ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects about 5% of children worldwide. The exact causes are unknown but genetics play a role. The symptoms of ADHD can be divided into three presentations - predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive/impulsive, or a combined type. Treatment involves a multidisciplinary approach including behavioral therapy, lifestyle changes, educational support, and often medication. Stimulant medications are most commonly used but have potential side effects so require careful management. With support, many people with ADHD can learn strategies to manage their symptoms and live productive lives.
ADHD is a problem with inattentiveness, over-activity, impulsivity, or a combination. For these problems to be diagnosed as ADHD, they must be out of the normal range for a child's age and development.
PubMed Health
Attention deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (justpsychiatry)Waleed Ahmad
A presentation for undergraduate Education on ADHD. for more, and for original PPTXs, visit:
https://psych.thinkific.com
My question bank:
https://psych.thinkific.com/courses/Psychiatry-question-bank-for-MRCPsych
this ppt is used for presentation in public flora as well as for doctors.this is not for commercial purpose. it is only for educating.if any unwarranted mistakes are present please forgive me
ADHD- Controlling The Mental Itch With HomeopathyWelcome Cure LLP
Millions of children below age of 17 suffer from ADHD worldwide. Children with ADHD commonly have problems paying attention or concentrating. If not treated on time it can lead to uncontrollable anger, erratic and anti-social conduct that tends to strain relationships with parents, siblings and peers. Babies with very low birth weight have an increased risk of developing ADHD. Homeopathy reduces the aggressiveness, restlessness and obstinacy of the child. Homeopathy promotes a happy, constructive, productive, creative development of the child. You can find more of such informative Power Point Presentations as well as other useful health information at www.welcomecure.com, the definitive online homeopathic treatment portal.
www.welcomecure.com
The word ‘Autism’ is derived from Greek word ‘autos’ means ‘self’.
Autism is a developmental disorder that is characterized by impaired development in communication, social interaction, and behavior.
What is Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder?
Inattentive, hyperactive & impulsive to excessive degree compared with their peers.
For more info, download the presentation.
Babatunde Idowu Ogundipe M.D. M.P.H.
Comprehensive Clinical Services P.C.
October 7 2011
ADHD is a problem with inattentiveness, over-activity, impulsivity, or a combination. For these problems to be diagnosed as ADHD, they must be out of the normal range for a child's age and development.
PubMed Health
Attention deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (justpsychiatry)Waleed Ahmad
A presentation for undergraduate Education on ADHD. for more, and for original PPTXs, visit:
https://psych.thinkific.com
My question bank:
https://psych.thinkific.com/courses/Psychiatry-question-bank-for-MRCPsych
this ppt is used for presentation in public flora as well as for doctors.this is not for commercial purpose. it is only for educating.if any unwarranted mistakes are present please forgive me
ADHD- Controlling The Mental Itch With HomeopathyWelcome Cure LLP
Millions of children below age of 17 suffer from ADHD worldwide. Children with ADHD commonly have problems paying attention or concentrating. If not treated on time it can lead to uncontrollable anger, erratic and anti-social conduct that tends to strain relationships with parents, siblings and peers. Babies with very low birth weight have an increased risk of developing ADHD. Homeopathy reduces the aggressiveness, restlessness and obstinacy of the child. Homeopathy promotes a happy, constructive, productive, creative development of the child. You can find more of such informative Power Point Presentations as well as other useful health information at www.welcomecure.com, the definitive online homeopathic treatment portal.
www.welcomecure.com
The word ‘Autism’ is derived from Greek word ‘autos’ means ‘self’.
Autism is a developmental disorder that is characterized by impaired development in communication, social interaction, and behavior.
What is Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder?
Inattentive, hyperactive & impulsive to excessive degree compared with their peers.
For more info, download the presentation.
Babatunde Idowu Ogundipe M.D. M.P.H.
Comprehensive Clinical Services P.C.
October 7 2011
The term ADHD refers to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, a condition that makes it difficult for children to pay attention and/or control their behavior. Learn more about about the causes, diagnosis and treatment of ADHD.
This PPT Aims to provide knowledge and understanding about the concept of ADHD, Types of ADHD, Causes of ADHD, Symptoms of ADHD, Identifications of ADHD, Teaching Methods of ADHD, Treatments of ADHD, Characteristics of ADHD, Diagnosis of ADHD, Living with ADHD, Resources for ADHD and so on.
A short slide share on the theme ADHD with its pathophysiology, causes, signs and symptoms and treatment. It could be used for studies., research and reading purposes.
Treating Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Children and Adol...EPIC Health
Mood swings, hyperactivity and inattention could all be the signs of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children & adolescents. Here’s what it means & how it’s treated.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
7. Aetiology
Heritability is the strongest factor in development
of ADHD
Risk factors account for only a small portion of
variance
Pregnancy variables: young maternal age,
maternal use of tobacco and alcohol, toxaemia,
post-maturity and extended labour
Medical factors: fragile X syndrome, G6PD
deficiency, phenylketonuria, brain trauma, lead
poisoning, malnutrition
8.
9. begins in childhood and can affect all areas of a patient’s life.
3% - 5% of school-aged children-2 million children in the US (National
Institute of Mental Health (NIMH))
Boys outnumber girls 3 to 1 (Mental Health America) However, girls
may be under diagnosed.
Prevalence
12. difficulty paying attention
struggles to concentrate and complete tasks forgetful and easily
distracted
poor organizational skills, lethargic, sluggish, shy, anxious or
constantly daydreaming
most often diagnosed in adolescent girls, and is diagnosed if six or
more symptoms of inattention have persisted for more than six
months, according to the American Psychiatric Association (APA).
Predominantly inattentive
(ADHD/I)
13. Combines symptoms of the other two forms of ADHD
the most common form of ADHD.
diagnosed in boys of elementary-school age.
diagnosed when six or more symptoms associated with each of the two
major forms of ADHD are present.
Combined ADHD
14. difficulty controlling behavior, with an increased
risk for serious aggressive or oppositional behavior
and antisocial conduct.
fidget and excessively restless.
blurt out comments that are inappropriate and often do not think before
they act.
diagnosed if six or more symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity have
persisted for more than six months.
Predominantly hyperactive/impulsive
ADHD (ADHD/HI)
18. DSM-IV-TR DSM-5
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity
Disorder
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity
Disorder
• Inattention (6/9)
• Hyperactivity-impulsivity (6/9)
• Inattention (6/9)
• Hyperactivity and impulsivity
(6/9)
• Age of onset: before age 7 • Age of onset: before age 12
• Symptoms described so as to
better able to diagnose adolescents
and adults
a
Classified as a disorder Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood, or
Adolescence
ADHD in DSM IV & V
22. ADHD is now believed to be a Neurological
Disorders ( Brain Based) which can be genetic yet
the specific cause is still unclear. What we do
know is there is a lack of:
* Regulation of Attention
* Regulation of Motor Activity
* Regulation of Impulsivity.
23. The thought is that there are several areas of the
brain that may be affected by ADHD. Some of
these areas are:
Frontal Lobes/Prefrontal Cortex
Limbic System
Basal Ganglia
24. The Frontal Lobe/Prefrontal
Cortex helps us to:
Focus Concentration
Pay Attention to our tasks
Make good decisions
Plan Ahead
Learn and to remember what
we have learned.
To have proper behavior in
situations where it is required.
25.
26.
27.
28. There are chemical
differences in the brains of
people with ADHD.
These chemicals are:
Dopamine
Nor epinephrine
New Research is also
suggesting:
Glutamate
32. Assessment
History – parents or caregivers,
− as well as a classroom teacher or other school
professional
Interview of child
Parent and teacher ratings of ADHD-related
behaviours
Investigations - No clinical examination or lab
tests are accepted as either “rule in” or “rule out.”
Recommend vision & hearing tested
33. Assessment
RATING SCALES
- Not diagnostic – screening test
- Monitor response to interventions
PSYCHOMETRICS
- WISC/WIAT
- CPT
- TEA-Ch
Others as indicated
- Speech & language
Occupational therapy
Auditory processing
37. “Child abuse victims are at
increased risk of a variety of child
and adolescent psychiatric
diagnoses, including depression,
anxiety, conduct disorders, OCD,
ADHD and substance abuse.”
Kaplan et al Oct 1999
42. Non-Pharmacological Management
• Family Therapy may be required for reasons such as: difficulty raising &
managing a child with ADHD and new roles for individuals within the family.
• ADHD in parents may impact success of parent training and family therapy
43. Non-Pharmacological Management
Diet
Elimination diets – difficult
Omega 3 – at least 1000mg/day for a month
Academic skills training: focus on following
directions, becoming organized, using time
effectively, checking work, taking notes
44. Non-Pharmacological Management
Behavioural therapy
- Does not reduce symptoms
• May improve social skills and compliance
• Does not lead to maintenance of gains or improvement over time after the therapy is
completed
Social skills group
- Uses modelling, practice, feedback and contingent reinforcement to address the social
deficits common in children with ADHD
- Useful for the secondary effects of ADHD, such as low self-esteem, but not helpful for
core symptoms of ADHD
46. MEDICATIONS FOR ADHD
Tricyclic Antidepressants
•Desipramine ;Imipramine (Tofranil)
Other Antidepressants
•Bupropion (Zyban); Fluoxetine (Prozac)
47. Stimulants Specific Effects
Improved sustained attention
Reduced distractibility
Improved short-term memory
Reduced impulsivity
Reduced motor activity
Decreased excessive talking
Reduced bossiness and aggression with
peers
48. Stimulants Specific Effects
Increased amount & accuracy of academic work completed
Decreased disruptive behaviour
Improved handwriting and fine motor control
Reduced off-task behaviour in classroom
Improved ability to work and play independently as many as 75% of kids on these
medications show improvement
also seems to cause improvement in kids without ADHD in terms of attention and
classroom behaviour
49. SIDE EFFECTS OF STIMULANTS
Insomnia
Decreased Appetite (in 50-60%) =>Weight Loss
1-2 cm shorter by end of growth
Headaches
Stomach aches (20-40%)
Mood liability/ dysphoria
Prone to Crying (10%) ‘sensitive’
50. SIDE EFFECTS OF STIMULANTS
Nervous Mannerisms (10%)
Over focused behaviour; Cognitive toxicity
(Mild) Increases in Heart Rate and Blood Pressure
- NO INCREASE IN SUDDEN DEATH
52. Be consistent.
Set a good example.
Anticipate and avoid problems.
Praise good behavior.
Negotiate and consult with your child.
Pick your battles.
Believe in and support your child.
Keep things in perspective.
Pay attention to the siblings.
Take of yourself.
Communicate
Connect
Tips for Parents
54. ADHD Myths Busted
As published on ADDitude Magazine’s website,
these are the most common ADHD myths:
• #7: People with ADHD are stupid and lazy.
• #6: ADHD children on medication will abuse drugs as
teenagers.
• #5: ADHD is the result of bad parenting.
• #4: ADHD affects only boys.
• #3: Children with ADHD often outgrow the condition.
• #2: Children given ADHD accommodations are given an
unfair advantage.
• #1: ADHD is not a real medical disorder.
55. Meet a few accomplished people who
have ADHD:
•21st Century Leaders
•Children in Need
•Elton John AIDS
Foundation
•Los Angeles Youth
Network
•MusiCares
•Music for Relief
•Prince's Trust
•Rock the Earth
•Save the Children
•Sharon Osborne Colon
Cancer Program
•Small Steps Project
•Starkey Hearing
Foundation
•Whatever It Takes
•World Vision
Ozzy Osbourne
59. Walt Disney
American motion-picture and television
producer and showman, famous as a
pioneer of cartoon films and as the creator
of Disneyland.
Walter Elias "
Editor's Notes
Predominantly inattentive ADHD (ADHD/I). Marked by difficulty paying attention. Patients may struggle to concentrate and complete tasks and may be forgetful and easily distracted. They tend to have poor organizational skills and may appear to be lethargic, sluggish, shy, anxious or constantly daydreaming. This condition is most often diagnosed in adolescent girls, and is diagnosed if six or more symptoms of inattention have persisted for more than six months, according to the American Psychiatric Association (APA).
Predominantly hyperactive/impulsive ADHD (ADHD/HI). Marked by difficulty controlling behavior, with an increased risk for serious aggressive or oppositional behavior and antisocial conduct. Patients often fidget and are excessively restless. They may blurt out comments that are inappropriate and often do not think before they act. This condition is diagnosed if six or more symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity have persisted for more than six months.
Combined ADHD. Combines symptoms of the other two forms of ADHD. It is the most common form of ADHD. This condition is most often diagnosed in boys of elementary-school age. It is diagnosed when six or more symptoms associated with each of the two major forms of ADHD are present.
Creativity – Children who have ADD/ADHD can be marvelously creative and imaginative. The child who daydreams and has ten different thoughts at once can become a master problem-solver, a fountain of ideas, or an inventive artist. Children with ADD may be easily distracted, but sometimes they notice what others don’t see.
Flexibility – Because children with ADD/ADHD consider a lot of options at once, they don’t become set on one alternative early on and are more open to different ideas.
Enthusiasm and spontaneity – Children with ADD/ADHD are rarely boring! They’re interested in a lot of different things and have lively personalities. In short, if they’re not exasperating you ( and sometimes even when they are), they’re a lot of fun to be with.
Energy and drive – When kids with ADD/ADHD are motivated, they work or play hard and strive to succeed. It actually may be difficult to distract them from a task that interests them, especially if the activity is interactive or hands-on. Keep in mind, too, that ADD/ADHD has nothing to do with intelligence or talent. Many children with ADD/ADHD are intellectually or artistically gifted.
Modest changes, but note age of onset and more adult-friendly.