Adani Power Maharashtra Limited (APML) Tirora is a power plant located in Maharashtra with a maximum generation capacity of 3,300 MW across 5 units. The report discusses APML's CSR initiatives, how coal is converted into electricity using the Rankine cycle and supercritical technology, and key departments involved in plant operations and maintenance. APML aims to maximize power generation while minimizing coal usage through efficient operations and planning.
Industrial Training report at Adani Power Limited MundraSaikat Bhandari
Adani Power Mundra is located in the Kucthh District in Taluka Mundra of Gujarat,
It’s 2nd largest power plant in India and 5th largest Thermal power plant in World
I am going share some aspect and awareness about tis power plant
This document provides an overview of different types of power plants including thermal, hydroelectric, nuclear, gas, diesel, and non-conventional power plants. It describes the basic components and working principles of each type of power plant. For hydroelectric plants specifically, it explains the key features and applications of Pelton wheels, reaction turbines, Kaplan turbines, and Francis turbines. The document also provides details on ocean thermal energy conversion, wind power, tidal power, geothermal energy, and magnetohydrodynamic power generation.
The document is an internship report submitted by Aditya Aryan about his four-week internship at the National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) power plant in Chennai, India. It provides an overview of NTPC, describes the key components and operations of a thermal power plant including the boiler, turbine, generator and cooling towers. It also includes figures and diagrams to illustrate the power plant layout and components. The report aims to document Aditya's experience and learnings during his internship at the NTPC power plant.
CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION OF POWER PLANTSubarna Poddar
The document provides details about an industrial training report submitted by Subarna Poddar at NTPC Dadri power plant. It includes an overview of NTPC Dadri which operates both coal and gas based power plants with a total installed capacity of 2,159 MW. The report covers various aspects of the power generation process including the coal handling plant, main plant, steam cycles, boiler and turbine operations, instrumentation and control mechanisms. It provides figures and diagrams to explain the different units and processes at the thermal power station.
This document provides an overview of the coal handling plant (CHP) at the NTPC Ramagundam power station in India. The NTPC is one of the largest power generation companies in India. The Ramagundam station has an installed capacity of 2,600 MW produced across three stages. Coal is a key fuel source and is transported via conveyors from storage to the plant. The CHP uses various safety systems for the conveyors like pull cord switches, belt sway switches, and chute block switches. It also employs technologies like stacker reclaimers and long travel drives to facilitate coal transportation. The summary provides a high-level view of the key details about NTPC, the Ramagundam plant
This training report provides an overview of the 2x600 MW Kalisindh Thermal Power Project located in Jhalawar, Rajasthan. The report discusses the plant layout and various systems involved in power generation including the coal handling system, raw water and cooling systems, steam generation train, transformers, ash handling plant, switchyard and control room. It also includes the objectives, methodology adopted and conclusions from the training. Single line diagrams and technical specifications of major equipment are provided.
Industrial Training report at Adani Power Limited MundraSaikat Bhandari
Adani Power Mundra is located in the Kucthh District in Taluka Mundra of Gujarat,
It’s 2nd largest power plant in India and 5th largest Thermal power plant in World
I am going share some aspect and awareness about tis power plant
This document provides an overview of different types of power plants including thermal, hydroelectric, nuclear, gas, diesel, and non-conventional power plants. It describes the basic components and working principles of each type of power plant. For hydroelectric plants specifically, it explains the key features and applications of Pelton wheels, reaction turbines, Kaplan turbines, and Francis turbines. The document also provides details on ocean thermal energy conversion, wind power, tidal power, geothermal energy, and magnetohydrodynamic power generation.
The document is an internship report submitted by Aditya Aryan about his four-week internship at the National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) power plant in Chennai, India. It provides an overview of NTPC, describes the key components and operations of a thermal power plant including the boiler, turbine, generator and cooling towers. It also includes figures and diagrams to illustrate the power plant layout and components. The report aims to document Aditya's experience and learnings during his internship at the NTPC power plant.
CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION OF POWER PLANTSubarna Poddar
The document provides details about an industrial training report submitted by Subarna Poddar at NTPC Dadri power plant. It includes an overview of NTPC Dadri which operates both coal and gas based power plants with a total installed capacity of 2,159 MW. The report covers various aspects of the power generation process including the coal handling plant, main plant, steam cycles, boiler and turbine operations, instrumentation and control mechanisms. It provides figures and diagrams to explain the different units and processes at the thermal power station.
This document provides an overview of the coal handling plant (CHP) at the NTPC Ramagundam power station in India. The NTPC is one of the largest power generation companies in India. The Ramagundam station has an installed capacity of 2,600 MW produced across three stages. Coal is a key fuel source and is transported via conveyors from storage to the plant. The CHP uses various safety systems for the conveyors like pull cord switches, belt sway switches, and chute block switches. It also employs technologies like stacker reclaimers and long travel drives to facilitate coal transportation. The summary provides a high-level view of the key details about NTPC, the Ramagundam plant
This training report provides an overview of the 2x600 MW Kalisindh Thermal Power Project located in Jhalawar, Rajasthan. The report discusses the plant layout and various systems involved in power generation including the coal handling system, raw water and cooling systems, steam generation train, transformers, ash handling plant, switchyard and control room. It also includes the objectives, methodology adopted and conclusions from the training. Single line diagrams and technical specifications of major equipment are provided.
Steam turbines and its associated systems(ntpc ramagundam)abdul mohammad
Steam turbine is an excellent prime mover to convert heat energy of steam to mechanical energy. Of all heat engines and prime movers the steam turbine is nearest to the ideal and it is widely used in power plants and in all industries where power is needed for process.
In power generation mostly steam turbine is used because of its greater thermal efficiency and higher power-to-weight ratio. Because the turbine generates rotary motion, it is particularly suited to be used to drive an electrical generator – about 80% of all electricity generation in the world is by use of steam turbines.
Rotor is the heart of the steam turbine and it affects the efficiency of the steam turbine. In this project we have mainly discussed about the working process of a steam turbine. The thermal efficiency of a steam turbine is much higher than that of a steam engine.
Ntpc kahalgaon project by bhanu kishanBHANUKISHAN1
This document provides an overview of a summer training presentation on the National Thermal Power Plant in Kahalgaon, Bihar, India. It discusses the various departments and systems within the power plant, including coal handling, the boiler and its maintenance, the turbine system, and ash handling. The power plant has a total installed capacity of 2340 MW and uses coal from local mines to generate electricity through steam turbines.
This document summarizes a seminar on summer training at NTPC Ltd Shaktinagar power plant. It provides an overview of NTPC, describing that it is India's largest power company with over 29,000 MW of installed capacity across various coal and gas-fired power plants. It then describes the Shaktinagar power plant in more detail, including its 2000 MW installed capacity, coal source, beneficiary states, and unit sizes. It also includes simplified diagrams of the main components of a thermal power plant.
This document is a summer training report submitted by Lekha Raj Meena, a final year electrical engineering student, after completing a 60 day training program at the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) facility in Rawatbhata, Rajasthan. It provides an overview of NPCIL and the Rajasthan Atomic Power Station, where the student received hands-on experience observing the various systems and equipment used in nuclear power generation, helping to understand concepts studied in textbooks. The report includes sections on nuclear power production processes, India's nuclear power program, the main components of a nuclear power plant, different reactor types, site selection criteria, waste management, safety, and an environmental survey lab.
This document provides a summary of a seminar on summer vocational training at NTPC thermal power plants. It discusses the key components of a thermal power plant including coal handling, pulverizing, boilers, turbines, generators, condensers, and ash handling. It also describes various equipment like ball mills used in pulverizing coal and control and instrumentation labs that monitor critical parameters. Finally, it lists some major thermal power plants in Rajasthan and references used in preparing the seminar.
VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT @ NTPC VINDHYACHALMilind Punj
The document is a vocational training report submitted by Milind Punj to fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering. It provides an overview of Milind's training at the NTPC Vindhyachal thermal power station located in Singrauli District, Madhya Pradesh, India. The report includes an acknowledgements section, introduction to NTPC Ltd and the NTPC Vindhyachal power plant, descriptions of the power generation process and basic plant components, and a conclusion. Milind conducted his training from May 15th to June 14th 2014 under the guidance of Mr. A. Markhedkar, focusing on various electrical and operational aspects of the thermal power station.
the prototype of floating solar power plant is goal of this minor project, in this project we only study of floating solar power plant and do some calculation for future projects of floating solar power plant.its all fact is based on search on inetrnet.
The document provides information about the Obra Thermal Power Plant located in Uttar Pradesh, India. It is owned and operated by Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam. The power plant has 13 functioning coal-fired units with a total generation capacity of 1350 MW. The document discusses the generating units at the plant, including their installation dates and original equipment manufacturers. It also provides a brief overview of the typical components of a coal-fired thermal power station, including the boiler, steam cycle, turbine generator, and quality assurance process.
This document is a project report submitted by Sushant Kumar summarizing his one month vocational training at the Kanti Bijlee Utpadan Nigam Limited power plant. The report provides an overview of the plant's operations including the processes of generating electricity from coal, the main boiler and turbine components, and control systems used. It also describes the milling system for pulverizing coal and the light up process for initially igniting the coal furnace.
Epc service proposal for setting up solar power project standard templateSaurabh Parihar
Global Green Energy provides turnkey services for setting up solar power projects in India, including project development, engineering, procurement, construction, and operations and maintenance. It develops mini solar parks of 25 MW capacity in various Indian states. Its services include assisting clients with project approvals, financing, power evacuation, REC registration and sales. It has expertise developing projects under India's REC mechanism and will handle approvals, design, installation, and providing generation guarantees for solar projects. Fees are charged as a fixed amount plus 1.5% for debt syndication, with milestone-based payments.
This document provides an overview of the author's four week summer training at the Bajaj Energy Limited power plant in Barkhera, Uttar Pradesh. It includes an acknowledgments section, declaration, preface, and table of contents outlining the report. The report will cover various aspects of the thermal power generation process observed during the training, including the coal handling plant, demineralized water plant, boiler, turbine, generator, condenser, cooling tower, and ash handling plant.
training report on thermal power plant & thermal power generation by sagar me...Sagar Mehta
This document provides a practical training report submitted by Sagar Mehta to Rajasthan Technical University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree. The report details Mehta's summer training at the Nashik Thermal Power Station in Maharashtra, India. It includes sections on the history of the power sector and thermal power generation in India, an overview of the Nashik Thermal Power Station, descriptions of the various systems and processes within a thermal power plant including the steam power plant, coal handling plant, water treatment plant, boilers, turbines, generators, condensers and ash handling plant. The report concludes with discussions on energy conservation, auditing, and suggestions.
The document provides details about a presentation on summer training at NTPC Tanda power plant. It discusses that NTPC is the largest power company in India. It then summarizes information about NTPC Tanda power plant including its capacity, sources, main departments like coal handling plant, boiler, turbine, and generator. It also mentions advantages like low cost of fuel and disadvantages like atmospheric pollution of thermal power plants.
The document provides details about an industrial training project at the Wanakbori Thermal Power Station (WTPS). It includes:
1) An acknowledgment thanking those who facilitated the training.
2) An index outlining the topics to be covered, including details of the boiler, turbine, condenser, coal handling plant, and more.
3) An abstract stating the aim was to study the mechanical instruments involved in power generation and improve practical knowledge.
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING THERMAL POWER PLANT Industrial ReportUtkarsh Chaubey
The document is an industrial training report submitted by Utkarsh Chaubey to Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya. It provides an overview of Utkarsh's training at the Shri Singaji Thermal Power Plant (SSTPP). The report includes sections on the power plant overview, the Rankine cycle used, classification of thermal power plants, typical components of a coal fired plant, site selection considerations, and descriptions of various systems within SSTPP such as the generator, switchyard, transformers, and safety measures.
The document summarizes thermal ionization in MHD generators. An MHD generator directly converts heat energy to electrical energy using a hot ionized gas and magnetic fields, without needing a conventional electric generator. It consists of a combustion chamber that ionizes a working fluid at high temperatures, and a generator chamber containing magnets and electrodes. The ionized gas enters the generator chamber and its motion through the magnetic field generates a current perpendicular to both fields that is conducted through the electrodes to an external load. MHD generators have efficiencies around 50-60% and no moving parts, but require very high operating temperatures around 2000-2400°K.
This industrial training report summarizes Deepak Kr Singh's one month internship at the Singrauli Super Thermal Power Plant in Shaktinagar, India. The report includes details of the power plant such as its seven units with a total capacity of 2,000 MW. It also covers various topics related to thermal power generation including the workings of boilers, turbines, generators, and switchgear. Deepak conducted his training under the supervision of his training incharge Mr. CH Satynarayan, during which he gained knowledge and experience in the electrical engineering aspects of thermal power generation.
This document discusses coal handling plants (CHPs) at thermal power stations. It begins with an introduction to coal and its uses. It then discusses the objectives and general layout of a CHP, including receiving coal via various transportation methods, temporary coal storage, crushing equipment, conveying systems, and auxiliary equipment. Specific equipment like wagon tipplers, conveyor belts, crushers, and feeders are explained. The document concludes with discussing coal analysis, maintenance needs of a CHP, and references.
Project report of kota super thermal power plantHîmãńshu Mêęńä
This document provides a summary of a practical training report submitted by Himanshu Derwal at the Kota Super Thermal Power Station from June 1-30, 2013. The report describes the power station's layout and key components including the coal handling plant, ash handling plant, boiler, steam turbine, turbo generator, cooling system, water treatment plant, and control room. It provides technical details and specifications of the various units and aims to document the practical experience and knowledge gained during the training.
The document provides an overview of Adani Power Limited's thermal power plant located in Mundra, Gujarat, India. It discusses the company history and operations, describes the key components of a typical coal-fired thermal power plant including coal conveyors, stokers, pulverizers, boilers, turbines and more. The Mundra plant has a total installed capacity of 4620 MW produced across four phases, making it one of the largest coal power plants in the world.
1. Adani Group pursues a related diversification strategy by entering businesses that are related to its core areas of commodities trading, ports and logistics, and energy generation.
2. This allows it to leverage synergies across businesses and create an integrated value chain. For example, developing ports helped import coal for its power plants.
3. The group may consider expanding into oil and gas exploration to further diversify its energy portfolio. However, entering unrelated areas like retail or steel may not align with its strategic focus on resources, logistics and energy.
4
Steam turbines and its associated systems(ntpc ramagundam)abdul mohammad
Steam turbine is an excellent prime mover to convert heat energy of steam to mechanical energy. Of all heat engines and prime movers the steam turbine is nearest to the ideal and it is widely used in power plants and in all industries where power is needed for process.
In power generation mostly steam turbine is used because of its greater thermal efficiency and higher power-to-weight ratio. Because the turbine generates rotary motion, it is particularly suited to be used to drive an electrical generator – about 80% of all electricity generation in the world is by use of steam turbines.
Rotor is the heart of the steam turbine and it affects the efficiency of the steam turbine. In this project we have mainly discussed about the working process of a steam turbine. The thermal efficiency of a steam turbine is much higher than that of a steam engine.
Ntpc kahalgaon project by bhanu kishanBHANUKISHAN1
This document provides an overview of a summer training presentation on the National Thermal Power Plant in Kahalgaon, Bihar, India. It discusses the various departments and systems within the power plant, including coal handling, the boiler and its maintenance, the turbine system, and ash handling. The power plant has a total installed capacity of 2340 MW and uses coal from local mines to generate electricity through steam turbines.
This document summarizes a seminar on summer training at NTPC Ltd Shaktinagar power plant. It provides an overview of NTPC, describing that it is India's largest power company with over 29,000 MW of installed capacity across various coal and gas-fired power plants. It then describes the Shaktinagar power plant in more detail, including its 2000 MW installed capacity, coal source, beneficiary states, and unit sizes. It also includes simplified diagrams of the main components of a thermal power plant.
This document is a summer training report submitted by Lekha Raj Meena, a final year electrical engineering student, after completing a 60 day training program at the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) facility in Rawatbhata, Rajasthan. It provides an overview of NPCIL and the Rajasthan Atomic Power Station, where the student received hands-on experience observing the various systems and equipment used in nuclear power generation, helping to understand concepts studied in textbooks. The report includes sections on nuclear power production processes, India's nuclear power program, the main components of a nuclear power plant, different reactor types, site selection criteria, waste management, safety, and an environmental survey lab.
This document provides a summary of a seminar on summer vocational training at NTPC thermal power plants. It discusses the key components of a thermal power plant including coal handling, pulverizing, boilers, turbines, generators, condensers, and ash handling. It also describes various equipment like ball mills used in pulverizing coal and control and instrumentation labs that monitor critical parameters. Finally, it lists some major thermal power plants in Rajasthan and references used in preparing the seminar.
VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT @ NTPC VINDHYACHALMilind Punj
The document is a vocational training report submitted by Milind Punj to fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering. It provides an overview of Milind's training at the NTPC Vindhyachal thermal power station located in Singrauli District, Madhya Pradesh, India. The report includes an acknowledgements section, introduction to NTPC Ltd and the NTPC Vindhyachal power plant, descriptions of the power generation process and basic plant components, and a conclusion. Milind conducted his training from May 15th to June 14th 2014 under the guidance of Mr. A. Markhedkar, focusing on various electrical and operational aspects of the thermal power station.
the prototype of floating solar power plant is goal of this minor project, in this project we only study of floating solar power plant and do some calculation for future projects of floating solar power plant.its all fact is based on search on inetrnet.
The document provides information about the Obra Thermal Power Plant located in Uttar Pradesh, India. It is owned and operated by Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam. The power plant has 13 functioning coal-fired units with a total generation capacity of 1350 MW. The document discusses the generating units at the plant, including their installation dates and original equipment manufacturers. It also provides a brief overview of the typical components of a coal-fired thermal power station, including the boiler, steam cycle, turbine generator, and quality assurance process.
This document is a project report submitted by Sushant Kumar summarizing his one month vocational training at the Kanti Bijlee Utpadan Nigam Limited power plant. The report provides an overview of the plant's operations including the processes of generating electricity from coal, the main boiler and turbine components, and control systems used. It also describes the milling system for pulverizing coal and the light up process for initially igniting the coal furnace.
Epc service proposal for setting up solar power project standard templateSaurabh Parihar
Global Green Energy provides turnkey services for setting up solar power projects in India, including project development, engineering, procurement, construction, and operations and maintenance. It develops mini solar parks of 25 MW capacity in various Indian states. Its services include assisting clients with project approvals, financing, power evacuation, REC registration and sales. It has expertise developing projects under India's REC mechanism and will handle approvals, design, installation, and providing generation guarantees for solar projects. Fees are charged as a fixed amount plus 1.5% for debt syndication, with milestone-based payments.
This document provides an overview of the author's four week summer training at the Bajaj Energy Limited power plant in Barkhera, Uttar Pradesh. It includes an acknowledgments section, declaration, preface, and table of contents outlining the report. The report will cover various aspects of the thermal power generation process observed during the training, including the coal handling plant, demineralized water plant, boiler, turbine, generator, condenser, cooling tower, and ash handling plant.
training report on thermal power plant & thermal power generation by sagar me...Sagar Mehta
This document provides a practical training report submitted by Sagar Mehta to Rajasthan Technical University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree. The report details Mehta's summer training at the Nashik Thermal Power Station in Maharashtra, India. It includes sections on the history of the power sector and thermal power generation in India, an overview of the Nashik Thermal Power Station, descriptions of the various systems and processes within a thermal power plant including the steam power plant, coal handling plant, water treatment plant, boilers, turbines, generators, condensers and ash handling plant. The report concludes with discussions on energy conservation, auditing, and suggestions.
The document provides details about a presentation on summer training at NTPC Tanda power plant. It discusses that NTPC is the largest power company in India. It then summarizes information about NTPC Tanda power plant including its capacity, sources, main departments like coal handling plant, boiler, turbine, and generator. It also mentions advantages like low cost of fuel and disadvantages like atmospheric pollution of thermal power plants.
The document provides details about an industrial training project at the Wanakbori Thermal Power Station (WTPS). It includes:
1) An acknowledgment thanking those who facilitated the training.
2) An index outlining the topics to be covered, including details of the boiler, turbine, condenser, coal handling plant, and more.
3) An abstract stating the aim was to study the mechanical instruments involved in power generation and improve practical knowledge.
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING THERMAL POWER PLANT Industrial ReportUtkarsh Chaubey
The document is an industrial training report submitted by Utkarsh Chaubey to Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya. It provides an overview of Utkarsh's training at the Shri Singaji Thermal Power Plant (SSTPP). The report includes sections on the power plant overview, the Rankine cycle used, classification of thermal power plants, typical components of a coal fired plant, site selection considerations, and descriptions of various systems within SSTPP such as the generator, switchyard, transformers, and safety measures.
The document summarizes thermal ionization in MHD generators. An MHD generator directly converts heat energy to electrical energy using a hot ionized gas and magnetic fields, without needing a conventional electric generator. It consists of a combustion chamber that ionizes a working fluid at high temperatures, and a generator chamber containing magnets and electrodes. The ionized gas enters the generator chamber and its motion through the magnetic field generates a current perpendicular to both fields that is conducted through the electrodes to an external load. MHD generators have efficiencies around 50-60% and no moving parts, but require very high operating temperatures around 2000-2400°K.
This industrial training report summarizes Deepak Kr Singh's one month internship at the Singrauli Super Thermal Power Plant in Shaktinagar, India. The report includes details of the power plant such as its seven units with a total capacity of 2,000 MW. It also covers various topics related to thermal power generation including the workings of boilers, turbines, generators, and switchgear. Deepak conducted his training under the supervision of his training incharge Mr. CH Satynarayan, during which he gained knowledge and experience in the electrical engineering aspects of thermal power generation.
This document discusses coal handling plants (CHPs) at thermal power stations. It begins with an introduction to coal and its uses. It then discusses the objectives and general layout of a CHP, including receiving coal via various transportation methods, temporary coal storage, crushing equipment, conveying systems, and auxiliary equipment. Specific equipment like wagon tipplers, conveyor belts, crushers, and feeders are explained. The document concludes with discussing coal analysis, maintenance needs of a CHP, and references.
Project report of kota super thermal power plantHîmãńshu Mêęńä
This document provides a summary of a practical training report submitted by Himanshu Derwal at the Kota Super Thermal Power Station from June 1-30, 2013. The report describes the power station's layout and key components including the coal handling plant, ash handling plant, boiler, steam turbine, turbo generator, cooling system, water treatment plant, and control room. It provides technical details and specifications of the various units and aims to document the practical experience and knowledge gained during the training.
The document provides an overview of Adani Power Limited's thermal power plant located in Mundra, Gujarat, India. It discusses the company history and operations, describes the key components of a typical coal-fired thermal power plant including coal conveyors, stokers, pulverizers, boilers, turbines and more. The Mundra plant has a total installed capacity of 4620 MW produced across four phases, making it one of the largest coal power plants in the world.
1. Adani Group pursues a related diversification strategy by entering businesses that are related to its core areas of commodities trading, ports and logistics, and energy generation.
2. This allows it to leverage synergies across businesses and create an integrated value chain. For example, developing ports helped import coal for its power plants.
3. The group may consider expanding into oil and gas exploration to further diversify its energy portfolio. However, entering unrelated areas like retail or steel may not align with its strategic focus on resources, logistics and energy.
4
At Adani Wilmar Limited, we believe that the future of a nation rests on its people. People, who don’t just dream, but aspire. However, dreams, big visions, big challenges and courage need a strong, healthy and nourished body.
The document discusses Adani Group's integrated business model across resources, logistics and energy. It positions the group as a leading player in coal trading and mining, port operations, power generation and transmission. Key areas of focus and growth include expanding coal mining assets in India and overseas, developing new ports and expanding existing ones, and growing power generation and transmission infrastructure to link resources to energy customers. The integrated model aims to leverage synergies across business divisions.
1. Adani Wilmar Limited is a joint venture between Adani Group and Wilmar Group of Singapore. It is one of India's largest FMCG edible oil company.
2. The company produces and distributes edible oil, rice, pulses, wheat flour, sugar and other food products. It has a large distribution network across India with over 93 stock points and 5000 distributors.
3. Adani Group is an Indian conglomerate involved in businesses like resources, logistics, energy and agribusiness. It is the largest port developer in India and owns Mundra Port which is the largest commercial port.
The document summarizes the vision and mission statements of three organizations - Adani Group, HCL Technologies, and an unnamed company. Adani Group's vision is to be a globally admired leader in integrated infrastructure businesses committed to nation building. HCL Technologies' vision is to be the technology partner of choice for forward-looking customers by collaboratively transforming technology into business advantage. The third company's mission focuses on becoming the employer and partner of choice by prioritizing stated values like employee focus, trust, transparency, flexibility and value centricity.
Gautam Adani founded the Adani Group in 1988, which has grown into one of India's largest conglomerates. The group's core businesses include coal trading, commodities, edible oils, mining, port operations, and natural gas distribution. Adani started his career in diamond brokering and took over his brother's plastic business before founding Adani Enterprises. He has built the Adani Group into an $8 billion empire through global trading and investments in critical infrastructure and energy industries.
National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd. (NTPC) was incorporated in 1975 and began operations in 1976. It has grown to become one of the largest power producers in India, with an installed capacity of over 45,000 MW as of 2015. NTPC operates mainly coal and gas-fired power plants, with some hydro and renewable energy projects as well. It aims to increase power generation capacity to over 128,000 MW by 2032 through both organic and inorganic growth. NTPC makes a significant contribution to meeting India's increasing electricity demand in a sustainable and efficient manner.
NTPC is India’s largest energy conglomerate with roots planted way back in 1975 to accelerate power development in India. Since then it has established itself as the dominant power major with presence in the entire value chain of the power generation business. From fossil fuels it has forayed into generating electricity via hydro, nuclear and renewable energy sources. This foray will play a major role in lowering its carbon footprint by reducing green house gas emissions. To strengthen its core business, the corporation has diversified into the fields of consultancy, power trading, training of power professionals, rural electrification, ash utilization and coal mining as well.
NTPC became a Maharatna company in May 2010, one of the only four companies to be awarded this status. NTPC was ranked 431st in the ‘2015, Forbes Global 2000’ ranking of the World’s biggest companies.
The total installed capacity of the company is 44,798 MW (including JVs) with 17 coal based and 7 gas based stations. 7 Joint Venture stations are coal based and 8 renewable energy projects. The company has set a target to have an installed power generating capacity of 1,28,000 MW by the year 2032. The capacity will have a diversified fuel mix comprising 56% coal, 16% Gas, 11% Nuclear and 17% Renewable Energy Sources including hydro. By 2032, non fossil fuel based generation capacity shall make up nearly 28% of NTPC’s portfolio.NTPC has been operating its plants at high efficiency levels. Although the company has 17.73% of the total national capacity, it contributes 25.91% of total power generation due to its focus on high efficiency.
Vision
“To be the world’s largest and best power producer, powering India’s growth.”
MISSION
Develop and provide reliable power, related products and services at competitive prices, integrating multiple energy sources with innovative and eco-friendly technologies and contribute to society.
Core Values – BE COMMITTED
B Business Ethics
E Environmentally & Economically Sustainable
C Customer Focus
O Organizational & Professional Pride
M Mutual Respect & Trust
M Motivating Self & others
I Innovation & Speed
T Total Quality for Excellence
T Transparent & Respected Organization
E Enterprising
D Devoted
NTPC Electric Supply Company Ltd. (NESCL)
The company was formed on August 21, 2002. It is a wholly owned subsidiary company of NTPC with the objective of making a foray into the business of distribution and supply of electrical power, as a sequel to reforms initiated in the power sector. The company was also mandated to take up consultancy and other assignments in the area of Electrical Distribution Management System.
Its maiden entry into power distribution was by forming a 50:50 JV company ‘KINESCO Power and Utility Private Ltd.’ with Kerala Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation (KINFRA). It is already distributing power in KINFRA.
The document discusses the Adani Group, an Indian conglomerate company founded in 1988 and headquartered in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. It operates businesses in resources, logistics, energy, and agribusiness. The group focuses on corporate social responsibility through the Adani Foundation, investing 3% of profits in community initiatives related to education, health, livelihood, and infrastructure. The group emphasizes corporate governance principles of fairness, transparency, accountability and independence.
The document discusses Ultra Mega Power Projects (UMPPs) in India. It outlines that UMPPs are large coal power projects of 4000+ MW capacity each that are developed on a build-own-operate basis. Nine projects have been identified so far, with contracts awarded for four located at pit heads near coal mines. The projects aim to address India's growing power needs and pace of capacity addition. Barriers to private sector participation previously included regulatory issues but reforms like the Electricity Act of 2003 have helped support UMPPs. The process for developing UMPPs involves setting up special purpose vehicles and shell companies to handle land acquisition, clearances and competitive bidding for developers.
National Thermal Power Corporation is a government-owned power generation and distribution company founded in 1975. It has over 25,000 employees. The summary analyzes NTPC's financial statements from 2007-2010, finding that operating cash flow increased significantly while investing cash flow also increased due to investments in subsidiaries and joint ventures. Ratios such as current ratio, debtors turnover, and collection period are calculated and compared to competitors like Tata Power, Reliance Power, and Adani Power. NTPC enjoys good financial flexibility and is in an expansion stage of growth.
Financial analysis of Adani EnterprisesHardik Shah
This document contains a project report on the financial analysis of Adani Enterprises Limited submitted by five students to their professor. It provides an introduction to the company, describing how it began as a commodity trading firm in 1988 and has since expanded into various infrastructure businesses such as ports, power plants, and mines both within and outside of India. The report then outlines the process and methods used for the financial analysis, including collecting financial data from 2009-2013, performing ratio analysis, common size statements, and other analytical techniques to evaluate the company's performance and financial position.
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Adani Power, Tirora- Project Report
1. A REPORT ON ADANI POWER MAHARASTHRA LIMITED TIRORA
SUBMITTED BY
NAMES :NEMISH KANWAR
PAVAN KUMAR REDDY
MOHIT SAINANI
ID NO’S :2012A4PS305P
2012A3PS156G
2012A1PS417G
Submitted on : 14-6-2014
Instructor : Dr .Kamalesh kumar
A Practice School-I station of
BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE,PILANI
2. P a g e | 2
ABSTRACT
This report concentrates on CSR initiatives, Vision/ Mission of Adani
group, how coal being the main raw material is turned to power and transmitted
for industrial and household purposes, super critical technology, Rankine cycle
and some of the departments in Adani power Maharashtra limited (APML)
Tirora. The observations are possible at Adani power plant which is a division of
five units of 660MW maximum capacity of generation whose functioning is
possible with the help of some individual systems kept together and handled by
all engineers and HOD’s. The main aim is to maximize power generation with
minimum amount of coal being used which is a nightmare to any power industry
in the power sector.
Main part is on how faults being co-ordinated, protection systems
used, excitation system, AVR (automatic voltage regulation), controlling from
operations and control room, chemical treatment of water, testing of water, coal,
fuels, planning and Efficiency Maximization.
3. P a g e | 3
Acknowledgement
We thank Dr Kamlesh Kumar for his efforts which led to completion of this
report on time.
We would also like to thank Mr. Prashant Ektake, Animesh Mukhopadhyaya,
and Subba Rao for their time to show us plant and explain to us it’s functioning
4. P a g e | 4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Content Page no.
Introduction 5
Coal to Electricity 17
Rankine Cycle 19
Super Critical Technology 22
EMD BTG-Protection system 24
EMD BTG-Excitation System 31
EMD BTG-AVR 35
Operations 37
Efficiency and Planning 42
Chemical Plant 55
Mechanical Maintenance
Department-Turbine
65
5. P a g e | 5
INTRODUCTION
Adani, a global conglomerate with a presence in multiple businesses across
the globe, has entered the power sector to harbinger a ‘power full’ India. Our
comprehension of the criticality in meeting the power requirement and its crucial
role in ensuring the energy security of India, spurred us to build India’s largest
and among the world’s top 5 single location thermal power plants at Mundra.
Along with thermal power generation, Adani power has made a paradigm
shift by venturing into solar power generation in Gujarat. It is Adani’s endeavor
to empower one and all with clean, green power that is accessible and affordable
for a faster and higher socio-economic development.
We have achieved it with our out-of-the-box thinking, pioneering
operational procedures, motivated team and a yen for trendsetting. Our
enthusiasm and energy has earned us accomplishments that make us the First,
Fastest and Largest power company in many aspects. Adani Power Limited has
commissioned the first supercritical 660 MW unit in India. Mundra is also the
world’s first supercritical technology based thermal power project to have
received ‘Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Project’ certification from
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
Adani power has the fastest turnaround time of projects in the industry.
We are the largest private single location thermal power generating company in
India. To complete the value chain in power supply, Adani has forayed into
6. P a g e | 6
power transmission. Group’s first line to be commissioned was 400 KV, 430 km
long double circuit line from Mundra to Dehgem. Further the group achieved a
landmark with completion of about 1000 km long 500km Bi-pole HVDC line
connecting Mundra in Gujarat to Mohimdevgarh in Haryana. This became the
first HVDC line by a private player in India and connects western grid to
northern grid. Today Adani power has approximately 5500 circuit Km of
transmission lines connecting its Tirora project in Maharashtra with Maharashtra
grid.
The advantageous edge Adani has is the national and international coal
mining rights with its promoter Company Adani Enterprises Limited which
ensures fuel security. Vertical integration within the Adani group shall provide
synergies to the power business and catapult it to electrifying heights of success.
APML Tirora (5*660MW)
Unit Number Installed Capacity (MW) Date of Commissioning Status
1 660 2012 January Running
2 660 2013 March Running
3 660 2013 June Running
4 660 2014 April Running
5 660 Yet to be commissioned
--
7. P a g e | 7
Future Projects
As of January 2011, the company has 16500MW under implementation
and planning stage. A few of them are 3300MW coal based TPP at Bhadreswar
in Gujarat, 2640 MW TPP at Dahej in Gujarat, 1320 MW TPP at Chhindwara in
Madhya Pradesh, 2000 MW TPP at Anugul in Orissa and 2000MW gas based
power project at Mundra in Gujarat. The company is also bidding for 1000 MW
of lignite coal based power plant at Kosovo showing its international projects.
Awards and Recognition
“National Energy Conservation Award 2012: Second Prize in Thermal Power
Station Sector” by Ministry of Power (Bureau of Energy Efficiency)
“Quality Excellence Award for Fastest Product Development” by National
Quality Excellence Award, 2012
“Quality Excellence Award for Fastest Growing Company” by National Quality
Excellence Award, 2012
National Award for “Meritorious Performance in Power Sector” in recognition of
outstanding performance during 2011-12 for early completion of the 5th unit of
Mundra Thermal Power Plant by Ministry of Power, Government of India
“Infrastructure Excellence Award 2011” by CNBC TV18 &Essar Steel Award
for “Spearheading the Infra Power sector”
8. P a g e | 8
“National Energy Conservation Award 2011: First Prize in Thermal Power
Station Sector” by Ministry of Power (Bureau of Energy Efficiency)
"The Most Admired Developer in Power Sector“: Two consecutive years (2010
& 2011) by KPMG & Infrastructure Today
Competitive advantage: Integrated business model
India has arrived at the global scenario as an economic power marching
towards progress and prosperity. Its economic growth is not only powered by
Government initiatives but equally supported by Private Industry that is
committing large investments for nation building.
We at Adani, as one of India’s top conglomerates with a clear focus and
investments in infrastructure sector, are also playing our role as a Nation Builder.
While each of our businesses has competitiveness and scale, the value
integration of Coal, Port and Power together provide most desired synergy. This
synergy not only helps us in quick turnaround for our projects but also in
delivering the best value to all our stakeholders. Harnessing our objective of
maximization of value, we have been able to create truly integrated value chain
from the coal pit to plug point.
With two decades of experience in Coal Trading, and having acquired coal
mining rights in India, Australia and Indonesia, we transport coal from and to our
own ports through our own ships and this coal is consumed by our own thermal
9. P a g e | 9
power plant in Mundra; thus covering all aspects of the value chain in the Power
business.
Social Responsibility
With success comes responsibility, so we take care to reinvest in protecting and
developing the communities within which we operate. We live and work in the
communities where our operations are based and take our responsibilities to
society seriously. We invest 3% of our group profit in community initiatives
through the Adani Foundation, CSR arm of Adani group.
The Foundation runs projects in four key areas:
1 Education especially primary education
2 Community Health- Innovation projects to meet local needs. Reaching out with
basic health care to all (bridging the gap).
3 Sustainable livelihood Projects – Holding hands of all marginalized group to
improve livelihood opportunity, thus improving their quality of life.
4 Rural Infrastructure Development- Need based quality infrastructure to
improve quality of life.
How Do We Do It
In the current scenario of climate change and global warming, the usage of
environment friendly technology is an integral part of a project feasibility and
execution. Adani Group is committed towards the energy conservation and
environment while addressing the nation's energy requirements.
10. P a g e | 10
Adani Power created history by synchronizing India's first super-critical
technology based 660 MW generating thermal power unit at Mundra. The
Supercritical power plants operate at higher temperatures and pressures, and
therefore achieve higher efficiencies (above 40%) than conventional sub-critical
power plants (32%). The use of supercritical technology also leads to significant
CO2 emission reductions (above 20%).
- Installing supercritical units - Conserve coal
- Installation of energy efficient LED lighting
- Optimize auxiliary power consumption
- Implementing VFDs
- Improving combustion efficiency
- Minimize system leakages
The implementation of above projects resulted to the following benefits:
- Reduced auxiliary power consumption
- Better Heat Rate
- Reduced consumption of Specific Oil
Adani group has also commissioned a 40 MW solar power plant in Kutch
district, Gujarat. "This plant also marks Adani's first big foray in the renewable
energy sector,"
The selection committee of National Energy Conservation Award – 2011
awarded Mundra Thermal Power Plant the first prize for efficient operations in
the Thermal Power Stations Sector.
11. P a g e | 11
The Phase III of the Mundra power project, which is based on supercritical
technology, has received 'Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Project'
certification from United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC). This is the world's first project based on supercritical technology to
be registered as CDM Project under UNFCCC.
Green endeavours
We are developing plantation and greenery not only to reduce CO2 emission but
also to become a responsible corporate citizen and to create an environment
friendly setup to have one of the greenest power plants.
A separate department of hoticulture has been established which enables the
following:
- Aid in developing Eco-friendly & the greenest (sustainable) possible Power
Plants.
- Reduce the impact on environment and create a healthy climate and aesthetic
conditions at work by developing a dense green belt in the surrounding area
- Save time and resources by implementing the instant landscape concept to use
green building concept in green zone development to help reduce CO2emission
(Globalwarming)
Green Highlights
- We are pioneers in implementing the latest Iso-Dutch technique in India where
a green zone has been developed in highly saline sandy soil and water (35000-
12. P a g e | 12
45000 TDS). The Green Zone development includes 25845 trees, 392250 shrubs
and 28785 sq. meter green carpet with a survival rate of more than 90% in highly
saline soil base dredged from the sea.
- We have adopted Israel's Hi-Tech Mechanised sprinkler irrigation systems and
also the latest system of underground drip irrigation to deliver water directly to
the root zone to avoid water loss through evaporation. This system saves
irrigation water usage up to 80% as a cost savings initiative.
- Utilise Hi-tech and latest techniques in Horticulture maintenance with
increasing working efficiency with highly productivity initiatives.
- Adopted base greening concept to prevent blowing of sandin high wind
velocity.
- Utilising treated STP water in irrigation & treated sludge into manure in Green
zone development with dual benefits i.e. fulfillment of environmental policy and
economising on irrigation water.
- Implemented productive Green zones with three major benefits such as income
generation, employment and implementation of environment policies.
- Planted ready trees rather than small sapling by using modern technology which
saved time, economy on maintenances and improved environment from the day
they were planted.
Community relations
13. P a g e | 13
Our projects strive to address Millennium Development Goals (MDG) pledged
by U.N. member states which includes:
- Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
- Achieve universal primary education
- Promote gender equality and empower women
- Reduce child mortality
- Improve maternal health
- Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
- Ensure environment sustainability
- Develop a global partnership for development
A team of committed professionals plan & implement developmental
programmes in communities with their support and participation.
To enableholistic development, work on a number of issues in each community
has been undertaken simultaneously.
Education
To achieve Quality Education amongst Government Primary Schools, Adani
Foundation provides support in the areas of infrastructure improvement and
material support to make schooling more attractive & meaningful, encouraging
14. P a g e | 14
community participation and various programmes to make education fun and
interesting. This includes building extra room, improving/beautifying school and
or making school safe with fencing or boundary. Reading Corner - to inculcate
reading habit amongst kids and Health Corner - for healthy and hygienic habits,
have been introduced in Government Primary Schools.
Community health
Arranging multi- disciplinary medical camps at villages has earned us the
admiration of thousands of villagers in just couple of months. Our community
mobilisers and project officers strive to spread the awareness on health and
sanitation issues with women groups and youth groups. We are also promoting
the Kitchen Garden concept to improve the nutritional status of the families.
Sustainable livelihood projects
We undertake many initiatives to provide diverse livelihood avenues within the
community. The various Sustainable Livelihood Programmes we run are based
on multiple studies and observations. We aim to make the livelihood of people in
the community sustainable in three ways:
1) Increase income if they are already earning
2) Equip them to earning if they are unemployed
3) Encourage savings
15. P a g e | 15
We have also taken up various skills development initiatives for women and
youth, introduced innovative techniques in Agriculture, provide support for
common well and farm pond deepening. In other initiatives, capacity building for
various Village Institutions and groups has also been undertaken.
Rural infrastructure development
Infrastructure projects like hand pump installation, repairing public wells,
Anganwadi buildings; overhead water tank, water pipe lines construction etc
have been completed as part of this initiative.
Vision
To be the globally admired leader in integrated Infrastructure businesses
with a deep commitment to nation building. We shall be known for our scale of
ambition, speed of execution and quality of operation.
Values
Courage: we shall embrace new ideas and businesses
Trust: we shall believe in our employees and other stakeholders
Commitment: we shall stand by our promises and adhere to high standard of
business
16. P a g e | 16
Coal to Electricity
Coal
Chemical
Energy
Super
Heated
Pollutant
Thermal
Energy
Turbine
Torque
Heat Loss
In
Condenser
Kinetic
Energy
Electrical
Energy
Alternating
current in
Mech. Energy
Heat ASH Loss
Elet. Energy
Loss
17. P a g e | 17
A coal power station turns the chemical energy in coal into electrical
energy that can be used in homes and businesses.
First the coal is ground to a fine powder and blown into the boiler, where it
is burned, converting its chemical energy into heat energy. Grinding the coal into
powder increases its surface area, which helps it to burn faster and hotter,
producing as much heat and as little waste as possible.
As well as heat, burning coal produces ash and exhaust gases. The ash falls
to the bottom of the boiler and is removed by the ash systems. It is usually then
sold to the building industry and used as an ingredient in various building
materials, like concrete.
The gases enter the exhaust stack which contains equipment that filters out
any dust and ash, before venting into the atmosphere. The exhaust stacks of coal
power stations are built tall so that the exhaust plume can disperse before it
touches the ground. This ensures that it does not affect the quality of the air
around the station.
Burning the coal heats water in pipes coiled around the boiler, turning it
into steam. The hot steam expands in the pipes, so when it emerges it is under
high pressure. The pressure drives the steam over the blades of the steam turbine,
causing it to spin, converting the heat energy released in the boiler into
mechanical energy.
A shaft connects the steam turbine to the turbine generator, so when the
turbine spins, so does the generator. The generator uses an electromagnetic field
to convert this mechanical energy into electrical energy.
18. P a g e | 18
After passing through the turbine, the steam comes into contact with pipes
full of cold water. In coastal stations this water is pumped straight from the sea.
The cold pipes cool the steam so that it condenses back into water. It is then
piped back to the boiler, where it can be heated up again, turn into steam again,
and keep the turbine turning.
Finally, a transformer converts the electrical energy from the generator to
a high voltage. The national grid uses high voltages to transmit electricity
efficiently through the power lines to the homes and businesses that need it.
Here, other transformers reduce the voltage back down to a usable level.
19. P a g e | 19
RANKINE CYCLE
The Rankine cycle is a model that is used to predict the performance of
steam engines. The Rankine cycle is an idealisedthermodynamic cycle of a heat
engine that converts heat into mechanical work. The heat is supplied externally to
a closed loop, which usually uses water as the working fluid. The Rankine cycle,
in the form of steam engines, generates about 90% of all electric power used
throughout the world, including virtually all biomass, coal, solar thermal and
nuclear power plants. It is named after William John Macquorn Rankine, a
Scottish polymath and Glasgow University professor.
The Rankine cycle closely describes the process by which steam-operated
heat engines commonly found in thermalpower generation plants generate power.
The heat sources used in these power plants are usually nuclear fission or the
combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas, and oil.
20. P a g e | 20
The efficiency of the Rankine cycle is limited by the high heat of
vaporization of the working fluid. Also, unless the pressure and temperature
reach super critical levels in the steam boiler, the temperature range the cycle can
operate over is quite small: steam turbine entry temperatures are typically 565°C
(the creep limit of stainless steel) and steam condenser temperatures are around
30°C. This gives a theoretical maximum Carnot efficiency for the steam turbine
alone of about 63% compared with an actual overall thermal efficiency of up to
42% for a modern coal-fired power station. This low steam turbine entry
temperature (compared to a gas turbine) is why the Rankine (steam) cycle is
often used as a bottoming cycle to recover otherwise rejected heat in combined-cycle
gas turbine power stations.
The working fluid in a Rankine cycle follows a closed loop and is reused
constantly. The water vapor with condensed droplets often seen billowing from
power stations is created by the cooling systems (not directly from the closed-loop
Rankine power cycle) and represents the means for (low temperature) waste
heat to exit the system, allowing for the addition of (higher temperature) heat that
can then be converted to useful work (power). This 'exhaust' heat is represented
by the "Qout" flowing out of the lower side of the cycle shown in the T/s diagram
below. Cooling towers operate as large heat exchangers by absorbing the latent
heat of
Vaporization of the working fluid and simultaneously evaporating cooling water
to the atmosphere. While many substances could be used as the working fluid in
the Rankine cycle, water is usually the fluid of choice due to its favorable
properties, such as its non-toxic and unreactive chemistry, abundance, and low
21. P a g e | 21
cost, as well as its thermodynamic properties. By condensing the working steam
vapor to a liquid the pressure at the turbine outlet is lowered and the energy
required by the feed pump consumes only 1% to 3% of the turbine output power
and these factors contribute to a higher efficiency for the cycle. The benefit of
this is offset by the low temperatures of steam admitted to the turbine(s). Gas
turbines, for instance, have turbine entry temperatures approaching 1500°C.
However, the thermal efficiencies of actual large steam power stations and large
modern gas turbine stations are similar.
22. P a g e | 22
SUPER CRITICAL TECHNOLOGY
“Supercritical " is a thermodynamic
expression describing the state of a
substance where there is no clear
distinction between the liquid and the
gaseous phase (i.e. they are a
homogenous fluid). Water reaches this
state at a pressure above around 220
Kg Bar (225.56 Kg / cm2) and
Temperature = 374.15 C.
In addition, there is no surface tension in a supercritical fluid, as there is
no liquid/gas phase boundary.
By changing the pressure and temperature of the fluid, the properties can
be “tuned” to be more liquid- or more gaslike. Carbon dioxide and water are the
most commonly used supercritical fluids, being used for decaffeination and
power generation, respectively.
Up to an operating pressure of around 190Kg Bar in the evaporator part of
the boiler, the cycle is Sub-Critical. In this case a drum-type boiler is used
because the steam needs to be separated from water in the drum of the boiler
before it is
Superheated and led into the turbine.
23. P a g e | 23
Above an operating pressure of 220Kg Bar in the evaporator part of the
Boiler, the cycle is Supercritical. The cycle medium is a single phase fluid with
homogeneous properties and there is no need to separate steam from water in a
drum.
Thus, the drum of the drum-type boiler which is very heavy and located
on the top of the boiler can be eliminated
Once-through boilers are therefore used in supercritical cycles.
24. P a g e | 24
EMD (electrical maintenance department) – BTG
In this particular department brief introduction to following will be given
1. Power- systems Protection
2. Excitation systems
3. AVR (automatic voltage regulation)
POWER-SYSTEM PROTECTION
Power-system protection is a branch of electrical power engineering that
deals with the protection of electrical power systems from faults through the
isolation of faulted parts from the rest of the electrical network. The objective of
a protection scheme is to keep the power system stable by isolating only the
components that are under fault, whilst leaving as much of the network as
possible still in operation. Thus, protection schemes must apply a very pragmatic
and pessimistic approach to clearing system faults. For this reason, the
technology and philosophies utilized in protection schemes can often be old and
well-established because they must be very reliable.
Protection systems usually comprise five components:
- Current and voltage transformers to step down the high voltages and currents
of the electrical power system to convenient levels for the relays to deal with.
- Protective relays to sense the fault and initiate a trip, or disconnection, order.
25. P a g e | 25
- Circuit breakers to open/close the system based on relay and autorecloser
commands.
- Batteries to provide power in case of power disconnection in the system.
- Communication channels to allow analysis of current and voltage at remote
terminals of a line and to allow remote tripping of equipment.
For parts of a distribution system, fuses are capable of both sensing and
disconnecting faults.
Failures may occur in each part, such as insulation failure, fallen or
broken transmission lines, incorrect operation of circuit breakers, short circuits
and open circuits. Protection devices are installed with the aims of protection of
assets, and ensure continued supply of energy.
Switchgear is a combination of electrical disconnects switches, fuses or
circuit breakers used to control, protect and isolate electrical equipment.
Switches are safe to open under normal load current, while protective devices are
safe to open under fault current.
- Protective relays control the tripping of the circuit breakers surrounding the
faulted part of the network
- Automatic operation, such as auto-reclosing or system restart
- Monitoring equipment which collects data on the system for post event
analysis
26. P a g e | 26
While the operating quality of these devices, and especially of protective relays,
is always critical, different strategies are considered for protecting the different
parts of the system. Very important equipment may have completely redundant
and independent protective systems, while a minor branch distribution line may
have very simple low-cost protection.
There are three parts of protective devices:
- Instrument transformer: current or potential (CT or VT)
- Relay
- Circuit breaker
Advantages of protected devices with these three basic components
include safety, economy, and accuracy.
- Safety: Instrument transformers create electrical isolation from the power
system, and thus establishing a safer environment for personnel working with
the relays.
- Economy: Relays are able to be simpler, smaller, and cheaper given lower-level
relay inputs.
- Accuracy: Power system voltages and currents are accurately reproduced by
instrument transformers over large operating ranges.
Types of Protection
- Generator sets – In a power plant, the protective relays are intended to prevent
damage to alternators or to the transformers in case of abnormal conditions of
operation, due to internal failures, as well as insulating failures or regulation
27. P a g e | 27
malfunctions. Such failures are unusual, so the protective relays have to
operate very rarely. If a protective relay fails to detect a fault, the resulting
damage to the alternator or to the transformer might require costly equipment
repairs or replacement, as well as income loss from the inability to produce
and sell energy.
- High-voltage transmission network – Protection on the transmission and
distribution serves two functions: Protection of plant and protection of the
public (including employees). At a basic level, protection looks to disconnect
equipment which experiences an overload or a short to earth. Some items in
substations such as transformers might require additional protection based on
temperature or gas pressure, among others.
- Overload and back-up for distance (overcurrent) – Overload protection
requires a current transformer which simply measures the current in a circuit.
There are two types of overload protection: instantaneous overcurrent and
time overcurrent (TOC). Instantaneous overcurrent requires that the current
exceeds a predetermined level for the circuit breaker to operate. TOC
protection operates based on a current vs time curve. Based on this curve if
the measured current exceeds a given level for the preset amount of time, the
circuit breaker or fuse will operate.
- Earth fault ("ground fault" in the United States) – Earth fault protection again
requires current transformers and senses an imbalance in a three-phase circuit.
Normally the three phase currents are in balance, i.e. roughly equal in
magnitude. If one or two phases become connected to earth via a low
28. P a g e | 28
impedance path, their magnitudes will increase dramatically, as will current
imbalance. If this imbalance exceeds a pre-determined value, a circuit breaker
should operate. Restricted earth fault protection is a type of earth fault
protection which looks for earth fault between two sets current transformers
(hence restricted to that zone).
- Distance (impedance relay) – Distance protection detects both voltage and
current. A fault on a circuit will generally create a sag in the voltage level. If
the ratio of voltage to current measured at the relay terminals, which equates
to impedance, lands within a predetermined level the circuit breaker will
operate. This is useful for reasonable length lines, lines longer than 10 miles,
because its operating characteristics are based on the line characteristics. This
means that when a fault appears on the line the impedance setting in the relay
is compared to the apparent impedance of the line from the relay terminals to
the fault. If the relay setting is determined to be below the apparent
impedance it is determined that the fault is within the zone of protection.
When the transmission line length is too short, less than 10 miles, distance
protection becomes more difficult to coordinate. In these instances the best
choice of protection is current differential protection.
- Back-up – The objective of protection is to remove only the affected portion
of plant and nothing else. A circuit breaker or protection relay may fail to
operate. In important systems, a failure of primary protection will usually
result in the operation of back-up protection. Remote back-up protection will
29. P a g e | 29
generally remove both the affected and unaffected items of plant to clear the
fault. Local back-up protection will remove the affected items of the plant to
clear the fault.
- Low-voltage networks – The low-voltage network generally relies upon fuses
or low-voltage circuit breakers to remove both overload and earth faults.
Coordination
Protective device coordination is the process of determining the "best fit"
timing of current interruption when abnormal electrical conditions occur. The
goal is to minimize an outage to the greatest extent possible. Historically,
protective device coordination was done on translucent log–log paper. Modern
methods normally include detailed computer based analysis and reporting.
Protection coordination is also handled through dividing the power system
into protective zones. If a fault were to occur in a given zone, necessary actions
will be executed to isolate that zone from the entire system. Zone definitions
account for generators, buses, transformers, transmission and distribution lines,
and motors. Additionally, zones possess the following features: zones overlap,
overlap regions denote circuit breakers, and all circuit breakers in a given zone
with a fault will open in order to isolate the fault. Overlapped regions are created
by two sets of instrument transformers and relays for each circuit breaker. They
are designed for redundancy to eliminate unprotected areas; however, overlapped
regions are devised to remain as small as possible such that when a fault occurs
in an overlap region and the two zones which encompass the fault are isolated,
30. P a g e | 30
the sector of the power system which is lost from service is still small despite two
zones being isolated.
31. P a g e | 31
EXCITATION SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION
All synchronous machines excepting certain machines like permanent
magnet generators require a DC supply to excite their field winding. As
synchronous machine is a constant speedy machine for a constant frequency
supply, the output voltage of the machine depends on the excitation current. The
control of excitation current for maintaining constant voltage at generator output
terminals started with control through a field rheostat, the supply being obtained
from DC Exciter. The modern trend in interconnected operation of power
systems for the purpose of reliability and in increasing unit size of generators for
the purposes of economy has been mainly, responsible for the evolution of new
excitation schemes.
Former practice, to have an excitation bus fed by a number of exciters
operating in parallel and supplying power to the fields of all the alternators in the
station, is now obsolete.The present practice is unit exciter scheme, i.e. each
alternator to have its own exciter.However in some plants reserve bus
exciter/stand by exciter also provided in case of failure of unit exciter.
Exciter should be capable of supplying necessary excitation for alternator in
a reasonable period during normal and abnormal conditions, so that alternator
will be in synchronism with the grid.
Under normal conditions, exciter rating will be in the order of 0.3 to 0.6%
of generator rating (approx.). Its rating also expressed in 10 to 15 amp. (approx.)
per MW at normal load. Under field forcing conditions exciter rating will be 1 to
32. P a g e | 32
1.5% (approx) of the generator rating. Typical exciter ratings for various capacity
of generators are as given below:
TYPES OF THE EXCITATION SYSTEM
There are two types of Excitation System. These are mainly classified as (i)
Dynamic exciter (rotating type) (ii) Static Exciter (static type). The different
types excitation which are being used are indicated as given below :
(1) (a) Separately Excited (thro' pilot exciter) (DC) Excitation System
(b) Self Excited (shunt) (DC) Excitation System
(2) High frequency AC Excitation System
(3) Brushless Excitation System
(4) Static Excitation System
Among the above types of exciters, Static excitation system plays a very
important roll in modern interconnected power system operation due to its fast
acting, good response in voltage & reactive power control and satisfactory steady
33. P a g e | 33
state stability condition. For the machines 500 MW& above and fire hazards
areas, Brushless Excitation System is preferred due to larger requirement of
current & plant safety respectively.
STATIC EXCITATION SYSTEM:
In order to maintain system stability in interconnected system network it is
necessary to have fast acting excitation system for large synchronous machines
which means the field current must be adjusted extremely fast to the changing
operational conditions. Besides maintaining the field current and steady state
stability the excitation system is required to extend the stability limits. It is
because of these reasons the static excitation system is preferred to conventional
excitation systems.
In this system, the AC power is tapped off from the generator terminal
stepped down and rectified by fully controlled thyristor Bridges and then fed to
the generator field thereby controlling the generator voltage output. A high
control speed is achieved by using an internal free control and power electronic
system. Any deviation in the generator terminal voltage is sensed by an error
detector and causes the voltage regulator to advance or retard the firing angle of
the thyristors thereby controlling the field excitation of the alternator.
Static Excitation system can be designed without any difficulty to achieve
high response ratio which is required by the system. The response ratio in the
order
of 3 to 5 -can be achieved by this system.This equipment controls the generator
terminal voltage, and hence the reactive load flow by adjusting the excitation
34. P a g e | 34
current. The rotating exciter is dispensed with and Transformer & silicon
controlled rectifiers (SCRS) are used which directly feed the field of the
Alternator.
Description of Static Excitation System.
Static Excitation Equipment Consist of
1) Rectifier Transformer
2) SCR output stage
3) Excitation start up & field discharge equipment
4) Regulator and operational control circuits
35. P a g e | 35
AVR - UN 2010
The Automatic voltage regulator type UN 2010 is an electronic control
module specially designed for the voltage regulation of synchronous machines. It
primarly consists of an actual value converter, a control amplifier with PID
characteristics which compares the actual value with the set reference value and
forms an output proportional to the difference. The output of this module controls
the gate control circuit UN 1001. The module does not have an INBUILT power
supply and derives its power from UN 2004, the pulse intermediate stage and
power supply unit. The AVR works on + 1SVDC supply.
The main features of this module are listed below
a) The AVR comprises of an input circuit which accepts 3 phase voltage signals
of 11OVAC and 3 phase current signals of SA or 1A A.C. It is thus necessary to
use intermediate PT"s and CT"s to transform the generator voltage and current to
the above mentioned values. The module itself contains PT"s and CT"s with
further step down the signals to make them compatible with electronic circuit. A
CIRCUITARY is available in the module for adding the current signals
VECTORIALY to the voltage signals for providing compensation as a function
of
active or reactive power flowing in the generator terminals.
b) An actual value converting circuit for converting the AC input signal to DC
signal with minimum ripple with the aid of filter network.
36. P a g e | 36
c) A reference value circuit using temperature compensated zener diodes. The
output of which is taken to an external potentiometer that provides 90-
110%range of operation of the generator voltage.
d) A control amplifier which compares the reference and actual value and
provides an output proportional to the deviation. Apart from this, it has the
facility to accept
other inputs for operation in conjunction with various limiters and power system
stabilizer.
e) A voltage proportional to frequency network which reduces the excitation
current when frequency falls below the set level, thus keeping the air gap flux
constant. This prevents saturation of connected transformers and possible over
voltage
37. P a g e | 37
OPERATIONS
Every single parameter of any machine in a power plant can be seen
from operations room. From the operations room one can stop/start any machine
Just by a click, they can also monitor input to get desired output which is power.
Some operations which can be done from operations room are given below :
BOILER MENU
- Boiler spray water system
- Mill operation system
- Mill A to Mill H system
- FSSS ( furnace supervisory safeguard system ) view
- HFO & LDO leakage test
- Boiler fuel oil system
- Boiler air and flue gas system
- Boiler flue gas system
- Secondary air system
- Primary air &seal oil system
- APH oil system
- FD fan and oil system
- ID fan and oil system
- PA fan and oil system
- Seal air fan system
38. P a g e | 38
- Scanner air fan system
- Secondary air damper system
- Boiler startup system
- Boiler drain and vent system
- Boiler soot blowing system
- Instrument air system
- Boiler metal temperature
- CCS ( coordinator control system ) overview
- LDO forwarding system
- HFO forwarding system
- Air compresser system
- Boiler fuel oil system – LDO
- TRICON alarm monitor
- Parameters
TURBINE MENU
- Main and reheat steam system
- Turbine and BFPT ( Boiler feed pump turbine )
- Turbine and BFPT shaft seal and drain system
- Feed water system
- Vaccum pump system
- HP heater drain and vent system
- LP heater drain and vent system
39. P a g e | 39
- Extraction steam system
- Condenser circulating water system
- Auxiliary cooling water system
- Closed cooling water system
- Auxiliary steam system
- Condesate water system
- Condensate storage and make-up system
- Turbine lube oil system
- Turbine oil conditioning system
- BFP turbine A ( agra ) & B ( Bombay ) lube oil system
- BFP turbine EH ( electro hydrolic ) oil system
- Gen hydrogen and CO2 system
- Gen sealing oil system
- Gen stator cooling water system
- Gen winding temp
- Turbine EH oil system
- Turbine drive feed water pump A & B
- Motor drive feed water pump
- Turbine TSI ( turbo supervisor instruments ) & metal temp
- HP & LP bypass
- Circulating water system
- Turbine control loops 1 & 2
40. P a g e | 40
ECS ( electrical control system ) for unit
- Generator transformer
- 11 KV
- 6.6 KV
- Boiler PCC ( power control cubic )
- Turbine PCC
- CT PCC
- Emergency PCC
- ESP
- UPS
- Battery charge
- GT signal from switchyard
- ST signal from switchyard
- GT1 & UT1 communication
- UT 1A & 1B metering data
- SPS ( special protection scheme ) signal from switchyard
41. P a g e | 41
COMMON ECS MENU
- Station battery charge
- Station UPS
- Station 1 – 11 kv startup
- Station 1 – 33 kv
- 415v station 1 vent/vc/swyd pdb
- 6.6 kv station 1
- 415v station 1 PCC
- Comm station 1 – 11 kv
- Comm station 1 – ST
- 415v station 3 PCC
- Comm station 3 – 11 kv
- Comm station 3 – ST
- HT ( high tension ) SWGR soft signal unit 1
- HT SWGR soft signal station 1
5% more of rated power can be generated which means 690MW ( 660 +30 )
can be generated but is not advisable .
42. P a g e | 42
EFFICIENCY AND PLANNING
Super critical technology which has more thermodynamic efficiency than
other power plants that have been using sub critical technology. Here we
achieve a thermodynamic efficiency of about 41-42 %.
BOILER EFFICIENCY :
In boiler the losses are generally in unburnt bottom ash and fly ash .unburnt
in bottom ash 4.6% and in fly ash 0.6%.poor coal mill fineness, erosion of burner
tips burner tilt mechanism not in synchronisation, linkage between bt mechanism
and burner tip failures are some reasons for this and there is also problem due to
incomplete combustion . Some reasons for incomplete combustion are Unbalance
Fuel &PA Flow between Coal Mills Outlet P.F.Pipes Uneven Openings of Aux
Air Dampers at 4 corners of the elevation
Wind box to Furnace D.P .Less
Mills outlet temp low
Amount of excess air is very less
Dry Gas Loss
Design Values
- APH Gas outlet Temp:-143 Deg.C.(Ambient 30 Deg.C)
- Co2 in APH Gas Outlet :- 14%(O2:-5%)
- Reasons for increased Dry Gas Loss
- Poor Heat Absorption in Boilers from Water Walls to APH ,Need ACID
Cleaning of Boiler
43. P a g e | 43
- More Excess Air
- APH leakage more
- Water Wall Soot Blowing is not effective Soot Blower Alignment
&Pr,Setting to be ensured
Moisture in Coal
- Design Values :10% as Fired Basis
- Heat Rate Deviation in GUHR
- -7Kcal/kwh-For 1% more moisture in coal
- Excessive Water spray on coal at various places in CHP to Coal Bunker
should be avoided
Critical Area of the Unit
- Which mostly affects the Unit Performance
- BOILER
- Air Heater
- Combustion System
- Turbine
- Condenser
- Feed Water Heating System
44. P a g e | 44
For Better Combustion of the Unit
- Mill Fineness
- +50 about 1-2%
- -200 about 70%
- Coal Mills balanced for Fuel Flow & PA Flow between P.F .Pipes
- Burner Tips OK
- Synchronus Operation of Burner Tilt Mechanism at all four corners of all
Elevations
Turbine Losses
- Friction Losses
- Nozzle Friction
- Blade Friction
- Disc Friction
- Diaphargm Gland &Blade Tip Frciction
- Partial Admission (Throttling)
- Wetness
- Exhaust
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External Losses
- Shaft Gland Leakage
- Journal &Thurst Bearing
- Governor &Oil Pump
These are the losses that occur in thermal power plants in turbines and
boilers . we have to minimise these losses to get a greater amount of output for a
given input
CONDITION MONITORING:
Condition monitoring (or, colloquially, CM) is the process of monitoring
a parameter of condition in machinery (vibration, temperature etc.), in order to
identify a significant change which is indicative of a developing fault. It is a
major component of predictive maintainance. The use of conditional monitoring
allows maintenance to be scheduled, or other actions to be taken to prevent
failure and avoid its consequences. Condition monitoring has a unique benefit in
that conditions that would shorten normal lifespan can be addressed before they
develop into a major failure. Condition monitoring techniques are normally used
on rotating equipment and other machinery (pumps, electric motors, internal
combustion engines, presses), while periodic inspection using non-destructive
testing techniques and fit for service (FFS) evaluation are used for stationary
plant equipment such as steam boilers, piping and heat exchangers
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The following list includes the main condition monitoring techniques applied in
the industrial and transportation sectors:
- Vibration condition monitoring and diagnostics
- Lubricant analysis
- Acoustic emission
- Infrared thermography
- Ultrasound emission
- Motor Condition Monitoring and
- Motor current signature analysis (MCSA)
Most CM technologies are being slowly standardized by ASTSM and ISO.
Here in Adani Maharashtra a team of people in switchyard will test the
condition of machines by using condition monitoring method . They here use
vibrational analysis which is based on the mathematical theorem of fourier time
to frequency domain analysis by getting a graph of amplitude vs frequency
By having amplitudes in the desired level the can say that the machine is in
proper working condition
- Motor Condition Monitoring and
- Motor current signature analysis (MCSA) is a most important technique used
in ntpc and some other plants according to the engineers
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VIBRATIONAL ANALYSIS
The most commonly used method for rotating machines is called a
vibration analysis. Measurements can be taken on machine bearing casings with
accelerometers (seismic or piezo-electric transducers) to measure the casing
vibrations, and on the vast majority of critical machines, with eddy-current
transducers that directly observe the rotating shafts to measure the radial
(and axial) displacement of the shaft. The level of vibration can be compared
with historical baseline values such as former start ups and shutdowns, and in
some cases established standards such as load changes, to assess the severity.
Interpreting the vibration signal obtained is an elaborate procedure that requires
specialized training and experience. It is simplified by the use
of state-of-the-art technologies that provide the vast majority of data analysis
automatically and provide information instead of raw data. One commonly
employed technique is to examine the individual frequencies present in the
signal. These frequencies correspond to certain mechanical components (for
example, the various pieces that make up a rolling-element bearing ) or certain
malfunctions (such as shaft unbalance or misalignment). By examining these
frequencies and their harmonics, the CM specialist can often identify the location
and type of problem, and sometimes the root cause as well. For example, high
vibration at the frequency corresponding to the speed of rotation is most often
due to residual imbalance and is corrected by balancing the machine. As another
example, a degrading rolling-element bearing will usually exhibit increasing
48. P a g e | 48
vibration signals at specific frequencies as it wears. Special analysis instruments
can detect this wear weeks or even months before failure, giving ample warning
to schedule replacement before a failure which could cause a much longer down-time.
Beside all sensors and data analysis it is important to keep in mind that
more than 80% of all complex mechanical equipment fail accidentally and
without any relation to their life-cycle period.
Most vibration analysis instruments today utilize a Fast Fourier
Transform (FFT) which is a special case of the generalized Discrete Fourier
Transform and converts the vibration signal from its time domain representation
to its equivalent frequency domain representation. However, frequency analysis
(sometimes called Spectral Analysis or Vibration Signature Analysis) is only one
aspect of interpreting the information contained in a vibration signal. Frequency
analysis tends to be most useful on machines that employ rolling element
bearings and whose main failure modes tend to be the degradation of those
bearings, which typically exhibit an increase in characteristic frequencies
associated with the bearing geometries and constructions. Depending on the type
of machine, its typical malfunctions, the bearing types employed, rotational
speeds, and other factors, the CM specialist may use additional diagnostic tools,
such as examination of the time domain signal, the phase relationship between
vibration components and a timing mark on the machine shaft (often known as
a keyphasor), historical trends of vibration levels, the shape of vibration, and
numerous other aspects of the signal along with other information from the
process such as load, bearing temperatures, flow rates, valve positions and
pressures to provide an accurate diagnosis. This is particularly true of machines
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that use fluid bearings rather than rolling-element bearing. To enable them to
look at this data in a more simplified form vibration analysts or machinery
diagnostic engineers have adopted a number of mathematical plots to show
machine problems and running characteristics, these plots include the bode plot,
the waterfall plot, the polar plot and the orbit time base plot amongst others.
Handheld data collectors and analyzers are now commonplace on non-critical
or balance of plant machines on which permanent on-line vibration
instrumentation cannot be economically justified. The technician can collect data
samples from a number of machines, then download the data into a computer
where the analyst (and sometimes artificial intelligence) can examine the data for
changes indicative of malfunctions and impending failures. For larger, more
critical machines where safety implications, production interruptions (so-called
"downtime"), replacement parts, and other costs of failure can be appreciable
(determined by the criticality index), a permanent monitoring system is typically
employed rather than relying on periodic handheld data collection. However, the
diagnostic methods and tools available from either approach are generally the
same.
Recently also on-line systems have been applied to heavy process industries
such as pulp, paper, mining, petrochemical and power generation. These can
be dedicated systems like Sensodec 6S or nowadays this functionality has been
embedded into DCS.
Performance monitoring is a less well-known condition monitoring
technique. It can be applied to rotating machinery such as pumps and turbines, as
50. P a g e | 50
well as stationary items such as boilers and heat exchangers. Measurements are
required of physical quantities: temperature, pressure, flow, speed, displacement,
according to the plant item. Absolute accuracy is rarely necessary, but repeatable
data is needed. Calibrated test instruments are usually needed, but some success
has been achieved in plant with DCS (Distributed Control Systems). Performance
analysis is often closely related to energy efficiency, and therefore has long been
applied in steam power generation plants. Typical applications in power
generation could be boiler, steam turbine and gas turbine. In some cases, it is
possible to calculate the optimum time for overhaul to restore degraded
performance.
Other technique
- Often visual inspections are considered to form an underlying component of
condition monitoring, however this is only true if the inspection results can be
measured or critiqued against a documented set of guidelines. For these
inspections to be considered condition monitoring, the results and the
conditions at the time of observation must be collated to allow for
comparative analysis against the previous and future measurements. The act
of simply visually inspecting a section of pipework for the presence of cracks
or leaks cannot be considered condition monitoring unless quantifiable
parameters exist to support the inspection and a relative comparison is made
against previous inspections. An act performed in isolation to previous
inspections is considered a Condition Assessment, Condition Monitoring
51. P a g e | 51
activities require that analysis is made comparative to previous data and
reports the trending of that comparison.
- Slight temperature variations across a surface can be discovered with visual
inspection and non-destructive testing with thermography. Heat is indicative
of failing components, especially degrading electrical contacts and
terminations. Thermography can also be successfully applied to high-speed
bearings, fluid couplings, conveyor rollers, and storage tank internal build-up.
- Using a Scanning Electron Microscope of a carefully taken sample of debris
suspended in lubricating oil (taken from filters or magnetic chip detectors).
Instruments then reveal the elements contained, their proportions, size and
morphology. Using this method, the site, the mechanical failure mechanism
and the time to eventual failure may be determined. This is called WDA -
Wear Debris Analysis.
- Spectrographic oil analysis that tests the chemical composition of the oil can
be used to predict failure modes. For example a high silicon content indicates
contamination of grit etc., and high iron levels indicate wearing components.
Individually, elements give fair indications, but when used together they can
very accurately determine failure modes e.g. for internal combustion engines,
the presence of iron/alloy, and carbon would indicate worn piston rings.
- Ultrasound can be used for high-speed and slow-speed mechanical
applications and for high-pressure fluid situations. Digital ultrasonic meters
measure high frequency signals from bearings and display the result as a db
uv(decibels per microvolt) value. This value is trended over time and used to
predict increases in friction, rubbing, impacting, and other bearing defects.
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The dBuV value is also used to predict proper intervals for re-lubrication.
Ultrasound monitoring, if done properly, proves out to be a great companion
technology for vibration analysis.
Headphones allow humans to listen to ultrasound as well. A high pitched
'buzzing sound' in bearings indicates flaws in the contact surfaces, and when
partial blockages occur in high pressure fluids the orifice will cause a large
amount of ultrasonic noise. Ultrasound is used in the Shock Pulse Method of
condition monitoring.
- Performance analysis, where the physical efficiency, performance, or
condition is found by comparing actual parameters against an ideal model.
Deterioration is typically the cause of difference in the readings. After motors,
centrifugal pumps are arguably the most common machines. Condition
monitoring by a simple head-flow test near duty point using repeatable
measurements has long been used but could be more widely adopted. An
extension of this method can be used to calculate the best time to overhaul a
pump based on balancing the cost of overhaul against the increasing energy
consumption that occurs as a pump wears. Aviation gas turbines are also
commonly monitored using performance analysis techniques with the original
equipment manufacturers such as Rolls-Royce plc routinely monitoring whole
fleets of aircraft engines under Long Term Service Agreements (LTSAs) or
Total Care packages.
- Wear Debris Detection Sensors are capable of detecting ferrous and non-ferrous
wear particles within the lubrication oil giving considerable
53. P a g e | 53
information about the condition of the measured machinery. By creating and
monitoring a trend of what debris is being generated it is possible to detect
faults prior to catastrophic failure of rotating equipment such as gearbox',
turbines, etc.
The Criticality Index
- The Criticality Index is often used to determine the degree on condition
monitoring on a given machine taking into account the machines
purpose, redundancy (i.e. if the machine fails, is there a standby machine
which can take over), cost of repair, downtime impacts, health, safety and
environment issues and a number of other key factors. The criticality index
puts all machines into one of three categories:
1. Critical machinery - Machines that are vital to the plant or process and
without which the plant or process cannot function. Machines in this
category include the steam or gas turbines in a power plant, crude oil
export pumps on an oil rig or the cracker in an oil refinery. With critical
machinery being at the heart of the process it is seen to require full on-line
condition monitoring to continually record as much data from the machine
as possible regardless of cost and is often specified by the plant insurance.
Measurements such as loads, pressures, temperatures, casing vibration and
displacement, shaft axial and radial displacement, speed and differential
expansion are taken where possible. These values are often fed back into a
machinery management software package which is capable of trending the
54. P a g e | 54
historical data and providing the operators with information such as
performance data and even predict faults and provide diagnosis of failures
before they happen.
2. Essential Machinery - Units that are a key part of the process, but if there is
a failure, the process still continues. Redundant units (if available) fall into
this realm. Testing and control of these units is also essential to maintain
alternative plans should Critical Machinery fail.
3. General purpose or balance of plant machines - These are the machines that
make up the remainder of the plant and normally monitored using a
handheld data collector as mentioned previously to periodically create a
picture of the health of the machine.
This is all about condition monitoring .
Here in APML TIRODA plant there is technical services department .
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CHEMICAL PLANT
Here they do water purification ,water analysis , coal analysis and oil analysis.
WATER PURIFICATION
Types of water in thermal power plant
- Cooling water
- Boiler water
- Process water
- Consumptive water
Water treatment in power plant
- Pretreatment of water
- Filter water for softening and D M plant
- Ultra pure/ de mineralized water for boiler make up and steam generation
- Cooling water system
WATER FLOW DIAGRAM
Raw water clariflocculator gravity filter u/g storage tank dm
plant boler make up
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Actually in pretreatment of water suspended particles colloidal silica and
some other organic materials are removed
Here alum +cl2 is added to raw water.then water is sent through
clariflocculator . there the water is clarified and the sludge is settled in the
bottom. from there the water is sent through psf [PRESSURISED SAND
FILTER]and degaseer where dissolved gases are sent out like co2 and NOX.
Then from there the water is sent for reverse osmosis where again dissolved
gases and ions are removed and from there the water is sent for ultra filtration.
From there the water is sent through cation resin and anion resign where both
cation and anion impurities like Na ,Mg,Al,PO4etc are removed.
Then the water is sent through mixed bed and from there the water is
directly sent to the DM water storage tanks which have a capacity of about
3000m^3.
Before going to the dm plant sorage tank the chemical people will do
chemical analysis of water in the laboratory as follows
The following parameters are monitored in the laboratory
- pH 9.0-9.6
- sillica as sio2 <15ppm
- conductivity <9
- after cation conductivity
- dissolved oxygen <7
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- sodium
- copper
- iron <10
- carbondioxide
- hardness
- chloride
For some parameters limited are mentioned above as per my knowledge
.for every quantity the values should be within the permissible limits .otherwise
the water sample will be rejected to sent in to the boiler.
OIL ANALYSIS
According to the national auronatic standard the NAS value of the oil
should be less than 7.And the moisture should be less than 100 ppm and the Total
Acid Number is 0.02 mgkoh/gm.
Oil analysis (OA) is the laboratory analysis of a lubricant's properties,
suspended contaminants, and wear debris.OA is performed during
routine preventive maintenance to provide meaningful and accurate information
on lubricant and machine condition. By tracking oil analysis sample results over
the life of a particular machine, trends can be established which can help
eliminate costly repairs. The study of wear in machinery is called tribology
OA can be divided into three categories:
1. analysis of oil properties including those of the base oil and its additives,
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2. analysis of contaminants,
3. analysis of wear debris from machinery,
Viscosity index (VI) is an arbitrary measure for the change of viscosity with
variations in temperature. It is used to characterize viscosity changes with
relation to temperature in lubricating oil.
A viscometer (also called viscosimeter) is an instrument used to measure
the viscosity of a fluid. For liquids with viscosities which vary with flow
conditions, an instrument called a rheometer is used. Viscometers only measure
under one flow condition. a viscometer in our laboratory at APML ,TIRODA
A coulometer is a device to determine electric charges. The term comes
from the unit of charge, the coulomb. There can be two goals in measuring
charge:
- Coulometers can be devices that are used to determine an amount of
substance by measuring the charges. The devices do a quantitative analysis.
This method is called coulometry, and related coulometers are either devices
used for a coulometry or instruments that perform a coulometry in an
automatic way.
- Coulometers can be used to determine electric quantities in the direct current
circuit, namely the total charge or a constant current. These devices invented
by Michael Faraday were used frequently in the 19th century and in the first
half of the 20th century. In the past, the coulometers of that type were
named voltammeters model of a karl fischer coulometer in our lab
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A model of oil cleanliness meter used in our laboratory
This is the total of oil analysis in our laboratory
The oils used in our plant are
1.heavy fuel oil [HFO]
2.low density oil [LDO]
3.High speed diesel oil [HDO]
COAL ANALYSIS
Coal is a important and essential input in our plant. Therefore its quality
and property is utmost important to us. Therfore coal analysis is done by our lab
members and also by third party to come to a common agreement.If the coal
quality is not to our requirement then we can reject the coal sample .Because
quality of coal maintains an important role in the amount of out put.
Coal is mined by two ways
- Surface mining
- Underground mining
In coal there are many types peat,lignite ,bituminous coal,semi bituminous
coal,non bituminous coal ,anthracite and graphite. Anthracite is the highest coal.
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Hilt's law is a geological term that states that, in a small area, the deeper the
coal, the higher its rank (grade). The law holds true if the thermal gradient is
entirely vertical, but metamorphism may cause lateral changes of rank,
irrespective of depth.
In coal we mainly measure the following parameters
- Calorific value
- Grade of coal [UHV]
- Proximate analysis
- Ultimate analysis
- Ash and minerals
- Grindability
- Rank
- Physical charcteristics
If ash content is high means total carbon content is less and the coal is not
good to us. And also for us the coal calorific value also should be high so that we
can produce large amount of heat from small amount of coal
The energy value of coal, or the fuel content, is the amount of potential
energy in coal that can be converted into actual heating ability. The value can be
calculated and compared with different grades of coal or even other materials.
Materials of different grades will produce differing amounts of heat for a
given mass.
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While chemistry provides methods of calculating the heating value of a
certain amount of a substance, there is a difference between this theoretical value
and its application to real coal. The grade of a sample of coal does not precisely
define its chemical composition, so calculating the actual usefulness of coal as a
fuel requires determining its proximate and ultimate analysis
Chemical composition
Chemical composition of the coal is defined in terms of its proximate and
ultimate (elemental) analyses. The parameters of proximate analysis
are moisture, volatile matter, ash, and fixed carbon. Elemental or ultimate
analysis encompasses the quantitative determination
of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen within the coal. Additionally,
specific physical and mechanical properties of coal and
particular carbonization properties
The calorific value Q of coal [kJ/kg] is the heat liberated by its
complete combustion with oxygen. Q is a complex function of the elemental
composition of the coal. Q can be determined experimentally using calorimeters.
Dulong suggests the following approximate formula for Q when the oxygen
content is less than 10%:
Q = 337C + 1442(H - O/8) + 93S,
where C is the mass percent of carbon, H is the mass percent of
hydrogen, O is the mass percent of oxygen, andS is the mass percent of sulfur
in the coal. With these constants, Q is given in kilojoules per kilogram.
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Useful heat value of coal is uhv=8900-138(A+M)
A bomb calorimeter is used to measure the calorific value of the coal
Instruments used to do proximate analysis and ultimate analysis of coal in
the laboratory.
If there is moisture in the coal it is disadvantageous to us as it will reduce
the temperature in the fire ball.so a less amount of moisture is advisable.
Preventive maintenance [Planning]
Preventive maintenance (PM) has the following meanings:
1. The care and servicing by personnel for the purpose of maintaining
equipment and facilities in satisfactory operating condition by providing
for systematic inspection, detection, and correction of incipient failures
either before they occur or before they develop into major defects.
2. Maintenance, including tests, measurements, adjustments, and parts
replacement, performed specifically to prevent faults from occurring.
The primary goal of maintenance is to avoid or mitigate the consequences of
failure of equipment. This may be by preventing the failure before it actually
occurs which Planned Maintenance and Condition Based Maintenance help to
achieve. It is designed to preserve and restore equipment reliability by replacing
worn components before they actually fail. Preventive maintenance activities
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include partial or complete overhauls at specified periods, oil changes,
lubrication and so on. In addition, workers can record equipment deterioration so
they know to replace or repair worn parts before they cause system failure. The
ideal preventive maintenance program would prevent all equipment failure
before it occurs
Preventive maintenance can be described as maintenance of equipment or
systems before fault occurs. It can be divided into two subgroups:
- planned maintenance and
- condition-based maintenance.
The main difference of subgroups is determination of maintenance time, or
determination of moment when maintenance should be performed.
While preventive maintenance is generally considered to be worthwhile, there
are risks such as equipment failure or human error involved when performing
preventive maintenance, just as in any maintenance operation. Preventive
maintenance as scheduled overhaul or scheduled replacement provides two of the
three proactive failure management policies available to the maintenance
engineer. Common methods of determining what Preventive (or other) failure
management policies should be applied are; OEM recommendations,
requirements of codes and legislation within a jurisdiction, what an "expert"
thinks ought to be done, or the maintenance that's already done to similar
equipment, and most important measured values and performance indications.
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In a nutshell:
- Preventive maintenance is conducted to keep equipment working and/or
extend the life of the equipment.
- Corrective maintenance, sometimes called "repair," is conducted to get
equipment working again.
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MECHANICAL MAINTAINANCE [TURBINE]