Perrenial vegetables

drumstick curry leaf ivy gourd
chowchow

Botanical name : Moringa olifera
Chromosomal number: 28
Origin : India, Africa
Economic parts : green pods,
leaves

Origin and distribution
Indigenous to North West India and African tropics, drumstick
became a popular vegetable in South Indian states.
The crop is widely distributed in India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan,
Singapore, Malaysia, Cuba, Burma, Nigeria, Thailand, Jamaica
and Egypt.
In India it is commercially grown in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka
,Andhra Pradesh etc.

Introduction
Drumstick is a small or medium sized perennial tree of about 10 m
height with fragile and corky stem.
It is commonly known as horse radish tree or ben oil tree.
Flowers are white or creamy white and are greatly influenced by
rain, temperature, humidity, wind, soil temperature, soil moisture
etc.
Peak period of flowering in central parts of Kerala is December-
January while in southern part it is February-March and July-
August with maximum flowering in February-March.
Under Coimbatore and Bangalore conditions, flowering seasons
are March-May and July-September respectively.
Pollination done by honeybees.

Drumsticks are used nutritious vegetables.
The full grown pods, leaves and flowers are used for culinary
preparations.
They are rich source of protein, vitamin C(120 mg/100g), phosphorus
(110 mg) and minerals like magnesium (28 mg), potassium (259 mg),
Sulphur (137 mg), chlorine (423 mg) etc.
Drumstick roots are good substitute for horse radish.
Seed is eaten as peanut in Malaysia.
Seeds contain an oil called ben oil which is used for illumination, soap
industry and lubricating watches and computers etc.
The oil cake is water coagulant and used for purifying effluent water
from rivers, ponds and shallow wells.
USES

Varieties / cultivars
A number of local cultivars are known by the place of their cultivation.
• Jaffna- It is popular in South India and introduced from Jaffna. This
bears long pod(60-90cm) with a soft flesh of good taste. It is highly
suited for coastal tracts of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka.
• Chavakacheri murungai – It is an ecotype of Jaffna which is perennial
type producing 90-120 cm long pods. It is highly damaged during
transportation and mostly grown in home garden.
• Chemmuringa - This perennial type flowers throughout year and bears
red tipped fruits. • Yazhpanam muringa – same as Jaffna type
• Pal murungai – Pods having thicker pulp and better taste of pods.
• Puna murungai – Thinner fruits.

KM-1 (Kudumianmalai 1) – It is selection from an annual type and bushy variety
propagated through seeds. Plants come to bear 6 months after planting and can be
ratooned for 2-3 years by cutting the trunk at the height of 1metre. Productivity
400-500 fruits / year. Developed at Anna farm, Kudumianmalai of Pudukottai
district of Tamil Nadu.
PKM – 1 – This “seed moringa”, propagated through seeds is developed at
Horticultural Research Station, TNAU, Periyakulam. Annual type and plants grow
to a height of 4-6 m and come to flowering in 100-125 days after planting. The
first harvest starts 160-170 days after planting and on an average each tree bears
200-250 fruits / year. Pods are 65-70 cm long with 6.3 cm girth and 150 g weight.
Fruits are green colored and highly pulpy with 70% edible portion. 3 ratoon crops
can be taken in 3years.
PKM 2 – This “seed moringa”, propagated through seeds, is also developed at
Horticultural Research Station, TNAU, Periyakulam. It is hybrid cross between
MP 31 and MP 28.it bears flowers in cluster and pods are extra long (125-130 cm),
pulpy and suitable for homesteads.

Dhanraj(selection 6/4) – This is also an annual drumstick propagated
through seeds and is evolved at KRC College of agriculture, Arabhavi,
Karnataka. It is a dwarf variety and suitable for intercropping.
Bhagya (K.D.M): dwarf variety(2-4cm), early flowering, yields within
160-180 days about 350-400 fruits. The characteristic of this variety is its
flowers even when fruits are bearing. The fruits are 60-70cm length.
Gkvk 1: it is suitable for HDP and yields about 250-300fruits.
Gkvk 2: it is a dwarf variety and it yields about 300-400fruits.
Gkvk 3: it is a dwarf variety and the fruits are triangular in shape, suitable
for HDP, yields about 250-300fruits.
• Kodikal muringa – it is cultivated predominantly in the betelvine gardens
of Tamil Nadu which is annual type of moringa. The pods are shorter (20-
25 cm ) and thick fleshed. The pods and leaves are economical. Propagated
by seeds.

Crop improvement programmes in the Department of
Olericulture, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara resulted
in the development of three promising perennial drumstick clones
viz., MO 70, MO 95 and MO 44 and one annual seed drumstick,
AD 4.

Climate and soil
It is a tropical plant.
It is predominantly a crop of dry and arid tracts.
However intensive cultivation with good irrigation and systematic
cultural practices will give good yield especially for annual type.
The plant put forth luxuriant growth at 25-35oC and higher
temperature exceeding 40oC results in flower shedding and also
susceptible to frost.
Though the crop comes up well in all types of soil, performance is
better in sandy loamy soils which are rich in organic matter and
lime.
A pH range of 6.0 – 6.7 is most ideal.

Propagation
 Perennial types are propagated through limb cutting of 90-100 cm length and
5-8 cm diameter obtained during June-October
 Annual types are propagated by seeds.
 Average seed weight is 0.288 g and 10 g contain 35 seeds.
 Seeds at 625 g/ ha can be either sown in pits or transplanted after raising
seedlings in polythene bags. Transplanting of seedlings can be made one
month after sowing.
 It is always advisable to raise a few plants additionally in polythene bags for
purpose of gap filling.
 Time of sowing of seeds for annual seed drumstick or planting of limb cuttings
varies from region to region depending on receipt of monsoon.

Land preparation
Field is ploughed 3-4 times.
15×4 cm of polythene bag filled with sand, soil, fym in 1:1:1 ratio. For each
polythene bag 2 seeds are to be placed at 2cm distance.7-8 days seeds get
germinates. One plant per one bag is maintained. The seedlings of 3.5 to 4 month
at 20-30cm height can be planted in the field. The planting done in June-July
Dwarf variety: 3.25cm
Tall variety : 5cm
Intercultural and manuring
To facilitate side branches, shoot may be nipped off when the seedlings are at 75
cm height.
Provide light irrigation for early emergence of seedlings for annual type. After
harvest of main crop, annual types are cut back to one meter height from ground
level for ratooning. These ratooned plants develop new shoots and start bearing
four to five months after ratooning.

Plant type Material Per hactre
Dwarf Seed 250gm
Seedlings 928
Tall Seed 100
Seedlings 392
Fym 25 tonnes
Fertilizers Nitrogen 50kg
Phosphorus 125kg
Potassium 30kg
Half of the RDF are given after 3 months of planting and the other half is
given after 3 months of 1st application

Irrigation
Drumstick is a drought tolerant crop generally it doesn’t require
much water, optimum moisture should be maintained .
Irrigation is given in the pits before sowing and the 3rd day after
sowing.
Avoid moisture stress till germination.
Later it is given once in 10-15days and should not be water
stagnation.
There will flower drop when the soil is too dry or wet.

Harvesting
The annual types come to harvest 6 month after sowing while the perennial
types take 8-9months for bearing.
Fruits of sufficient edible maturity should be harvested and the fruits are
ready for harvest 60 days after flowering
In perennial generally yield will be low in 1st two years thereafter its start
increasing.
The pods harvested mainly in march-June and second during September-
October.
The ratooned crop will start bearing after 6 month of harvesting.
Annual types bear 200-250 fruits/tree/year whereas in perennial types 80-
90 fruits/tree/year in 1st two year thereafter it bears 500-600
fruits/tree/year.
Dwarf variety: 200-250 fruits
Tall variety : 75-100 fruits

Bud worm (Noorda moringae): Larvae bore into flower buds. Infested buds contain
only one caterpillar. Damaged buds seldom blossom; fall down prematurely. Insect
activity is more during summer months in South India.
Management
Plough around trees to expose and kill pupae
Collect and destroy damaged buds along with caterpillars
Use light traps to attract and kill adults @ 1-2 /ha
Spray carbaryl 50 WP 1.0 kg or malathion 1.0 L in 500 - 750 ml of water per ha.
Leaf caterpillar (Noorda blitealis): Caterpillars feed on leaf lamina, turning them into
transparent parchment like structures. Peak period of infestation is during March to
April and December to January.
Management
Plough around trees to expose and kill pupae
Collect and destroy damaged buds along with caterpillar
Set up light trap @ 1-2/ha
Spray insecticides like carbaryl 50 WP@ 1g/lit or malathion 50 EC 2 ml/lit of water

Hairy caterpillar
i. Eupterote mollifera
ii. Metanastria hyrtaca
iii.Streblote siva
Caterpillars feed gregariously by scrapping bark and gnawing foliage. Severe
infestation results in complete defoliation of the tree.
Management
Collect and destroy egg masses and caterpillars
Set up light trap @ 1-2/ha to attract and kill adults immediately after rain.
Use burning torch to kill congregating larvae on the trunk.
Spray quinalphos 25 EC @ 2 ml/lit or carbaryl 50 WP @ 2g/lit or fish oil rosin
soap (FORS) 25 g/lit on the trunks and foliage, immediately after rain and 15
days later.

Pod fly (Gitona distigma):
Maggots enter into tender fruits by making small-bore holes at the terminal end.
This causes oozing out of gummy fluid from fruits, which ultimately results in
the drying of fruits from tip upwards. A maximum of 20-28 maggots are found
in a fruit. Internal contents of the fruits rot.
Management
Periodically collect and destroy all the fallen and damaged fruits by dumping in
a pit and covering with a thick layer of soil to prevent carry-over of the pest.
Frequently rake up the soil under the trees or plough the infested field to destroy
puparia and apply endosulfan 4% at
25 Kg/ha or drench NSKE 5% at 2 L/tree at 50% fruit set.

Botanical name : Murrya koenigii
Family : Rutaceae
Origin : India
Economic parts : leaves and fruits

It is originated in the Tarai tracts of Uttar Pradesh.
It is widely cultivated in India, Burma, Ceylon, China, Pakistan,
Australia etc.
Murraya paniculata indigenous to Burma and Murraya exotica an
ornamental shrub indigenous to India, Ceylon and Burma.
Curry leaf is grown on large scale in Bengal, Assam, Deccan
plateau, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka are largely grown.

Uses
Its leaves are used mainly to improve the taste and flavour of foods.
Leaves are slightly pungent.
The dried curry leaf powder is a good spice powder used in the
preparation of food stuffs.
An infusion of toasted leaves is used to stop vomiting.
Ground curry leaf with mature coconut kernel and spices forms an
excellent preserve.
It is used in many of the Indian Ayurvedic and Unani preparation .
Recently it has gained importance as a commercial crop.
A volatile oil, a crystalline glucoside ‘Ksenigin’ from the leaves and
‘Murrayin’ from the flowers are industrial products.
Volatile oil is used as a fixative heavy type of perfume.

Botany
Curry leaf (Murraya koenigii) is an important perennial tree
vegetable cum spice crop of India.
It is an aromatic tree growing to a height of 6m.
Flowers are terminal in nature
It is a self pollinated crop.
The fruits are botanically berry , purplish black when ripe and
two seeded.

Climate and soil
It is well grown in warm climate.
Curry leaf can be cultivated in a wide range of soils.
Red sandy loam soil with high organic matter is ideal for its cultivation.
It can tolerate temperature up to 26-37°c but below 16°C, its vegetative
buds become dormant arresting the new growth of the plant.
Varieties
There are 2 improved varieties of curry leaf –
DWD 1
DWD 2
Both of these have a good aroma. They have an oil content of 5.22% and
4.09% respectively. They are mainly cultivated in Karnataka.

DWD 1: Also known as suwasini which was evolved at UAS,
Dharwad. It is a clone of single plant root suckers. This is highly
aromatic. It is sensitive to winter season hence the bud burst is poor.
The leaves have oil content of 5.22% and can be dehydrated at 50oC
without loss of quality and made into powder.
DWD 2: It was evolved at UAS, Dharwad. It is seedling progeny of
unknown source. This is less of aromatic. It is insensitive to winter and
much superior in number of bud burst, internodal length. It gives
higher yield than DWD 1.
‘Senkaampu’: It is a local cultivar grown in many parts of Tamil Nadu
and it is of red petioled. The leaves have better aroma and flavor due to
higher oil content.

Propagation
Curry leaf is mainly propagated through seeds.
Polyembryony has been reported in curry leaf.
For raising seedlings, well-ripe fruits are collected from high-yielding plants.
The seeds are sown either in nursery or polybags filled with a mixture of 1:1:1
sand, soil and farmyard manure. Seeds germinate in 3 weeks.
One-year-old seedlings are planted in the main field.
It can also be propagated by root suckers.
There are a number of root suckers near its plants. They are separated from the
main plant during rainy season and planted immediately in the main field.
Planting
Planting in the main field is done during the monsoon season. The main field is
ploughed thoroughly. Pits of 60cm × 60cm × 60cm size are dug at a spacing of
3m × 3m rows and 1.5×1.5cm planting distance.

Manuring and fertilization
Curry leaf needs high quantity of organic manure.
The fertilizers may be applied at the onset of the monsoon.
Details Per hectare
Seedlings (3m×15m) 2222
Fym 25tonnes
1st year (g) 2nd year (g) 3rd year (g)
Nitrogen 50 150 300
Phosphorous 25 37 50
Potassium 25 37 50

Aftercare
The pit should be irrigated if there is no rain.
The plant should be irrigated at 3-day intervals, if there are no
rains.
The field should be kept weed free.
The plants should be trained and pruned to maintain a height
of 1m.
Their terminal buds are removed to encourage lateral
branching.
A minimum of 5–6 branches are kept per plant.

Harvesting and Post-harvest management
Curry leaves are picked 15 months after planting.
A total number of 4 harvests can be had.
Commercial harvest can be started from 3 year old plants.
With good management, normal yield can be obtained up to the
age of 20–25 years. The leaves can be harvested at two and a half
to three months intervals, the average yield being 20–25
tonnes/ha.

Botanical name : Coccinea
indica
Chromonal number: 24
Family :
Cucurbitaceae
Origin : India
Economic parts : fruits

Introduction
The ivy gourd is commonly known as kundru or tondli.
It is a climbing perennial having small (4-5 cm long and 1-2cm in
diameter) ovoid or elliptical.
The fruits are smooth and bright green with stripes which become
scarlet red on ripening. The roots are long and tuberous.
The leaves have five lobes with serrated margin.
Only one species- Coccinea grandis (L.) is cultivated.
It is a perennial found naturally in India and tropical Africa and
India.

About 30 species of the genus Coccinia occur wild in Africa.
It was domesticated in India and Southeast Asia. In India, it’s been
recorded in the Mahabharat period.
The ivy gourd is a diploid with 2n=24.
The ivy gourd is cultivated in India, tropical Africa, Malaysia and other
south east Asian countries, and China.
In India it is widely grown in southern; eastern and western regions,
mainly in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Andhra
Pradesh and West Bengal.

A monoecious species is cultivated and the species, C. Abyssinia is
grown in Ethiopia for its edible tuberous roots.
In India C. grandis (L.) (Coccinea indica Wight & Am.) is distributed in
northern plains and Tarai regions, extending to peninsular region.

Genetics and Breeding
There are no reports on genetics and breeding of ivy gourd.
Almost all the present day cultivars ivy gourd have been developed by
farmers as clonal selections, mainly from seedling progenies of
spontaneous mutations.
The fruits of the different varieties vary in shape, size and stripe
pattern.
There are also few types in which plants with male flowers are absent
and the fruits produced on the female plants are parthenocarpic.
Some types having bitter fruit, not suitable for human consumption, are
also found occasionally.
Ivy gourd is a dioecious in nature.

Uses
The immature fruits are cooked and used in sambar or fried.
The tender shoots are also eaten.
The fruits are rich source of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamin A and C.
Leaves, stems and roots have medicinal uses in ayurvedic and native
systems for treatment of skin diseases, bronchitis and diabetes and also
for lowering blood sugar levels.

Climate
The ivy gourd grows best in warm and humid climate.
The optimum temperature requirement is 20 - 30 degree celsius.
In southern region, it continues to produce fruits almost throughout the
year but the peak seasons of fruiting are summer and rainy seasons.
In the northern plains the plants remain dormant during winter and
produce fruits only once in a year.
Soil
The most suitable soil for growing ivy gourd is well drained sandy loam
and must be fertile.
Heavy clay is to be avoided.
The best soil pH is 6.5.
The crop does not grow well in acidic and alkaline soils.

Varieties
D.R.C 1
D.R.C 2
Sulabha(Kerala): the fruits are oval in shape, are 9.5cm long and
18g weighs, it flowers 37 days after plantings.yields after 45-50
days after flowering and gives 6tonnes per ha.
Arka Neelanchal Kunki
Arka Neelanchal Sabuja

Propagation
o The ivy gourd is vegetatively propagated by stem cutting.
o Semi hardwood cuttings, 15-20 cm long and 1.5-2.0 cm thick, having
5-6 leaves on each cutting, are used for planting.
o Cutting are taken during rainy seasons.
o Two to three cuttings are planted, about 5-6 cm deep, each basin of 60
cm diameter.
o The distance between the basins is 1.5-2.0 metre.
o The planting is done in June-July and February-March.
o The plant population in a field should have female and male plants in a
ratio of 10: 1.
o The plants are perennial, replanting is advocated after every 4-5 years.
o Usually 10-15days are required for cutting to sprout and start growing.

Training and pruning
o Young plants require support to keep their shoots growing upright,
since the new shoots are delicate.
o Commercially they are trained on a bower system
o The vines are trailed on bowers or bamboo pandals of 1.25-1.50 m
height.
o The central shoots growing from the main stem below the bower
should be removed to encourage shoots on bower.
o The dimensions vary according to the requirement. The vines are
pruned back after the fruiting is completed, leaving 60-75 cm long
vines.
o The plants are pruned twice in a year, in September and April.
o About 8-10 mm thick is pruned back to two buds.
o Every year after pruning about 3-5 kg.

Manures and Fertilizers
Both manures and fertilizers are applied every year before fruiting starts. The
plants start fruiting in 10-12 weeks after planting.
Details Dry region(per ha) Coastal region(per
ha)
Cutting 9250 9250
FYM 25 tonnes 25 tonnes
Fertilizers
Nitrogen 50 100
Phosphorus 100 75
Potassium 50 100

Intercultural
Weeding and light hoeing are done during the early stages of vine
growth.
Irrigation
Plants require light irrigation at 10-12 days interval during
summer.
Watering may not be necessary in rainy season.
The soil should have adequate moisture during flowering and
fruiting stages.
Water logging is harmful to the plants.

Harvesting
• The fruits are produced throughout the year.
• Fruit yield is reduced during winter period.
• The fruits are harvested by change in colour from dark green
to bright or light green.
• The tender and fully grown fruits are harvested.

Yield
8-10kg of fruits can be harvested per vine per year.
The average yield is about 10-15 tonnes per hectare can be
obtained.
Storage
The immature fruits after harvesting can be stored at room
temperature for about a week.

Botanical name : Sechium edule
Family : Cucurbitaceae
Origin : Mexico
Economic parts : fruits

• It is also known as chayote
• It is single seeded fruit and most nutritious fruit in cucurbits.
• It is herbaceous, perennial, monoecious and a climbing vine with large tuberous
roots.
• It has high Ca content.
• The propagation is done by fruits i.e., vivipary.
Varieties
Two types: Green fruited and White fruited.
Soil
Requires well drained acidic soil with a pH of 5.5 - 6.5 and thrives best in a
temperature range of 18 - 22°C and at an altitude of 1200 - 1500 m. In plains it comes
up well during winter season.
Season
Planting is done during April – May
1700 sprouted fruits for planting

Preparation of field
Dig pits of 60 cm x 60 cm x 60 cm at a spacing of 2.4 x 2.4 m and fill up the pits
with 25 kg of FYM/ha.
43 kg of urea, 43 kg of Super phosphate and 43 kg of Muriate of Potash.
Sowing
Fully matured and sprouted fruits collected from high yielding vines are planted in
pits @ 2 – 3/pit. Plant the seeds in hills spaced 2m and rows 3.5m apart.
After cultivation
Weeding is done as and when necessary. At initiation of vine growth, stake the
plants.
Provide pandal at a height of 2 m. Prune the plants to ground level during winter
from second year after planting.
In hills, pruning is done during January. Apply 250 g of urea for each vine after
pruning and at the time of flowering.
The vines start flowering in about 3-4months

Yield
About 25 - 25 tonnes/ha can be obtained.

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