ADHD is the most common neurobehavioral disorder in children characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It has no single cause but is linked to genetic and environmental factors like prenatal smoking. Treatment involves medication like stimulants which are effective for 75-90% of children, as well as behavioral therapies and lifestyle changes. A multimodal approach combining medication, parent/teacher training, and lifestyle modifications provides the most effective long-term management of ADHD symptoms.

1. ATTENTION DEFICIT
HYPERACTIVITY
DISORDER

2. INTRODUCTION
ADHD is the most common neurobehavioral disorder of childhood, among the most prevalent
health conditions affecting school-aged children, and the most extensively studied mental disorder
childhood.
ADHD is a syndrome characterized by inattension, distractibility, impulsivity, and hyperactivity.
It is categorized into 3 subtypes
1. Behavior marked by hyperactivity and impulsivity but not
inattentiveness ,
2. Behavior marked by reverse characteristics
3. a mixed type

3. Causes of ADHD
No single factor determines the expression of ADHD
 Severe traumatic brain injury with subsequent onset of substantial symptoms
of impulsivity and inattention are reported in some children.
 Maternal smoking and alcohol use during pregnancy and prenatal or postnatal exposure to lead
are commonly linked the development of ADHD.
 There is a strong genetic component to ADHD. [dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) and
a particular form of the dopamine 4 receptor gene (DRD4)]. There are some other
genes that might contribute to ADHD.
 In fact, one study reported that ADHD children had fewer problem after a high
carbohydrates breakfast than after high protein one.
One reported that 62% of ADHD children had symptoms provoked by various foods and
additives. Another study indicated that less than 5% of children with ADHD are affected by
food additives and even then, the effect is very slight. Among the additives and foods that
parents report as culprits in inciting behavioral changes are any artificial flavors or coloring
(particularly red) , milk, chocolate, eggs, and wheat.

4.  The right side contains 3 important areas ( the prefrontal cortex, caudate nucleus, and globus
pallidus) ls located here are important neurotransmitters chemical massage in the brain which affect
mental and emotional functioning. Abnormalities in these areas may impair a person’s ability to
break actions, resulting in the impulsivity typical of ADHD people.
ADHD Signs & Symptoms
Common Symptoms include:
 fail to give close attention to details or make careless mistakes
 ADHD children are hypersensitive to sights, sounds and touch and often
complain of stimuli that seem has no effect on others
 Experts believe that an essential feature of ADHD is impaired working or
short term memory
Behavior has persisted for at least
6 months and present with 6 or
more of the following :

5. Symptoms How achild with this symptom will behave
Inattention -Oftenfail to give attention to details or make careless mistakes in schoolwork
-Often has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or activities
-Easily distracted from work or play
-Often doesn't follow through on instructions and schoolwork
-Has difficulty organizing tasks and activities
Hyperactivity Often fidgetswith hand or feet or squirms in seats
Can’t stay in seated
Often runs, jumps or climbs when this is not permitted
Often acts if was driven by a motor
Often talks excessively
Can’t play quietly
Impulsivity Frequently acts and speaks without thinking
May run in the street without looking for the traffic
Frequently has trouble taking turns
Cannot wait for things
Frequently interrupt others
Often calls out answers before the question is complete

6. Treatment of ADHD
 they’re wide variety of treatments but not limited including,
 Various psychotropic medications, psychosocial treatment,diatery
management,herpal and homeopathic treatments, biofeedback, meditation, and
perceptual stimulation/training
 Most effective treatment is acombination of medication(when necessary)
 Behavior therapy and cognitive therapy helpful to modify Certain behaviors and
to deal with the emotional effects ofADHD
Pharmacological Treatment
 Pharmacological Treatment with psychostimulants is the most widely
studied treatment for ADHD
 Psychostimulants are highly effective for 75to90 percent of children with
ADHD
 Medication are(methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine,pemoline and
admixture of amphetamine salts)

7.  These medications are metabolized, and work for 1to4 hours
 They have greatest effects on symptoms of hyperactivity,
impulsivity, inattention, aggressive and oppositionality
Behavioral approaches
 Important options for The management of ADHD are psychosocial treahtment in
the form of training in behavioral techniques for parents and teacers
 Behavioral interventions tend to improve targeted behaviors or skills but are not as
helpful in reducing the core symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity or impulsivity
 To be fully effectiveness, treatments for ADHD need to be conducted at school,at
home and with the community

8. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
 CBT , primarily training in problem solving and social skills .
 CBT has not been shown to provide clinically important
 changes in behaviour and academic performance of children
with ADHD.
 CBT might be helpful in treating symptoms of accompanying
disorders such as depression or anxiety disorders
Psychoeducation :-
There are no studies evaluating the efficacy of
psychoeducation as a treatment modality for ADHD .
Psychoeducation provide information to parent children
and teachers about ADHD

9. Psychological Strategies For Parents:-
 An ADHD child is different from other children in very specific ways.
 The ADHD toddler is physically aggressive and the parents must
teach the child to channel this into verbal expression.
 The young ADHD child then ofent becomes verbally abusive , and
the parents must encourage the child to redirect this form of
aggression into more acceptable physical or intellectual activities ,
such as sports , music or art.
 It is futile to try to force an ADHD child to be just like most children .
But it possible to limit destructive behaviour and to instill a sense of self-worth
that will help the child overcome negativity .
 Parents should prepare a list giving priority to these behaviours they think
are most negative ,such as fighting with other children .
 The least negative behaviors on the bottom of the list should be ignored
temporarily or even permanently.

10.  Parents should reward good behavior and discourage
destructive behavior.
 Rewards that don’t cost money can include playing a
favourite game with the child or allowing an extra half hour
of TV.
 These children respond better with small rewards promised
in the short term than large rewards offered in the future.
 The parent will also be wasting energy that will be needed
when the negative behavior becames destructive , abusive
or intentional.
Parents should be on the lookout for activities that
hold the child’s concentration.
 World puzzles
 Computer games (which offer and require problem-solving
techniques)
 Sports that focus attention and limit peripheral stimuli
(tennis,golf, swimming)
 Some forms of martial arts (the con teach self-discipline,
self-restraint and offer controlled emotional autlets )

11. Psychological Strategies For teacher
 Having the child sit in the front of the class room and finding atutor to
help after school
 Learning to type at around the third or fourth grade
 Many ADHD children respond well to school tasks that are rapid ,
intense , novel or of short duration such as (spelling , bees ,or
competitive educational game but they almost always have proplems
with long term projects where there is no direct supervesion
Other methods of treating ADHD( multimodel treatment )
Multimodel treatment is medication used together with multiple psychological intervention
in multiple setting
The MTA study examined three experimental condition
1. Medication management alone
2. Behavioural treatment alone
3. A compination of both types of treatment
The conclusion from the MTA study are that carefully managed and monitored stimulant medication
alone or combined with behavioural treatment is effective for ADHD over a period of 14 months

12. Dietary changes
 A number of diet have been suggested for people with ADHD
 The most popular is the Feingold diet , a salicylate and additive free diet which
requires vigilance over a child’s eating habits
 Any minor deviation in the diet presumably through the child immediately into
hyperactive mode
 Parents should provide a healthy balance of fresh , natural food and try other
methods before forcing the Feingold diet
Neurofeedback
It is an experimental approach that uses electronic devices to speed up
orslow down brain wave activity

13. THANK
YOU