ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects 3-7% of school-aged children, with boys being affected 4-9 times more than girls. Genetics play a role in about 75% of cases. Symptoms include difficulty paying attention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. The first line treatment is stimulant medication along with behavioral therapies to help children develop routines and skills to manage their behavior. Nursing care involves ensuring a safe environment and adequate supervision to prevent injury due to impulsive behaviors.
ADHD also known as hyperkinetic disorder is a common childhood disorder among school aged children that is characterised by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity resulting in an underachievement in the school or work performance.
The word ‘Autism’ is derived from Greek word ‘autos’ means ‘self’.
Autism is a developmental disorder that is characterized by impaired development in communication, social interaction, and behavior.
obsessive compulsive and related disorders (OCD)mamtabisht10
Obsessive-Compulsive and related disorders include obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder), and excoriation (skin-picking) disorder.
ADHD also known as hyperkinetic disorder is a common childhood disorder among school aged children that is characterised by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity resulting in an underachievement in the school or work performance.
The word ‘Autism’ is derived from Greek word ‘autos’ means ‘self’.
Autism is a developmental disorder that is characterized by impaired development in communication, social interaction, and behavior.
obsessive compulsive and related disorders (OCD)mamtabisht10
Obsessive-Compulsive and related disorders include obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder), and excoriation (skin-picking) disorder.
mania is an alteration in mood that is characterized by extreme happiness, extreme irritability, hyperactivity, little or no need for sleep. the main etiological factors include biological factors, biochemical influences, physiological factors, and psycho social theories. mania is broadly classified into three categories- hypo mania, acute mania and delirious mania. there are three types of treatment for mania- pharmacological treatment, psycho-social treatment and ECT.
MENTAL RETARDATION
PRESENTED BY –MISS MANJOT KAUR GILL
MENTAL RETARDATION
Intellectual disability, also known as general learning disability and mental retardation is a generalized neurodevelopment disorder characterized by significantly impaired intellectual and adaptive functioning.
Mental retardation is defined as significantly sub average general intellectual functioning and impairment in cognitive and adaptive functioning.
CAUSES
Prenatal/antenatal causes- infection- syphilis, meningitis, rubella.
Physical damage – injury, hypoxia
Intoxications- lead poisoning, certain drugs
Placenta dysfunction- toxemia, nutritional growth retardation.
Prenatal causes- birth asphyxia
Prolonged birth
Difficult birth
Obstructed labour
Premature birth
Birth injury
Instrumental delivery
Postnatal causes – injury
Accident
Child abuse
Infection e.g. encephalitis, meningitis
malnutrition
Genetic causes
Social-cultural causes- deprivation of socio-cutural stimulation
Isolation
TYPES OF MENTAL RETARDATION
MILD – I.Q.= 50-70
MODERATE- I.Q. 30-50
SEVERE- less than 30
PROFOUND – Less than 15
PROBLEMS DE TO MENTAL RETARDATION
Personal
Social
Educational
Sexual and marital
PREVENTION OF MENTAL RETARDATION
Primary prevention-
Good antenatal, intranatal and postnatal care
Improve the socio-economic status of the community.
Education of the public.
Genetic counseling to at risk patients.
Syphilis and AIDS screening.
Vaccination of girls with rubella vaccine.
Avoiding consanguinal marriage.
Prevention measures to reduce child abuse, road traffic accident and home accidents.
Secondary prevention-
Early detection and treatment of preventable disorders.
Amniocentesis and medical termination of pregnancy .
Early detection of correctable disorders.
Prevention of further damage of impaired children.
Tertiary prevention- treatment of physical and psychological problems by drugs , by behavior modification.
Hospitalization and custodial care of severe mentally retarded or those with psychological problems.
Education and training of mentally retarded to avoid handicaps.
Make plans according to the problems and capacity of mentally retarded child.
REHABLITATION AND NURSING CARE
Assessment of the needs
Education
Training
Custodial care
THANKS
Sexual disorder - ICD10 gender identity disorders, disorders of sexual preference and sexual development and orientation disorders are listed under disorders of adult personality and behavior (f6), while sexual dysfunctions are listed under behavioral syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors (f5).
It is a disturbances in the sexual desire.
hii guys this is my ongoing presentation from my speciality class i hope u guys lije that please so i hope it is been useful for u in ur specialities by getting little help with that
mania is an alteration in mood that is characterized by extreme happiness, extreme irritability, hyperactivity, little or no need for sleep. the main etiological factors include biological factors, biochemical influences, physiological factors, and psycho social theories. mania is broadly classified into three categories- hypo mania, acute mania and delirious mania. there are three types of treatment for mania- pharmacological treatment, psycho-social treatment and ECT.
MENTAL RETARDATION
PRESENTED BY –MISS MANJOT KAUR GILL
MENTAL RETARDATION
Intellectual disability, also known as general learning disability and mental retardation is a generalized neurodevelopment disorder characterized by significantly impaired intellectual and adaptive functioning.
Mental retardation is defined as significantly sub average general intellectual functioning and impairment in cognitive and adaptive functioning.
CAUSES
Prenatal/antenatal causes- infection- syphilis, meningitis, rubella.
Physical damage – injury, hypoxia
Intoxications- lead poisoning, certain drugs
Placenta dysfunction- toxemia, nutritional growth retardation.
Prenatal causes- birth asphyxia
Prolonged birth
Difficult birth
Obstructed labour
Premature birth
Birth injury
Instrumental delivery
Postnatal causes – injury
Accident
Child abuse
Infection e.g. encephalitis, meningitis
malnutrition
Genetic causes
Social-cultural causes- deprivation of socio-cutural stimulation
Isolation
TYPES OF MENTAL RETARDATION
MILD – I.Q.= 50-70
MODERATE- I.Q. 30-50
SEVERE- less than 30
PROFOUND – Less than 15
PROBLEMS DE TO MENTAL RETARDATION
Personal
Social
Educational
Sexual and marital
PREVENTION OF MENTAL RETARDATION
Primary prevention-
Good antenatal, intranatal and postnatal care
Improve the socio-economic status of the community.
Education of the public.
Genetic counseling to at risk patients.
Syphilis and AIDS screening.
Vaccination of girls with rubella vaccine.
Avoiding consanguinal marriage.
Prevention measures to reduce child abuse, road traffic accident and home accidents.
Secondary prevention-
Early detection and treatment of preventable disorders.
Amniocentesis and medical termination of pregnancy .
Early detection of correctable disorders.
Prevention of further damage of impaired children.
Tertiary prevention- treatment of physical and psychological problems by drugs , by behavior modification.
Hospitalization and custodial care of severe mentally retarded or those with psychological problems.
Education and training of mentally retarded to avoid handicaps.
Make plans according to the problems and capacity of mentally retarded child.
REHABLITATION AND NURSING CARE
Assessment of the needs
Education
Training
Custodial care
THANKS
Sexual disorder - ICD10 gender identity disorders, disorders of sexual preference and sexual development and orientation disorders are listed under disorders of adult personality and behavior (f6), while sexual dysfunctions are listed under behavioral syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors (f5).
It is a disturbances in the sexual desire.
hii guys this is my ongoing presentation from my speciality class i hope u guys lije that please so i hope it is been useful for u in ur specialities by getting little help with that
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
2. INTRODUCTION
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is a
neurobehavioral developmental disorder and is
primarily characterized by” the co-existence of
attention problems hyperactivity with each behavior
occurring infrequently alone.” While symptoms may
appear to be innocent and merely annoying nuisances
to observers
Children with ADHD may be hyperactive and unable
to control their impulse or they may have trouble
paying attention
3. DEFINITION
ADHD is a persistent pattern of in attention and or
hyperactivity-impulsivity that is more frequent and
severe than is typically observed in individuals at a
compatible level of development (APA, 2000).
ADHD is a brain disorder marked by an ongoing
pattern of inattention and hyperactivity impulsivity
that interferes with functioning or development
4. EPIDEMIOLOGY:
It is four to nine times more common in boys than in
girls.
Prevalence of ADHD is 3 to 7 percent of school-age
children.
It is most commonly present in school children.
5. PREDISPOSIG FACTORS
Biological Influences
GENETICS:
Twin studies indicate that the disorder is highly
heritable and that genetics are a factor in about 75% of
ADHD.
Siblings of hyperactive children have higher incidences
of ADHD.
BIOCHEMICAL FACTORS:
An elevation in the catecholamines dopamine and
norepinephrine have been implicated in the
overactivity causes to ADHD.
Norepinephrine modulates attention, arousal, and
mood.
6. continue
Dopamine is involved in reward, risk taking, impulsivity
and mood.
One study found that in adults with ADHD, the dopamine
transporter in the brain was elevated by 70percent
compared to people without ADHD (Med-scape Health,
2002).
PRENATAL FACTORS:
Alcohol and tobacco smoke exposure during pregnancy.
Hypoxia (Lack of oxygen) to the fetus.
Premature birth.
7. ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES
Environmental Lead: The adverse effects on cognitive and
behavioural development in children with elevated body levels of
lead.
DIET FACTORS
Artificial food colours.
Preservative sodium benzoate.
Another diet factor that has been receiving much attention in its
possible link to ADHD is sugar. One study reported that ADHD
children had fewer problems after a high-carbohydrate breakfast
than after a high-protein one (Med scape Health,2002).
PSYCHOSOCIAL INFLUENCES:
Family dysfunction.
Inadequacies in the educational system.
A high degree of psychosocial stress, maternal mental disorder,
paternal criminality, low socioeconomic status, and foster care
have been implicated (Dopheide &Theesen, 1999).
8. DSM-IV-TR Diagnostic Criteria for
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity
Disorder Six (or more) of the following symptoms of inattention
have persisted for at least 6 months to a degree that is
maladaptive and inconsistent with developmental level:
Inattentiveness: It involves ,
Short attention span or a tendency to make careless errors
in schoolwork or other activities.
Difficulty with sustained attention in tasks or play
activities.
Apparent listening problems.
Difficulty following instructions.
Problems with organization.
9. continue
Avoidence or dislike of tasks that require mental effort.
Tendency to lose things like toys, notebooks, or
homework.
Distractibility.
Forgetfulness in daily activities.
Six (or more) of the following symptoms of
hyperactivity-impulsivity have persisted for at least 6
months to a degree that is maladaptive and
inconsistent with developmental level:
Hyperactivity
10. Difficulty remaining seated.
Fidgets with hands or feet or Squirms in seat.
Excessive running and climbing.
Difficulty playing quietly.
Difficulty waiting for a turn or in line.
Impulsivity: It includes .
Some hyperactive-impulsive or inattentive symptoms that
caused impairment were present before age 7years.
Some impairment from the symptoms is present in two or
more settings (e.g; at school or work and at home).
There is clear evidence of clinically significant impairment
in social, academic, or occupational functioning.
11. Anxiety can accompany ADHD as a secondary feature,
and anxiety alone can be manifested by over activity
and easy distractibility.
A child with ADHD to become demoralized and to
develop depressive symptoms in reaction to persistent
frustration with academic difficulties and resulting low
self-esteem.
Mania and ADHD share many core features such as
excessive verbalization, motor hyperactivity, and high
levels of distractibility. Mania and ADHD can coexist,
children with bipolar-1 disorder exhibit more waxing
and waning of symptoms than those with ADHD.
12. MANAGEMENT
Pharmacotherapy: Pharmacologic treatment is
considered to be the first line of treatment for ADHD.
Central nervous system stimulants are the first choice
of agent in that they have been shown to have the
greatest efficacy with generally mild tolerable side
effects.
Methylphenidate (Ritalin) initial dosage: 5mg before
breakfast and lunch. Dosage may be increased
gradually in increments of 5 to 10mg/day at weekly
intervals, PO(Children age 6 and older)
13. Continue
Pemoline (Cylert) initial dosage:37.5mg/day,
administered as a single dose each morning Dosage
may be gradually increased at 1-week intervals in
increments of 18.75mg/day until the desired effect is
achieved. Effective dosage usually ranges from 56.25 to
75mg/day PO. Clinical benefit may not be observed for
3 to 4 weeks.
Bupropion (wellbutrin): 3mg/kg/day PO.
Imipramine (Tofranil) 1mg/kg/day in divided doses,
with increases every 2 to 3 weeks up to a maximum of
2.5mg/kg/day.
14. Continue…
BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY: Behavioral therapy
attempts to change behavior pattern by,
Recognizing a child’s home and school environment.
Giving clear directions and commands.
Setting up a system of consistent rewards for
appropriate behaviors and negative consequences for
inappropriate ones. Behavioral strategies that may
help a child with ADHD:
15. Create a routine.
Get organized.
Avoid distractions.
Limit choices.
Change your interactions with your child.
Use goals and rewards.
Discipline effectively.
Help your child discover a talent.
ALTERNATIVE TREATMENTS
Occupational therapy
Body treatments
Diet manipulation
Allergy treatment
Attention training
Visual training
Traditional one-on-one “talking” psychotherapy.
PARENT TRAINING: Parent education and support groups to help
family members accept the diagnosis and to teach them how to help
kids organize their environment,
16. NURSING MANAGEMENT
Risk for injury R/T impulsive & accident-prone
behavior & inability to perceive self harm
Impaired social interaction R/T intrusive
behavior.
17. Nursing intervention
Ensure that client has safe environment.
-Remove objects from immediate area on which
client could injure self as a result of random,
hyperactive movement.
-Provide adequate supervision and assistance.
-Limit client’s participation if adequate
supervision is not possible.
-Identify deliberate behavior that put the child at
risk.
18. Reference
Kaplan & Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral
Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry, 10th Edition.
Semple David Oxford handbook of psychiatry 1st
edition 2005
Townsend M.C Essentials of psychiatric mental health
nursing 4th edition
Lipincott manual of nursing practice 8th edition.