This document discusses the key components of computer hardware and software. It describes the main hardware components including the CPU, memory, storage, input/output devices, and how they work together. It also explains the different types of software including systems software like operating systems and application software. Popular operating systems and categories of application software like productivity suites and enterprise resource planning systems are identified. Programming languages are also summarized in generations from machine code to modern languages.

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Hardware and Software
Chapter 2

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Learning Objectives
– Identify and discuss the role of the essential
hardware components of a computer system.
– List and describe popular classes of computer
systems and discuss the role of each.
– Outline the role of the operating system and
discuss how operating systems have evolved
over time.
– Identify and briefly describe the functions of
the two basic kinds of software.

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Computer System Components
Math calculations
Access, decode,
coordinate
instructions
Hold program
instructions and
data

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Hardware Components in Action
• Instruction phase
– Step 1: Fetch instruction
– Step 2: Decode instruction
• Execution phase
– Step 3: Execute the instruction
– Step 4: Store the results

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Execution of an Instruction

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Processing and Memory
Devices

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Processing Characteristics and
Functions
• Machine cycle time: Time to execute the
instruction phase
• Clock speed:
– Rate at which electronic pulses are produces.
– Measured in MHz
• Wordlength
– Bit (Binary digiT): 0 or 1
– Unit for moving data
– Wordlength: The number of bits a CPU can process in
a unit time
– 32-64 bit processors

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Moore’s Law
• Number of
transistors
doubles
every 18
months

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Number of Bytes

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Types of Memory (1)
• Random access memory (RAM)
– Volatile
– Extended Data Out (EDO) RAM
– Dynamic Ram (DRAM)
– Synchronous DRAM:
• Faster transfer speed between memory and
processor

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Types of Memory (2)
Read-only memory (ROM)
– Non-volatile
– Permanent data and instructions from
manufacturer
– Types
• PROM: Programmable
• EPROM: Erasable programmable

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Basic Types of Memory Chips

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Secondary Storage and Output
Devices

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Cost Comparisons for Various Forms of
Data Storage

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Secondary Storage Access Methods
• Sequential access
– Access in the same order it was written
– Ex: Need to access memory location 5. Then, you
need to go through 1, 2, 3, and 4 first.
• Direct access
– Directly access the location
– Faster than sequential access
• Sequential access storage devices (SASD)
• Direct access storage devices (DASD)

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Secondary Storage Devices (1)
• Magnetic tapes: Similar to audio tapes, SASD
• Magnetic discs: Hard disk, DASD
• RAID: Redundant array of independent
inexpensive disks
– Data stored more than once in one of the disks
– Even if one disk fails, data can still be retrieved
• SAN: Storage area network
– Consist of many storage devices
• Optical discs, DASD
– CD-ROM

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Secondary Storage Devices (2)
• Magneto-optical discs
• Digital versatile discs (DVD): Up to 17 GB
storage
• Memory cards
– Installed in a slot
– Portable
• Expandable storage: Removable disk cartridges
– Portable
– Zip drives

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Types of Secondary Storage

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Hard Disc

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Storage Area Network

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Digital Versatile Disc Player

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Expandable Storage

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Comparison of Secondary Storage
Devices

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Input Devices
• Personal computer input devices
– Keyboard
– Mouse
• Voice-recognition devices
– Microphone
– Software to convert voice into bits
• Digital computer cameras
– Record images and video
• Terminals
– Connects to a powerful server for computations
• Scanning devices
– Page
– Handheld
• Touch-sensitive Screens

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A PC Equipped with a Computer Camera

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Output Devices
• Display Monitors
– Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
– Wide
– Lights up pixels
• Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)
– Flat panel
• Printers and Plotters
– Speed measured in pages (page printed per minute)
• Music Devices
– MP3 Players

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Laser Printer

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Types of Computer Systems

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Overview of Software

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Overview of Software
• Computer programs: Sequences of instructions
• Documentation: Describe program functions
• Systems software: Coordinate the activities of
the hardware
• Computer system platform:
– Hardware configuration + systems software
• Application software: Programs that help users
with certain tasks

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Classifying Software by Type and Sphere
of Influence

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Systems Software

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Operating Systems
• Perform common computer hardware functions
– Ex: Get input from keyboard
• Provide a user interface
– Command-based user interface (ms-dos)
– Graphical-user interface (windows)
• Provide a degree of hardware independence
– Application program interface
• Manage system memory
– Convert logical view to physical view

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Operating Systems
• Manage processing tasks
– Allocate computer resources
– Multitasking (run more than once application at a
time)
– Time-sharing (allow multiple access to a system)
• Provide networking capability
– Enable connection to the Internet
• Control access to system resources
– Authentication
• Manage files
– Access to files

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Role of the Operating System

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Application Program Interface

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An Example of the Operating System
Controlling Physical Access to Data

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Popular Operating Systems

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Workgroup Operating Systems
• Windows 2000 Server
• Unix
• Netware
• Red Hat Linux
• Mac OS X Server

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Consumer Appliance Operating Systems
• Windows CE .NET
• Windows XP Embedded
• Handheld PC
• Pocket PC
• Palm OS

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Application Software

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Sources of Software

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Proprietary and Off-the-Shelf Software

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Examples of Personal Productivity Software

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TurboTax

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Quicken

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Word Processing Program

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Spreadsheet Program

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Database Program

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Graphics Program

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Software Suites

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Enterprise Application Software

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Use of Integrated Supply Chain
Management Software

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Selected Enterprise Resource Planning
Vendors

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Summary of Programming Languages
• First: Computer interactions written in machine code
– Machine language
• Second:
– Abbreviations for common operations
– Assembler converts code to machine language
– Assembly language
• Third
– Instructions are English-like
– Compliers convert code to machine language
– Fortran: Good for scientific computing
– Cobol: Good file handling
– Java: Good for Web applications

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Summary of Programming Languages
• Fourth
– Even easy for non-programmers
– Tell what to do, not how to do it
– Focus, Powerhouse
• Visual Programming Languages
– Point-and-click
– Drag-and-drop
– Useful for user interfaces
– Visual Basic, Visual C++
• Object-oriented Languages
– Objects contain data, methods to operate data
– C++, Java

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Summary
• Hardware devices work together to perform input, processing, data
storage, and output.
• There are two main categories of software: systems software and
application software.
• An operating system (OS) is a set of computer programs that
controls the computer hardware to support users’ computing needs.
• Application software may be proprietary or off-the-shelf.
• There are five generations of programming languages, plus object-
oriented programming languages.