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Advance Database Management Systems :44
Temporal and Multi Media databases
Prof Neeraj Bhargava
Vaibhav Khanna
Department of Computer Science
School of Engineering and Systems Sciences
Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati University Ajmer
Slide 24- 2
Temporal Database Concepts
Time Representation, Calendars, and Time Dimensions
• Time is considered ordered sequence of points in some
granularity
– Use the term choronon instead of point to describe minimum
granularity
Slide 24- 3
Temporal Database Concepts
Time Representation, … (contd.)
• A calendar organizes time into different time
units for convenience.
– Accommodates various calendars
• Gregorian (western)
• Chinese
• Islamic
• Hindu
• Jewish
• Etc.
Slide 24- 4
Temporal Database Concepts
Time Representation, … (contd.)
• Point events
– Single time point event
• E.g., bank deposit
– Series of point events can form a time series data
• Duration events
– Associated with specific time period
• Time period is represented by start time and end time
Slide 24- 5
Temporal Database Concepts
Time Representation, … (contd.)
• Transaction time
– The time when the information from a certain
transaction becomes valid
• Bitemporal database
– Databases dealing with two time dimensions
Slide 24- 6
Temporal Database Concepts
Incorporating Time in Relational Databases
Using Tuple Versioning
• Add to every tuple
– Valid start time
– Valid end time
Slide 24- 7
Temporal Database Concepts
Slide 24- 8
Temporal Database Concepts
Slide 24- 9
Temporal Database Concepts
Incorporating Time in Object-Oriented
Databases Using Attribute Versioning
• A single complex object stores all temporal
changes of the object
• Time varying attribute
– An attribute that changes over time
• E.g., age
• Non-Time varying attribute
– An attribute that does not changes over time
• E.g., date of birth
Assignment
• What do you understand by temporal
databases
Slide 24- 11
Spatial and Multimedia Databases
• Spatial Database Concepts
• Multimedia Database Concepts
Slide 24- 12
Spatial Databases
Spatial Database Concepts
• Keep track of objects in a multi-dimensional
space
– Maps
– Geographical Information Systems (GIS)
– Weather
• In general spatial databases are n-dimensional
– This discussion is limited to 2-dimensional spatial
databases
Slide 24- 13
Spatial Databases
Spatial Database Concepts
• Typical Spatial Queries
– Range query: Finds objects of a particular type within a
particular distance from a given location
• E.g., Taco Bells in Pleasanton, CA
– Nearest Neighbor query: Finds objects of a particular type that
is nearest to a given location
• E.g., Nearest Taco Bell from an address in Pleasanton, CA
– Spatial joins or overlays: Joins objects of two types based on
some spatial condition (intersecting, overlapping, within certain
distance, etc.)
• E.g., All Taco Bells within 2 miles from I-680.
Slide 24- 14
Spatial Databases
Spatial Database Concepts
• R-trees
– Technique for typical spatial queries
– Group objects close in spatial proximity on the
same leaf nodes of a tree structured index
– Internal nodes define areas (rectangles) that cover
all areas of the rectangles in its subtree.
• Quad trees
– Divide subspaces into equally sized areas
Slide 24- 15
Multimedia Databases
Multimedia Database Concepts
• In the years ahead multimedia information
systems are expected to dominate our daily lives.
– Our houses will be wired for bandwidth to handle
interactive multimedia applications.
– Our high-definition TV/computer workstations will
have access to a large number of databases, including
digital libraries, image and video databases that will
distribute vast amounts of multisource multimedia
content.
Slide 24- 16
Multimedia Databases
• Types of multimedia data are available in
current systems
– Text: May be formatted or unformatted. For ease
of parsing structured documents, standards like
SGML and variations such as HTML are being
used.
– Graphics: Examples include drawings and
illustrations that are encoded using some
descriptive standards (e.g. CGM, PICT, postscript).
Slide 24- 17
Multimedia Databases
• Types of multimedia data are available in
current systems (contd.)
– Images: Includes drawings, photographs, and so
forth, encoded in standard formats such as
bitmap, JPEG, and MPEG. Compression is built into
JPEG and MPEG.
• These images are not subdivided into components.
Hence querying them by content (e.g., find all images
containing circles) is nontrivial.
– Animations: Temporal sequences of image or
graphic data.
Slide 24- 18
Multimedia Databases
• Types of multimedia data are available in
current systems (contd.)
– Video: A set of temporally sequenced
photographic data for presentation at specified
rates– for example, 30 frames per second.
– Structured audio: A sequence of audio
components comprising note, tone, duration, and
so forth.
Slide 24- 19
Multimedia Databases
• Types of multimedia data are available in
current systems (contd.)
– Audio: Sample data generated from aural
recordings in a string of bits in digitized form.
Analog recordings are typically converted into
digital form before storage.
Slide 24- 20
Multimedia Databases
• Types of multimedia data are available in
current systems (contd.)
– Composite or mixed multimedia data: A
combination of multimedia data types such as
audio and video which may be physically mixed to
yield a new storage format or logically mixed while
retaining original types and formats. Composite
data also contains additional control information
describing how the information should be
rendered.
Slide 24- 21
Multimedia Databases
• Nature of Multimedia Applications:
– Multimedia data may be stored, delivered, and
utilized in many different ways.
– Applications may be categorized based on their
data management characteristics.
Assignment
• Explain the importance of multimedia
databases

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Adbms 44 temporal and multimedia databases

  • 1. Advance Database Management Systems :44 Temporal and Multi Media databases Prof Neeraj Bhargava Vaibhav Khanna Department of Computer Science School of Engineering and Systems Sciences Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati University Ajmer
  • 2. Slide 24- 2 Temporal Database Concepts Time Representation, Calendars, and Time Dimensions • Time is considered ordered sequence of points in some granularity – Use the term choronon instead of point to describe minimum granularity
  • 3. Slide 24- 3 Temporal Database Concepts Time Representation, … (contd.) • A calendar organizes time into different time units for convenience. – Accommodates various calendars • Gregorian (western) • Chinese • Islamic • Hindu • Jewish • Etc.
  • 4. Slide 24- 4 Temporal Database Concepts Time Representation, … (contd.) • Point events – Single time point event • E.g., bank deposit – Series of point events can form a time series data • Duration events – Associated with specific time period • Time period is represented by start time and end time
  • 5. Slide 24- 5 Temporal Database Concepts Time Representation, … (contd.) • Transaction time – The time when the information from a certain transaction becomes valid • Bitemporal database – Databases dealing with two time dimensions
  • 6. Slide 24- 6 Temporal Database Concepts Incorporating Time in Relational Databases Using Tuple Versioning • Add to every tuple – Valid start time – Valid end time
  • 7. Slide 24- 7 Temporal Database Concepts
  • 8. Slide 24- 8 Temporal Database Concepts
  • 9. Slide 24- 9 Temporal Database Concepts Incorporating Time in Object-Oriented Databases Using Attribute Versioning • A single complex object stores all temporal changes of the object • Time varying attribute – An attribute that changes over time • E.g., age • Non-Time varying attribute – An attribute that does not changes over time • E.g., date of birth
  • 10. Assignment • What do you understand by temporal databases
  • 11. Slide 24- 11 Spatial and Multimedia Databases • Spatial Database Concepts • Multimedia Database Concepts
  • 12. Slide 24- 12 Spatial Databases Spatial Database Concepts • Keep track of objects in a multi-dimensional space – Maps – Geographical Information Systems (GIS) – Weather • In general spatial databases are n-dimensional – This discussion is limited to 2-dimensional spatial databases
  • 13. Slide 24- 13 Spatial Databases Spatial Database Concepts • Typical Spatial Queries – Range query: Finds objects of a particular type within a particular distance from a given location • E.g., Taco Bells in Pleasanton, CA – Nearest Neighbor query: Finds objects of a particular type that is nearest to a given location • E.g., Nearest Taco Bell from an address in Pleasanton, CA – Spatial joins or overlays: Joins objects of two types based on some spatial condition (intersecting, overlapping, within certain distance, etc.) • E.g., All Taco Bells within 2 miles from I-680.
  • 14. Slide 24- 14 Spatial Databases Spatial Database Concepts • R-trees – Technique for typical spatial queries – Group objects close in spatial proximity on the same leaf nodes of a tree structured index – Internal nodes define areas (rectangles) that cover all areas of the rectangles in its subtree. • Quad trees – Divide subspaces into equally sized areas
  • 15. Slide 24- 15 Multimedia Databases Multimedia Database Concepts • In the years ahead multimedia information systems are expected to dominate our daily lives. – Our houses will be wired for bandwidth to handle interactive multimedia applications. – Our high-definition TV/computer workstations will have access to a large number of databases, including digital libraries, image and video databases that will distribute vast amounts of multisource multimedia content.
  • 16. Slide 24- 16 Multimedia Databases • Types of multimedia data are available in current systems – Text: May be formatted or unformatted. For ease of parsing structured documents, standards like SGML and variations such as HTML are being used. – Graphics: Examples include drawings and illustrations that are encoded using some descriptive standards (e.g. CGM, PICT, postscript).
  • 17. Slide 24- 17 Multimedia Databases • Types of multimedia data are available in current systems (contd.) – Images: Includes drawings, photographs, and so forth, encoded in standard formats such as bitmap, JPEG, and MPEG. Compression is built into JPEG and MPEG. • These images are not subdivided into components. Hence querying them by content (e.g., find all images containing circles) is nontrivial. – Animations: Temporal sequences of image or graphic data.
  • 18. Slide 24- 18 Multimedia Databases • Types of multimedia data are available in current systems (contd.) – Video: A set of temporally sequenced photographic data for presentation at specified rates– for example, 30 frames per second. – Structured audio: A sequence of audio components comprising note, tone, duration, and so forth.
  • 19. Slide 24- 19 Multimedia Databases • Types of multimedia data are available in current systems (contd.) – Audio: Sample data generated from aural recordings in a string of bits in digitized form. Analog recordings are typically converted into digital form before storage.
  • 20. Slide 24- 20 Multimedia Databases • Types of multimedia data are available in current systems (contd.) – Composite or mixed multimedia data: A combination of multimedia data types such as audio and video which may be physically mixed to yield a new storage format or logically mixed while retaining original types and formats. Composite data also contains additional control information describing how the information should be rendered.
  • 21. Slide 24- 21 Multimedia Databases • Nature of Multimedia Applications: – Multimedia data may be stored, delivered, and utilized in many different ways. – Applications may be categorized based on their data management characteristics.
  • 22. Assignment • Explain the importance of multimedia databases