This document discusses the key components of computer hardware and software. It describes the main hardware components including the CPU, memory, storage, input/output devices, and how they work together. It also explains the different types of software including systems software like operating systems and application software. Popular operating systems and categories of application software like productivity suites and enterprise resource planning systems are identified. Programming languages are also summarized in generations from machine code to modern languages.
The document discusses computer hardware components and their functions. It covers the central processing unit (CPU) and memory, as well as secondary storage devices, input/output devices, and different types of computer systems. The key points are that RAM is temporary memory and ROM contains permanent instructions, multicore processors allow workload sharing, secondary storage provides higher capacity storage, and green computing aims to reduce environmental impact.
Introduction to computer systems. Architecture of computer systems.TazhikDukenov
Review of computer systems. Evolution of computer systems. Architecture and components of computer systems. Use of computer systems. Data representation in computer systems.
The document discusses computer hardware components including central processing units, memory, storage, input/output devices, and various computer system types. It provides learning objectives on selecting hardware to meet organizational needs, describes the functions of main memory and secondary storage, and discusses trends toward multiprocessing, higher storage capacities, and green computing initiatives.
The document discusses computer hardware components including central processing units, memory, storage, input/output devices, and various computer system types. It provides learning objectives on selecting hardware to meet organizational needs, describes the functions of main memory and secondary storage, and discusses trends toward green computing and high-performance multicore processors.
The document discusses computer hardware components, types of computer systems, and software. It describes the roles of the central processing unit, memory, and secondary storage devices. It explains how operating systems manage hardware resources and provide interfaces for application software. The document outlines the evolution of programming languages from machine code to visual languages and object-oriented languages. It also categorizes systems software, application software, and different types of each.
This chapter discusses the components inside the system unit of a computer, including the CPU, memory, buses, expansion cards, and ports. It explains how data and programs are represented digitally so they can be processed. The CPU fetches and decodes instructions, which are then executed via the arithmetic logic unit and control unit. Methods for improving computer speed today include adding memory, upgrading hardware, and reducing clutter. Future technologies that may enhance computers involve nanotechnology, quantum computing, and more powerful multicore processors.
The document discusses the components inside a computer system unit. It describes how data and programs are represented digitally and in binary. The central processing unit (CPU) and memory are located on the motherboard along with buses that connect components. The CPU contains arithmetic, logic, and control units and processes instructions in memory. Expansion slots add functionality. Strategies like multi-core CPUs and faster buses improve performance.
The chapter discusses how computers represent and process data. It explains that computers use binary numbering to represent all data as strings of 0s and 1s. It describes the main hardware components inside a computer system unit, including the central processing unit (CPU), memory, motherboard, buses, drive bays, and power supply. The CPU, consisting of one or more processor cores, performs processing and accesses memory and cache to execute instructions. Factors like clock speed, cache size, and bus bandwidth impact processing speed.
The document discusses computer hardware components and their functions. It covers the central processing unit (CPU) and memory, as well as secondary storage devices, input/output devices, and different types of computer systems. The key points are that RAM is temporary memory and ROM contains permanent instructions, multicore processors allow workload sharing, secondary storage provides higher capacity storage, and green computing aims to reduce environmental impact.
Introduction to computer systems. Architecture of computer systems.TazhikDukenov
Review of computer systems. Evolution of computer systems. Architecture and components of computer systems. Use of computer systems. Data representation in computer systems.
The document discusses computer hardware components including central processing units, memory, storage, input/output devices, and various computer system types. It provides learning objectives on selecting hardware to meet organizational needs, describes the functions of main memory and secondary storage, and discusses trends toward multiprocessing, higher storage capacities, and green computing initiatives.
The document discusses computer hardware components including central processing units, memory, storage, input/output devices, and various computer system types. It provides learning objectives on selecting hardware to meet organizational needs, describes the functions of main memory and secondary storage, and discusses trends toward green computing and high-performance multicore processors.
The document discusses computer hardware components, types of computer systems, and software. It describes the roles of the central processing unit, memory, and secondary storage devices. It explains how operating systems manage hardware resources and provide interfaces for application software. The document outlines the evolution of programming languages from machine code to visual languages and object-oriented languages. It also categorizes systems software, application software, and different types of each.
This chapter discusses the components inside the system unit of a computer, including the CPU, memory, buses, expansion cards, and ports. It explains how data and programs are represented digitally so they can be processed. The CPU fetches and decodes instructions, which are then executed via the arithmetic logic unit and control unit. Methods for improving computer speed today include adding memory, upgrading hardware, and reducing clutter. Future technologies that may enhance computers involve nanotechnology, quantum computing, and more powerful multicore processors.
The document discusses the components inside a computer system unit. It describes how data and programs are represented digitally and in binary. The central processing unit (CPU) and memory are located on the motherboard along with buses that connect components. The CPU contains arithmetic, logic, and control units and processes instructions in memory. Expansion slots add functionality. Strategies like multi-core CPUs and faster buses improve performance.
The chapter discusses how computers represent and process data. It explains that computers use binary numbering to represent all data as strings of 0s and 1s. It describes the main hardware components inside a computer system unit, including the central processing unit (CPU), memory, motherboard, buses, drive bays, and power supply. The CPU, consisting of one or more processor cores, performs processing and accesses memory and cache to execute instructions. Factors like clock speed, cache size, and bus bandwidth impact processing speed.
This document provides an overview of different types of software, including:
1. Systems software such as operating systems, utility programs, and middleware that allow hardware and applications to work together.
2. Application software including personal productivity software for tasks like taxes and budgets, as well as enterprise-level software for organizations.
3. Popular current operating systems for personal computers, workgroups, and specialized devices from Microsoft, Apple, and Linux.
This document provides an overview of computer organization and architecture. It discusses the definition of a computer, generations of computers from mechanical to those using integrated circuits and microprocessors. It describes different classes of computing applications like desktops, servers, supercomputers and embedded systems. It explains the relationship between hardware, system software, and application software. It also summarizes the basic components of a computer like CPU, memory, I/O devices and their functions. Finally, it outlines the steps involved in instruction fetch and execution in a computer.
3 computer hardware and fundamentals edited for 1st semVedpal Yadav
This document provides an introduction to computer hardware components and storage devices. It discusses the basic components of a computer including the CPU, memory, and input/output devices. It describes different types of computer memory including RAM, ROM, and cache memory. It also covers various storage devices such as magnetic disks, optical disks, solid state drives, and compares their characteristics such as speed, cost, capacity, and type of access. The document provides a high-level overview of key computer hardware concepts.
This chapter discusses system software, operating systems, and utility programs. It defines system software as programs that control the computer system, including the operating system and utility programs. The operating system manages resources and coordinates activities within the computer. It discusses functions of operating systems like interfacing with users, booting the computer, managing resources and jobs, file management, and security. It also covers processing techniques to improve efficiency like multitasking, multiprocessing, and virtual memory. The chapter lists popular operating systems for personal computers like Windows and Mac OS X, and server operating systems like Windows Server. It outlines differences among operating systems and possible future developments.
The document discusses key concepts regarding systems and application software. It defines systems software as programs that coordinate hardware and other programs, with operating systems being the most important type. Application software helps users solve problems. There are three main approaches to developing application software: building proprietary software, buying off-the-shelf software, or combining the two. The document also outlines important trends in software such as bugs, licensing, open-source options, and global support challenges.
This document provides an overview of computers, including their components and how they work. It defines a computer as a device that accepts digital data as input and manipulates it according to programmed instructions. Computers are categorized based on their size and intended users, ranging from desktops for individuals to mainframes for large organizations. The document describes the basic anatomy of a computer including hardware components like the CPU, memory, storage devices, and input/output devices. It also discusses software and different types like operating systems and application programs.
This document provides an overview of hardware and software components. It discusses:
1) The main hardware components of a computer including the CPU, memory, and secondary storage devices. The CPU contains the ALU, control unit, and registers. Memory provides temporary storage and comes in RAM and ROM types.
2) Software includes systems software like operating systems and utility programs, as well as application software. Operating systems manage hardware resources, provide user interfaces, and perform tasks like memory management. Application software interacts with the operating system to help users perform tasks.
3) Emerging trends in technology including multiprocessing, cloud computing, mobile apps, and software as a service. These trends allow for increased processing power, flexible
Neethu Narayanan- Fundamentals of computer19940213
The document provides an overview of computers, including their definition, history, components, and uses. It defines a computer as an electronic device that processes data, and notes they can perform calculations millions of times faster than humans. The document also describes the basic components of a computer system, including hardware (physical devices) and software (programs). It explains the functions of central processing units, memory, input/output devices, and storage. Finally, it discusses the capabilities of computers in data storage, processing, and input/output.
The document provides an overview of operating systems, including processes, threads, interprocess communication, deadlocks, and scheduling. It discusses the evolution of operating systems from first to fourth generation. Key concepts covered include processes, files, system calls, command interpreters, and signals. Operating system structures like monolithic, layered, and client-server models are summarized. Common interprocess communication problems like the bounded buffer, readers-writers, and dining philosophers problems are also briefly outlined. Finally, it discusses process scheduling algorithms, deadlock conditions and strategies to handle deadlocks.
04 software system and application software - copy - copyAfrodisius Mathayo
The document discusses principles of information systems including software functions. It defines systems software, application software, and operating systems. It describes popular operating systems like Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux and how they support personal, workgroup and enterprise goals. It also discusses programming languages, application software types, and software issues like bugs, licensing and support.
The document discusses key concepts about software, including the differences between systems software and application software, popular operating systems, programming languages, and software issues. It covers how operating systems control hardware and interface with applications, defines software types like proprietary and open-source, and examines trends such as global software support.
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 13th Edition Chapter 5 - System ...yaminohime
Objectives
- Understand the difference between system software and application software.
- Explain the different functions of an operating system and discuss some ways that operating systems can enhance processing efficiency.
- List several ways in which operating systems differ from one another.
- Name today’s most widely used operating systems for personal computers and servers.
-State several devices other than personal computers and servers that require an operating system and list one possible operating system for each type of device.
- Discuss the role of utility programs and outline several tasks these programs perform.
- Describe what the operating systems of the future might be like.
The document discusses system software, including operating systems and utility programs. It begins by explaining the differences between system software and application software. It then describes the functions of operating systems such as interfacing with users, booting the computer, configuring devices, managing resources and jobs, file management, security, and increasing efficiency through techniques like multitasking. Popular desktop operating systems like Windows, Mac OS, Linux, and mobile operating systems are also outlined. The document concludes by describing the roles of various utility programs that perform tasks like file management, searching, and disk management.
The document discusses system software, including operating systems and utility programs. It describes the functions of operating systems such as interfacing with users, booting computers, managing devices and resources, and providing security. Popular operating systems mentioned include Windows, Mac OS, Linux, Android, and iOS. Utility programs are also discussed, including file management programs, backup and restore utilities, disk management, and search tools.
This document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in the Comp 501 computer applications course, including Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and using the internet. The course will begin with a review of computers and operating systems. It will then cover more advanced use of Microsoft Word and Excel applications. The document also includes sections on data communications, computer networks, network topologies and media access.
This document discusses the history and components of computers over several generations. It describes how computers have progressed from using vacuum tubes to integrated circuits, microprocessors, and advances like parallel computing. The key points are:
- Computers have advanced through five generations from vacuum tubes to artificial intelligence. Each generation brought improvements in speed, size, cost, and capabilities.
- A computer system has hardware and software layers, with hardware consisting of the CPU, memory, and I/O systems. Software includes operating systems and programs.
- There is a hierarchy of abstraction levels within a computer from the user level to the digital logic level, with each level building on the one below. This separation of levels simplifies design and
This document discusses software systems and applications. It defines systems software as programs that coordinate hardware and support application programs. Application software helps users solve problems. There are three approaches to developing applications: build proprietary software, buy off-the-shelf programs, or customize existing programs. The document outlines operating systems, programming languages, and trends like software bugs and licensing issues.
This document discusses the key components of a computer system unit. It describes the different types of system units including desktops, notebooks, tablets, and handhelds. It then explains how data and instructions are stored electronically using binary coding. The main components that make up a system unit are described in detail, including the system board, microprocessor, memory types, expansion slots, ports, cables, and power supply.
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 13th Edition Chapter 2 - The Sys...yaminohime
Objectives
- Understand how data and programs are represented to a computer and be able to identify a few of the coding systems used to accomplish this.
- Explain the functions of the hardware components commonly found inside the system unit, such as the CPU, memory, buses, and expansion cards.
- Describe how new peripheral devices or other hardware can be added to a computer.
- Understand how the computer system’s CPU and memory components process program instructions and data.
- Name and evaluate several strategies that can be used today for speeding up the operations of a computer.
- List some technologies that may be used in the future computers.
EV Charging at MFH Properties by Whitaker JamiesonForth
Whitaker Jamieson, Senior Specialist at Forth, gave this presentation at the Forth Addressing The Challenges of Charging at Multi-Family Housing webinar on June 11, 2024.
This document provides an overview of different types of software, including:
1. Systems software such as operating systems, utility programs, and middleware that allow hardware and applications to work together.
2. Application software including personal productivity software for tasks like taxes and budgets, as well as enterprise-level software for organizations.
3. Popular current operating systems for personal computers, workgroups, and specialized devices from Microsoft, Apple, and Linux.
This document provides an overview of computer organization and architecture. It discusses the definition of a computer, generations of computers from mechanical to those using integrated circuits and microprocessors. It describes different classes of computing applications like desktops, servers, supercomputers and embedded systems. It explains the relationship between hardware, system software, and application software. It also summarizes the basic components of a computer like CPU, memory, I/O devices and their functions. Finally, it outlines the steps involved in instruction fetch and execution in a computer.
3 computer hardware and fundamentals edited for 1st semVedpal Yadav
This document provides an introduction to computer hardware components and storage devices. It discusses the basic components of a computer including the CPU, memory, and input/output devices. It describes different types of computer memory including RAM, ROM, and cache memory. It also covers various storage devices such as magnetic disks, optical disks, solid state drives, and compares their characteristics such as speed, cost, capacity, and type of access. The document provides a high-level overview of key computer hardware concepts.
This chapter discusses system software, operating systems, and utility programs. It defines system software as programs that control the computer system, including the operating system and utility programs. The operating system manages resources and coordinates activities within the computer. It discusses functions of operating systems like interfacing with users, booting the computer, managing resources and jobs, file management, and security. It also covers processing techniques to improve efficiency like multitasking, multiprocessing, and virtual memory. The chapter lists popular operating systems for personal computers like Windows and Mac OS X, and server operating systems like Windows Server. It outlines differences among operating systems and possible future developments.
The document discusses key concepts regarding systems and application software. It defines systems software as programs that coordinate hardware and other programs, with operating systems being the most important type. Application software helps users solve problems. There are three main approaches to developing application software: building proprietary software, buying off-the-shelf software, or combining the two. The document also outlines important trends in software such as bugs, licensing, open-source options, and global support challenges.
This document provides an overview of computers, including their components and how they work. It defines a computer as a device that accepts digital data as input and manipulates it according to programmed instructions. Computers are categorized based on their size and intended users, ranging from desktops for individuals to mainframes for large organizations. The document describes the basic anatomy of a computer including hardware components like the CPU, memory, storage devices, and input/output devices. It also discusses software and different types like operating systems and application programs.
This document provides an overview of hardware and software components. It discusses:
1) The main hardware components of a computer including the CPU, memory, and secondary storage devices. The CPU contains the ALU, control unit, and registers. Memory provides temporary storage and comes in RAM and ROM types.
2) Software includes systems software like operating systems and utility programs, as well as application software. Operating systems manage hardware resources, provide user interfaces, and perform tasks like memory management. Application software interacts with the operating system to help users perform tasks.
3) Emerging trends in technology including multiprocessing, cloud computing, mobile apps, and software as a service. These trends allow for increased processing power, flexible
Neethu Narayanan- Fundamentals of computer19940213
The document provides an overview of computers, including their definition, history, components, and uses. It defines a computer as an electronic device that processes data, and notes they can perform calculations millions of times faster than humans. The document also describes the basic components of a computer system, including hardware (physical devices) and software (programs). It explains the functions of central processing units, memory, input/output devices, and storage. Finally, it discusses the capabilities of computers in data storage, processing, and input/output.
The document provides an overview of operating systems, including processes, threads, interprocess communication, deadlocks, and scheduling. It discusses the evolution of operating systems from first to fourth generation. Key concepts covered include processes, files, system calls, command interpreters, and signals. Operating system structures like monolithic, layered, and client-server models are summarized. Common interprocess communication problems like the bounded buffer, readers-writers, and dining philosophers problems are also briefly outlined. Finally, it discusses process scheduling algorithms, deadlock conditions and strategies to handle deadlocks.
04 software system and application software - copy - copyAfrodisius Mathayo
The document discusses principles of information systems including software functions. It defines systems software, application software, and operating systems. It describes popular operating systems like Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux and how they support personal, workgroup and enterprise goals. It also discusses programming languages, application software types, and software issues like bugs, licensing and support.
The document discusses key concepts about software, including the differences between systems software and application software, popular operating systems, programming languages, and software issues. It covers how operating systems control hardware and interface with applications, defines software types like proprietary and open-source, and examines trends such as global software support.
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 13th Edition Chapter 5 - System ...yaminohime
Objectives
- Understand the difference between system software and application software.
- Explain the different functions of an operating system and discuss some ways that operating systems can enhance processing efficiency.
- List several ways in which operating systems differ from one another.
- Name today’s most widely used operating systems for personal computers and servers.
-State several devices other than personal computers and servers that require an operating system and list one possible operating system for each type of device.
- Discuss the role of utility programs and outline several tasks these programs perform.
- Describe what the operating systems of the future might be like.
The document discusses system software, including operating systems and utility programs. It begins by explaining the differences between system software and application software. It then describes the functions of operating systems such as interfacing with users, booting the computer, configuring devices, managing resources and jobs, file management, security, and increasing efficiency through techniques like multitasking. Popular desktop operating systems like Windows, Mac OS, Linux, and mobile operating systems are also outlined. The document concludes by describing the roles of various utility programs that perform tasks like file management, searching, and disk management.
The document discusses system software, including operating systems and utility programs. It describes the functions of operating systems such as interfacing with users, booting computers, managing devices and resources, and providing security. Popular operating systems mentioned include Windows, Mac OS, Linux, Android, and iOS. Utility programs are also discussed, including file management programs, backup and restore utilities, disk management, and search tools.
This document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in the Comp 501 computer applications course, including Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and using the internet. The course will begin with a review of computers and operating systems. It will then cover more advanced use of Microsoft Word and Excel applications. The document also includes sections on data communications, computer networks, network topologies and media access.
This document discusses the history and components of computers over several generations. It describes how computers have progressed from using vacuum tubes to integrated circuits, microprocessors, and advances like parallel computing. The key points are:
- Computers have advanced through five generations from vacuum tubes to artificial intelligence. Each generation brought improvements in speed, size, cost, and capabilities.
- A computer system has hardware and software layers, with hardware consisting of the CPU, memory, and I/O systems. Software includes operating systems and programs.
- There is a hierarchy of abstraction levels within a computer from the user level to the digital logic level, with each level building on the one below. This separation of levels simplifies design and
This document discusses software systems and applications. It defines systems software as programs that coordinate hardware and support application programs. Application software helps users solve problems. There are three approaches to developing applications: build proprietary software, buy off-the-shelf programs, or customize existing programs. The document outlines operating systems, programming languages, and trends like software bugs and licensing issues.
This document discusses the key components of a computer system unit. It describes the different types of system units including desktops, notebooks, tablets, and handhelds. It then explains how data and instructions are stored electronically using binary coding. The main components that make up a system unit are described in detail, including the system board, microprocessor, memory types, expansion slots, ports, cables, and power supply.
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 13th Edition Chapter 2 - The Sys...yaminohime
Objectives
- Understand how data and programs are represented to a computer and be able to identify a few of the coding systems used to accomplish this.
- Explain the functions of the hardware components commonly found inside the system unit, such as the CPU, memory, buses, and expansion cards.
- Describe how new peripheral devices or other hardware can be added to a computer.
- Understand how the computer system’s CPU and memory components process program instructions and data.
- Name and evaluate several strategies that can be used today for speeding up the operations of a computer.
- List some technologies that may be used in the future computers.
EV Charging at MFH Properties by Whitaker JamiesonForth
Whitaker Jamieson, Senior Specialist at Forth, gave this presentation at the Forth Addressing The Challenges of Charging at Multi-Family Housing webinar on June 11, 2024.
Charging Fueling & Infrastructure (CFI) Program Resources by Cat PleinForth
Cat Plein, Development & Communications Director of Forth, gave this presentation at the Forth and Electrification Coalition CFI Grant Program - Overview and Technical Assistance webinar on June 12, 2024.
Dahua provides a comprehensive guide on how to install their security camera systems. Learn about the different types of cameras and system components, as well as the installation process.
Expanding Access to Affordable At-Home EV Charging by Vanessa WarheitForth
Vanessa Warheit, Co-Founder of EV Charging for All, gave this presentation at the Forth Addressing The Challenges of Charging at Multi-Family Housing webinar on June 11, 2024.
Implementing ELDs or Electronic Logging Devices is slowly but surely becoming the norm in fleet management. Why? Well, integrating ELDs and associated connected vehicle solutions like fleet tracking devices lets businesses and their in-house fleet managers reap several benefits. Check out the post below to learn more.
Charging Fueling & Infrastructure (CFI) Program by Kevin MillerForth
Kevin Miller, Senior Advisor, Business Models of the Joint Office of Energy and Transportation gave this presentation at the Forth and Electrification Coalition CFI Grant Program - Overview and Technical Assistance webinar on June 12, 2024.
Understanding Catalytic Converter Theft:
What is a Catalytic Converter?: Learn about the function of catalytic converters in vehicles and why they are targeted by thieves.
Why are They Stolen?: Discover the valuable metals inside catalytic converters (such as platinum, palladium, and rhodium) that make them attractive to criminals.
Steps to Prevent Catalytic Converter Theft:
Parking Strategies: Tips on where and how to park your vehicle to reduce the risk of theft, such as parking in well-lit areas or secure garages.
Protective Devices: Overview of various anti-theft devices available, including catalytic converter locks, shields, and alarms.
Etching and Marking: The benefits of etching your vehicle’s VIN on the catalytic converter or using a catalytic converter marking kit to make it traceable and less appealing to thieves.
Surveillance and Monitoring: Recommendations for using security cameras and motion-sensor lights to deter thieves.
Statistics and Insights:
Theft Rates by Borough: Analysis of data to determine which borough in NYC experiences the highest rate of catalytic converter thefts.
Recent Trends: Current trends and patterns in catalytic converter thefts to help you stay aware of emerging hotspots and tactics used by thieves.
Benefits of This Presentation:
Awareness: Increase your awareness about catalytic converter theft and its impact on vehicle owners.
Practical Tips: Gain actionable insights and tips to effectively prevent catalytic converter theft.
Local Insights: Understand the specific risks in different NYC boroughs, helping you take targeted preventive measures.
This presentation aims to equip you with the knowledge and tools needed to protect your vehicle from catalytic converter theft, ensuring you are prepared and proactive in safeguarding your property.
Charging and Fueling Infrastructure Grant: Round 2 by Brandt HertensteinForth
Brandt Hertenstein, Program Manager of the Electrification Coalition gave this presentation at the Forth and Electrification Coalition CFI Grant Program - Overview and Technical Assistance webinar on June 12, 2024.
2. Fundamentals of Information
Systems, Second Edition
2
Learning Objectives
– Identify and discuss the role of the essential
hardware components of a computer system.
– List and describe popular classes of computer
systems and discuss the role of each.
– Outline the role of the operating system and
discuss how operating systems have evolved
over time.
– Identify and briefly describe the functions of
the two basic kinds of software.
3. Fundamentals of Information
Systems, Second Edition
3
Computer System Components
Math calculations
Access, decode,
coordinate
instructions
Hold program
instructions and
data
4. Fundamentals of Information
Systems, Second Edition
4
Hardware Components in Action
• Instruction phase
– Step 1: Fetch instruction
– Step 2: Decode instruction
• Execution phase
– Step 3: Execute the instruction
– Step 4: Store the results
7. Fundamentals of Information
Systems, Second Edition
7
Processing Characteristics and
Functions
• Machine cycle time: Time to execute the
instruction phase
• Clock speed:
– Rate at which electronic pulses are produces.
– Measured in MHz
• Wordlength
– Bit (Binary digiT): 0 or 1
– Unit for moving data
– Wordlength: The number of bits a CPU can process in
a unit time
– 32-64 bit processors
10. Fundamentals of Information
Systems, Second Edition
10
Types of Memory (1)
• Random access memory (RAM)
– Volatile
– Extended Data Out (EDO) RAM
– Dynamic Ram (DRAM)
– Synchronous DRAM:
• Faster transfer speed between memory and
processor
11. Fundamentals of Information
Systems, Second Edition
11
Types of Memory (2)
Read-only memory (ROM)
– Non-volatile
– Permanent data and instructions from
manufacturer
– Types
• PROM: Programmable
• EPROM: Erasable programmable
15. Fundamentals of Information
Systems, Second Edition
15
Secondary Storage Access Methods
• Sequential access
– Access in the same order it was written
– Ex: Need to access memory location 5. Then, you
need to go through 1, 2, 3, and 4 first.
• Direct access
– Directly access the location
– Faster than sequential access
• Sequential access storage devices (SASD)
• Direct access storage devices (DASD)
16. Fundamentals of Information
Systems, Second Edition
16
Secondary Storage Devices (1)
• Magnetic tapes: Similar to audio tapes, SASD
• Magnetic discs: Hard disk, DASD
• RAID: Redundant array of independent
inexpensive disks
– Data stored more than once in one of the disks
– Even if one disk fails, data can still be retrieved
• SAN: Storage area network
– Consist of many storage devices
• Optical discs, DASD
– CD-ROM
17. Fundamentals of Information
Systems, Second Edition
17
Secondary Storage Devices (2)
• Magneto-optical discs
• Digital versatile discs (DVD): Up to 17 GB
storage
• Memory cards
– Installed in a slot
– Portable
• Expandable storage: Removable disk cartridges
– Portable
– Zip drives
24. Fundamentals of Information
Systems, Second Edition
24
Input Devices
• Personal computer input devices
– Keyboard
– Mouse
• Voice-recognition devices
– Microphone
– Software to convert voice into bits
• Digital computer cameras
– Record images and video
• Terminals
– Connects to a powerful server for computations
• Scanning devices
– Page
– Handheld
• Touch-sensitive Screens
30. Fundamentals of Information
Systems, Second Edition
30
Overview of Software
• Computer programs: Sequences of instructions
• Documentation: Describe program functions
• Systems software: Coordinate the activities of
the hardware
• Computer system platform:
– Hardware configuration + systems software
• Application software: Programs that help users
with certain tasks
33. Fundamentals of Information
Systems, Second Edition
33
Operating Systems
• Perform common computer hardware functions
– Ex: Get input from keyboard
• Provide a user interface
– Command-based user interface (ms-dos)
– Graphical-user interface (windows)
• Provide a degree of hardware independence
– Application program interface
• Manage system memory
– Convert logical view to physical view
34. Fundamentals of Information
Systems, Second Edition
34
Operating Systems
• Manage processing tasks
– Allocate computer resources
– Multitasking (run more than once application at a
time)
– Time-sharing (allow multiple access to a system)
• Provide networking capability
– Enable connection to the Internet
• Control access to system resources
– Authentication
• Manage files
– Access to files
39. Fundamentals of Information
Systems, Second Edition
39
Workgroup Operating Systems
• Windows 2000 Server
• Unix
• Netware
• Red Hat Linux
• Mac OS X Server
40. Fundamentals of Information
Systems, Second Edition
40
Consumer Appliance Operating Systems
• Windows CE .NET
• Windows XP Embedded
• Handheld PC
• Pocket PC
• Palm OS
55. Fundamentals of Information
Systems, Second Edition
55
Summary of Programming Languages
• First: Computer interactions written in machine code
– Machine language
• Second:
– Abbreviations for common operations
– Assembler converts code to machine language
– Assembly language
• Third
– Instructions are English-like
– Compliers convert code to machine language
– Fortran: Good for scientific computing
– Cobol: Good file handling
– Java: Good for Web applications
56. Fundamentals of Information
Systems, Second Edition
56
Summary of Programming Languages
• Fourth
– Even easy for non-programmers
– Tell what to do, not how to do it
– Focus, Powerhouse
• Visual Programming Languages
– Point-and-click
– Drag-and-drop
– Useful for user interfaces
– Visual Basic, Visual C++
• Object-oriented Languages
– Objects contain data, methods to operate data
– C++, Java
57. Fundamentals of Information
Systems, Second Edition
57
Summary
• Hardware devices work together to perform input, processing, data
storage, and output.
• There are two main categories of software: systems software and
application software.
• An operating system (OS) is a set of computer programs that
controls the computer hardware to support users’ computing needs.
• Application software may be proprietary or off-the-shelf.
• There are five generations of programming languages, plus object-
oriented programming languages.