The word ‘Autism’ is derived from Greek word ‘autos’ means ‘self’.
Autism is a developmental disorder that is characterized by impaired development in communication, social interaction, and behavior.
MENTAL RETARDATION
PRESENTED BY –MISS MANJOT KAUR GILL
MENTAL RETARDATION
Intellectual disability, also known as general learning disability and mental retardation is a generalized neurodevelopment disorder characterized by significantly impaired intellectual and adaptive functioning.
Mental retardation is defined as significantly sub average general intellectual functioning and impairment in cognitive and adaptive functioning.
CAUSES
Prenatal/antenatal causes- infection- syphilis, meningitis, rubella.
Physical damage – injury, hypoxia
Intoxications- lead poisoning, certain drugs
Placenta dysfunction- toxemia, nutritional growth retardation.
Prenatal causes- birth asphyxia
Prolonged birth
Difficult birth
Obstructed labour
Premature birth
Birth injury
Instrumental delivery
Postnatal causes – injury
Accident
Child abuse
Infection e.g. encephalitis, meningitis
malnutrition
Genetic causes
Social-cultural causes- deprivation of socio-cutural stimulation
Isolation
TYPES OF MENTAL RETARDATION
MILD – I.Q.= 50-70
MODERATE- I.Q. 30-50
SEVERE- less than 30
PROFOUND – Less than 15
PROBLEMS DE TO MENTAL RETARDATION
Personal
Social
Educational
Sexual and marital
PREVENTION OF MENTAL RETARDATION
Primary prevention-
Good antenatal, intranatal and postnatal care
Improve the socio-economic status of the community.
Education of the public.
Genetic counseling to at risk patients.
Syphilis and AIDS screening.
Vaccination of girls with rubella vaccine.
Avoiding consanguinal marriage.
Prevention measures to reduce child abuse, road traffic accident and home accidents.
Secondary prevention-
Early detection and treatment of preventable disorders.
Amniocentesis and medical termination of pregnancy .
Early detection of correctable disorders.
Prevention of further damage of impaired children.
Tertiary prevention- treatment of physical and psychological problems by drugs , by behavior modification.
Hospitalization and custodial care of severe mentally retarded or those with psychological problems.
Education and training of mentally retarded to avoid handicaps.
Make plans according to the problems and capacity of mentally retarded child.
REHABLITATION AND NURSING CARE
Assessment of the needs
Education
Training
Custodial care
THANKS
MENTAL RETARDATION
PRESENTED BY –MISS MANJOT KAUR GILL
MENTAL RETARDATION
Intellectual disability, also known as general learning disability and mental retardation is a generalized neurodevelopment disorder characterized by significantly impaired intellectual and adaptive functioning.
Mental retardation is defined as significantly sub average general intellectual functioning and impairment in cognitive and adaptive functioning.
CAUSES
Prenatal/antenatal causes- infection- syphilis, meningitis, rubella.
Physical damage – injury, hypoxia
Intoxications- lead poisoning, certain drugs
Placenta dysfunction- toxemia, nutritional growth retardation.
Prenatal causes- birth asphyxia
Prolonged birth
Difficult birth
Obstructed labour
Premature birth
Birth injury
Instrumental delivery
Postnatal causes – injury
Accident
Child abuse
Infection e.g. encephalitis, meningitis
malnutrition
Genetic causes
Social-cultural causes- deprivation of socio-cutural stimulation
Isolation
TYPES OF MENTAL RETARDATION
MILD – I.Q.= 50-70
MODERATE- I.Q. 30-50
SEVERE- less than 30
PROFOUND – Less than 15
PROBLEMS DE TO MENTAL RETARDATION
Personal
Social
Educational
Sexual and marital
PREVENTION OF MENTAL RETARDATION
Primary prevention-
Good antenatal, intranatal and postnatal care
Improve the socio-economic status of the community.
Education of the public.
Genetic counseling to at risk patients.
Syphilis and AIDS screening.
Vaccination of girls with rubella vaccine.
Avoiding consanguinal marriage.
Prevention measures to reduce child abuse, road traffic accident and home accidents.
Secondary prevention-
Early detection and treatment of preventable disorders.
Amniocentesis and medical termination of pregnancy .
Early detection of correctable disorders.
Prevention of further damage of impaired children.
Tertiary prevention- treatment of physical and psychological problems by drugs , by behavior modification.
Hospitalization and custodial care of severe mentally retarded or those with psychological problems.
Education and training of mentally retarded to avoid handicaps.
Make plans according to the problems and capacity of mentally retarded child.
REHABLITATION AND NURSING CARE
Assessment of the needs
Education
Training
Custodial care
THANKS
enuresis involves the inability to awaken from sleep in response to a voiding stimulus (i.e., a full bladder), coupled with excessive nighttime urine production or decreased functional capacity of the bladder
Role of Child Health Nurse in caring of Hospital ChildAlka Singh
Subject : Child Health Nursing. Topic : Role Of Child Health Nurse In Child care at Hospital, Nursing Diagnosis, Various Measures to make hospital Child Friendly, Nurses Role in Care Of Toddlers, Infants, School Children, Adolescent.
HOSPITALIZATION: Effect on children and their parentsShivani Thakur
The experience of hospitalization in children can be considered as a process of effort for returning to health and, on the whole, the regaining of the individual's status in the world.
Nurse can ease this process by showing the importance of experience and feelings of individuals at the time of hospitalization and help people to adapt themselves to their new surroundings.
enuresis involves the inability to awaken from sleep in response to a voiding stimulus (i.e., a full bladder), coupled with excessive nighttime urine production or decreased functional capacity of the bladder
Role of Child Health Nurse in caring of Hospital ChildAlka Singh
Subject : Child Health Nursing. Topic : Role Of Child Health Nurse In Child care at Hospital, Nursing Diagnosis, Various Measures to make hospital Child Friendly, Nurses Role in Care Of Toddlers, Infants, School Children, Adolescent.
HOSPITALIZATION: Effect on children and their parentsShivani Thakur
The experience of hospitalization in children can be considered as a process of effort for returning to health and, on the whole, the regaining of the individual's status in the world.
Nurse can ease this process by showing the importance of experience and feelings of individuals at the time of hospitalization and help people to adapt themselves to their new surroundings.
Autism is a complex developmental condition that typically appears during early childhood and is characterised by difficulties in social interaction, communication, restricted and repetitive interests and behaviours, and sensory sensitivities. It is called a ‘developmental’ condition because symptoms of autism generally appear in the first two years of a child’s life. It is called a ‘spectrum’ disorder because it is most influenced by different combinations of genetic and environmental factors and affects people differently and to varying degrees. Each autistic person has a set of strengths and challenges that are distinct from any other autistic person and the way (s)he/she learns, thinks or solves problems can range from highly skilled to severely challenged. ASD may occur in persons across all ethnic, racial, and economic groups.
A collection of information about Autism Spectrum Disorder definition,symptoms,therapies,last researches about behavioral analysis and a comaparaison between signs in children ,adolescents and adults
Autism is a disease spectrum comprising 4 disorders manifested by disturbed social, emotional and intellectual abilities of a child. This presentation is a brief description of characteristics , problems and management of of an autistic child.
The term stress was introduced in medicine in 1949 by Canadian endocrinologist – Hans Selye. To him, stress is described as the body’s adjustment to a new circumstance, and the body’s stereotypical and non-specific response to environmental stimuli that disrupt a personal balance, and described also as a psychosomatic mechanism to regulate and balance the tensions, which means the perception and preparation of the body to the specific loads.
Personality disorder ppt MENTAL HEALTH NURSINGvihang tayde
Most definition of normal personality includes some or all of the following features,
Present since adolescence.
Stable overtime despite fluctuations in mood.
Manifest in different environment.
Recognizable to friends and acquaintance.
A relaxation technique (also known as relaxation training) is any method, process, procedure, or activity that helps a person to relax; to attain a state of increased calmness; or otherwise reduce levels of pain, anxiety, stress or anger.
Dementia consists of verity of symptoms that suggest chronic dysfunction. Global impairment of intellect is the essential feature, manifested as difficulty with memory, attention, thinking, and comprehension
Approximately 15% of people with dementia have reversible illness if treatment is initiated before irreversible damage takes place.
The word delirium means “out of one’s furrow” which refers to the dramatic behavior changes that the person may experience. Some have called delirium "brain failure” because it may represent a variety of caused such as heart failure does in cardiac health.
Delirium is an outcome of a general medical condition, head injury and drug intoxication or withdrawal.
Sexual disorder - ICD10 gender identity disorders, disorders of sexual preference and sexual development and orientation disorders are listed under disorders of adult personality and behavior (f6), while sexual dysfunctions are listed under behavioral syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors (f5).
It is a disturbances in the sexual desire.
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
Navigating the Health Insurance Market_ Understanding Trends and Options.pdfEnterprise Wired
From navigating policy options to staying informed about industry trends, this comprehensive guide explores everything you need to know about the health insurance market.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
Welcome to Secret Tantric, London’s finest VIP Massage agency. Since we first opened our doors, we have provided the ultimate erotic massage experience to innumerable clients, each one searching for the very best sensual massage in London. We come by this reputation honestly with a dynamic team of the city’s most beautiful masseuses.
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
3. INTRODUCTION:
• WHO, American psychological Association
classification ‘Autism’ as a developmental
disability that results from central nervous
system disorder.
4. • The word ‘Autism’ is derived from Greek
word ‘autos’ means ‘self’.
• Autism is a developmental disorder that is
characterized by impaired development in
communication, social interaction, and
behavior.
5. • In other words, the symptoms and
characteristic of autism can present in a wide
variety of combinations, from mild to severe.
• Children are marked by delay in their social
interaction, communication, symbolic or
imaginative play, exhibits lack of interest in
other people.
6. INCIDENCE:
• Autism is a rare disorder, long term illness
with a poor prognosis
• Generally, the onset occurs before the age of 2
½ years.
• In some cases, the onset may occur later in
childhood. And such cases are called as
childhood onset autism.
7. DEFINITION:
• Quantitative impairment in social interaction,
communication, restricted, repetitive and
stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests and
activities, delays in abnormal functioning
8. • A developmental disorder characterized by
total lack of responsiveness to people gross
language developmental deficits or distortions,
bizarre response to environmental aspects.
9. PREDISPOSING FACTORS
• History of perinatal complication- maternal
bleeding
• Anoxia during pregnancy and delivery
• Drug abuse in pregnancy
14. • Autism is not caused by an unhappy home
environment, both parents working, mental
stress during the pregnancy, poor handling by
the mother and also some emotional trauma or
other psychological factors.
15. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION:
1. Impairment of social interaction:
• Avoid eye contact.
• Prefer to play alone.
• Does not share interests with others.
• Flat or inappropriate facial expressions
• Avoids physical contact.
16.
17. 2.Impairment in behavior:
• Plays with toys the same way every time.
• Likes parts of objects.
• Gets upset by minor changes.
• Has an obsessive interest.
• Dislike being kisses or touch.
• Failure to develop empathy.
18.
19. 3.Impairment in communication
• Gives unrelated answer to a question.
• Does not understand jokes or teasing.
• Delayed speech and language skills.
• Repeated words or phrases over and over.
22. EXAMINATION AND TESTS:
1. Medical history: During the medical history
interview, a doctor asks general questions about
a child's development, such as whether a child
shows parents things by pointing to objects.
23. • Young children with autism often point to
items they want, but do not point to show
parents an item and then check to see if parents
are looking at the item being pointed out.
24. 2.Physical exam:
• including head circumference,
• weight, and
• height measurements, to determine whether the
child has a normal growth pattern.
25. • 3. Screening test for autism (such as the
Checklist for Autism in Toddlers [CHAT] or
the Autism Screening Questionnaire).
27. • Valid for toddlers 16-30 months
• List of questions
• Answers determine need for referral to a
developmental specialist
– Developmental pediatrician
– Neurologist
– Psychiatrist
• Scoring: child requires follow up if
– Answered “No” to 2 or more critical questions
or Answered “No” to 3 questions
28. TREATMENT
• Medicines are often used to treat behavior or
emotional that people with autism may have,
including: Aggression, Anxiety, Attention
Problems, Hyperactivity, Irritability, Mood
Swings, Sleep difficulty....etc. but mostly used
drug are lithium.
29. A. Behavior therapy:
• e.g. contingency management, positive
reinforcement, self-care skills, role modeling
30. B.APPLIED BEHAVIOUR
ANALYSIS(ABA)
• – ABA encourages the positive behaviors
and discourages the negative behavior in order
to improve the variety of skills.
31. • – For example; a teacher might ask a child
to put his toys away. If the child puts his toys
away, the teacher will praise the child.
• If the child does not put his toys away, the
teacher might guide the child’s hand or
withhold a reward until the child puts the toys
away.
32. C. OCCUPATIONAL THEARPY:
• Occupational therapy teaches skills that help
the person live as independently as possible.
• Skills might include dressing, eating, bathing,
and relating to people.
33.
34. D. SPEECH THERAPY:
• – It helps to improve the person’s
communication skills.
• – Some peoples are able to learn verbal
communication.
35.
36. E. PSYCHOTHERAPY:
• – Psychotherapy is not effective in treatment
of autism.
• – However, parental counseling and
supportive therapy are useful is allaying
parental anxiety and guilt, and ensuring
their active involvement of the therapy.
37.
38. NURSING MANAGEMENT:
1.Impair social interaction related to self-concept
disturbance as evidence by lack of eye contact
and failure to development friendship.
• GOAL: patient will initiate social interaction
with another individual by discharge.
39. INTERVENTION: RATIONALE:
Function in a one to one
relationship with child.
Consistency of staff/patient
interaction enhances the
establishment of trust.
Provide child with familiar objects. It offers security during times when
the child distresses.
Begin with positive reinforcement
for eye contact.
It helps the child to maintain eye
contact.
40. • 2. Impair verbal communication related to
withdrawal into self as evidence by does
who not speak.
• GOAL: patient will have established a means
for communicating needs to staff discharge.
41. INTERVENTION RATIONALE
Maintain consistencyof staff
assignment over time.
This facilitates trust and the ability
to understand patient’s actions and
communication.
Conveycorrect non-verbal
expression.
Eye contact, face to face contact
expresses genuine interest.
42. • 3. Disturbance in self-concept related to
inadequate sensory stimulation.
• GOAL: patient will develop ego identity by
discharge.
43. INTERVENTION RATIONALE
Function in one to one
relationship with child.
To enhance the establishment
of trust.
Point out and assist child in
naming, own body parts.
It increases the child
awareness of self as separate
from others.
Gradually increase amount of
physical contact.
Trust is established.
44. CONCLUSION:
• The word ‘Autism’ is derived from Greek
word ‘autos’ means ‘self’.
• Autism is a developmental disorder that is
characterized by impaired development in
communication, social interaction, and
behavior.
45. • Delay in their social interaction,
communication, symbolic or imaginative play,
exhibits lack of interest in other people.
47. BIBLIOGRAPHY:
• 1. R. Sreevani, A guide to Mental Health &
Psychiatric Nursing, JAYPEE BROTHERS,
3rd Edition 2010; page No – 230-234.
• 2. Anbu.T; Text book of Psychiatric Nursing;
EMMESS., 1st Edition 2010; Page No- 164-
167.
48. • 3. R.K.Gupta, New Approach To Mental
Health Nursing, 2011 Edition.