, Bangalore in 1980. The roots are mildly
pungent, marble white in colour, non-pithy roots of excellent
quality. Roots become ready for harvesting in 45 to 50 days. Pre-
mature bolting and root forking are not commonly seen.
8)Chinese pink: An introduction identified by Dr. Y.S. Parmar.
University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP). The roots
are 10 to 15 cm long pink with white colour towards the tip. The
roots are ready for harvesting in about 50-55 days.

38. Resistance Breeding For Biotic Stress
• Asmer Tip Top: Res. To insect Erioischia brassicae
• Punjab Safed: Res. To Leaf spot.
• Chinese Rose White: Res. To Downy Mildew.
• Nerina: Res. To Mosaic Virus.
• Summer Wonder: Res. To Black rot.

39. MOLECULAR MARKER:
The evolutionary pathway in cruciferae or the genetic
relationship between some relatives was analyzed by RFLP and
microsatellite markers derived from the nuclear DNA and a
specific domain of DNA from a cytoplasmic organelle. Moreover
it was suggested that radish is related chloroplast no-coding
region between trnT and trnF and between trnD and trnT. On the
basis of these facts,yang postulated the hybrid origin of radish
between the above two linages. Microsatellite markers
developed in B.rapa were effective for genome analysis in
cruciferae including radish. The DNA analysis for nucleous and
cytoplasm was confirmed to be effective to depict the genetic,
genomic and phytogenetic relationship in cruciferae.

40. REFERENCES:
1. A Textbook of Glastus Olericulture By R.
Selvakumar.
2. Vegetable Breeding Principles and Practices By
Hari Har Ram
3. Plant Breeding Principles and methods by
B.D.Singh