Acute myelogenous leukemia (aml)
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Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal white blood cells that build up in the bone marrow and interfere with normal blood cell production. AML results from genetic mutations that cause immature myeloid cells to proliferate uncontrollably. Diagnosis involves blood tests, bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, and cytogenetic analysis. Treatment consists of induction chemotherapy to achieve remission followed by consolidation chemotherapy to destroy any remaining leukemia.
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Acute myeloid leukemia
This document provides an overview of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It discusses the historical background, classification, clinical features, risk stratification, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment regimens for AML. Key points include that AML is characterized by infiltration of blood and bone marrow by proliferative myeloid cells, the WHO classification system is based on clinical features, morphology, cytogenetics and molecular abnormalities, risk is stratified by cytogenetics and molecular markers, and treatment involves supportive care, induction chemotherapy, and consideration of novel targeted therapies or stem cell transplant depending on risk factors.
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Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a group of bone marrow disorders where the bone marrow fails to produce mature and healthy blood cells. This leads to low blood cell counts and a risk of developing acute myeloid leukemia. MDS is characterized by dysplasia in one or more cell lines and subgroups are defined by specific percentages of blasts in the bone marrow and blood. Common subgroups include refractory anemia, refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts, and refractory anemia with excess blasts. Chromosomal abnormalities are present in many cases of MDS and help define prognosis.
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This document provides an overview of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). It defines AML, discusses its epidemiology including increasing incidence with age, and reviews its etiology related to environmental/genetic risk factors and predisposing diseases. The document also covers AML classification systems, cytogenetics, clinical features, laboratory findings including blood/bone marrow morphology and immunophenotypes, and general treatment approaches.
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Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells that produce abnormal antibodies. It causes bone destruction and can damage the kidneys and suppress the bone marrow. While the cause is unknown, risk factors include age, family history, and exposure to radiation. Symptoms include bone pain, fatigue, recurrent infection, and kidney problems. Diagnosis involves blood and urine tests and a bone marrow biopsy. Staging uses tests such as MRI, blood tests, and bone surveys. Treatment may include chemotherapy, steroids, radiation, stem cell transplants, and newer drugs that target specific pathways in myeloma cells. While not yet curable, novel agents have improved survival rates and quality of life compared to conventional chemotherapy alone.
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Dr. Kaushalya M K discusses myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) in the document. Some key points:
1. MDS is a group of clonal hematopoietic stem cell diseases characterized by cytopenia, dysplasia, ineffective hematopoiesis, and increased risk of acute myeloid leukemia.
2. Risk factors for MDS include aging, environmental exposures like smoking and radiation, genetic disorders, and prior chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
3. Symptoms are related to cytopenias and include fatigue, infections, bleeding, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, and cytogenetic analysis.
4. Treatment
Thalassemia
1. Thalassemia is a group of inherited blood disorders caused by a defect in the synthesis of the globin chains that make up hemoglobin. There are two main types - alpha and beta thalassemia.
2. Symptoms range from mild anemia to life-threatening conditions depending on the type and severity. Diagnosis involves blood tests and family screening. Treatment involves lifelong blood transfusions and iron chelation therapy for severe cases.
3. Complications include iron overload, organ damage, bone changes and endocrine abnormalities which require monitoring and additional management. While transplantation offers a cure, compliance with treatment and managing complications long-term is important to maximize outcomes for patients.
Acute myeloid leukemia
AML is characterized by accumulation of abnormal blast cells in the bone marrow and impaired production of normal blood cells. It results from clonal expansion of myeloid precursor cells with reduced ability to differentiate. Treatment involves induction chemotherapy with anthracyclines and cytarabine to achieve complete remission, defined as less than 5% blasts in the bone marrow. Risk is then assessed based on genetics to determine if additional chemotherapy or stem cell transplant is needed.
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Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells that produce abnormal antibodies. It causes bone destruction and can damage the kidneys and suppress the bone marrow. While the cause is unknown, risk factors include age, family history, and exposure to radiation. Symptoms include bone pain, fatigue, recurrent infection, and kidney problems. Diagnosis involves blood and urine tests and a bone marrow biopsy. Staging uses tests such as MRI, blood tests, and bone surveys. Treatment may include chemotherapy, steroids, radiation, stem cell transplants, and newer drugs that target specific pathways in myeloma cells. While not yet curable, novel agents have improved survival rates and quality of life compared to conventional chemotherapy alone.
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Dr. Kaushalya M K discusses myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) in the document. Some key points:
1. MDS is a group of clonal hematopoietic stem cell diseases characterized by cytopenia, dysplasia, ineffective hematopoiesis, and increased risk of acute myeloid leukemia.
2. Risk factors for MDS include aging, environmental exposures like smoking and radiation, genetic disorders, and prior chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
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1. Thalassemia is a group of inherited blood disorders caused by a defect in the synthesis of the globin chains that make up hemoglobin. There are two main types - alpha and beta thalassemia.
2. Symptoms range from mild anemia to life-threatening conditions depending on the type and severity. Diagnosis involves blood tests and family screening. Treatment involves lifelong blood transfusions and iron chelation therapy for severe cases.
3. Complications include iron overload, organ damage, bone changes and endocrine abnormalities which require monitoring and additional management. While transplantation offers a cure, compliance with treatment and managing complications long-term is important to maximize outcomes for patients.
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AML is characterized by accumulation of abnormal blast cells in the bone marrow and impaired production of normal blood cells. It results from clonal expansion of myeloid precursor cells with reduced ability to differentiate. Treatment involves induction chemotherapy with anthracyclines and cytarabine to achieve complete remission, defined as less than 5% blasts in the bone marrow. Risk is then assessed based on genetics to determine if additional chemotherapy or stem cell transplant is needed.
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1. AML arises from mutations in hematopoietic precursors that confer proliferation/survival advantages and impair differentiation/apoptosis.
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Tumour Markers are substances present in the tumour, produced by the tumour or by the host as a response to the presence of the tumour, providing information about biological characteristics of the tumour. these tumour markers may specific for the tissue but often get elevated in neoplastic as well non-neoplastic lesions, further Various analytical platforms available for serum tumour markers lack standardisation. These factors add to interpretative challenges in serum tumour markers
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This document discusses aplastic anemia, a condition characterized by pancytopenia and bone marrow hypocellularity. It defines aplastic anemia, discusses its causes (acquired from things like radiation, drugs, viruses, immune diseases, or inherited genetic syndromes), epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features including symptoms and examination findings, diagnostic testing including blood tests and bone marrow biopsy, and treatment options including hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, immunosuppression, supportive care, and prognosis.
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This document discusses the classification of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It provides an overview of classifications proposed over time including the French-American-British (FAB) classification from 1976 based on morphology and cytochemistry. The 2008 World Health Organization classification expanded genetic subtypes and incorporated cytogenetic and molecular information along with morphology. Accurate classification involves evaluating blast percentage, cell morphology, dysplasia, immunophenotyping, cytogenetics and molecular genetics to identify distinct biological entities of AML.
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Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells that produce abnormal antibodies. When myeloma cells spread throughout the bone marrow, it is called multiple myeloma. Renal impairment is a common feature of symptomatic multiple myeloma and can provide a clue to the diagnosis. The International Myeloma Working Group diagnostic criteria require either 10% or more plasma cells in the bone marrow or a biopsy-proven plasmacytoma plus evidence of end organ damage like hypercalcemia, renal insufficiency, anemia, or bone lesions.
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Autologous bone marrow transplant involves harvesting a patient's own bone marrow stem cells, storing them, and later re-infusing them after high-dose chemotherapy or radiation treatment to destroy cancerous cells. The stem cells help repopulate the bone marrow and restore the immune system. Complications can include infections during the neutropenic phase, graft-versus-host disease, and mucositis. Long term effects may include secondary cancers or sterility. Autologous transplants are commonly used to treat blood cancers like lymphoma or multiple myeloma.
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Sickle cell anemia is a genetic blood disorder caused by a mutation in the beta-globin gene that results in abnormal hemoglobin. The red blood cells take on a sickle shape, which can cause them to block small blood vessels and obstruct blood flow. This document discusses the inheritance pattern, genetics, mechanism of sickling, signs and symptoms, complications, diagnosis, and treatment of sickle cell anemia. Treatment aims to prevent crises and complications through medications, blood transfusions, and potentially a bone marrow transplant to cure the disease.
Stem cell transplantation
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation involves collecting stem cells from bone marrow, peripheral blood, or umbilical cord blood and infusing them into a patient after intensive chemotherapy or radiation treatment. There are three main types of transplants - autologous using the patient's own stem cells, allogeneic using a donor's stem cells, and syngeneic using an identical twin's stem cells. The goal is for the transplanted stem cells to engraft and repopulate the patient's bone marrow and immune system. Some potential complications after transplantation include graft-versus-host disease, infections, organ toxicities from the conditioning regimen, and secondary cancers later on.
STEM CELL THERAPY
Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) involves collecting stem cells from a patient's bloodstream and later infusing them back into the patient after chemotherapy or radiation therapy. PBSCT has replaced bone marrow as the most common stem cell transplantation procedure. Stem cells are collected from the bloodstream using growth factors alone or with chemotherapy, and the minimum number needed for a safe transplant is 2 million CD34+ cells per kilogram of body weight. PBSCT results in faster recovery time compared to bone marrow transplants due to higher numbers of stem cells and T cells collected.
Leukemia
This document provides information about leukemia, including:
- Leukemia is a group of cancers that affect the blood and bone marrow. It results from abnormal bone marrow stem cells and causes an overproduction of immature white blood cells.
- There are four main types of leukemia - acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, and chronic myelogenous leukemia. They are distinguished based on the type of blood cell affected and speed of progression.
- Treatment depends on the leukemia type and involves chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplant, or watchful waiting. The goal is to destroy signs of leukemia and induce remission while managing side effects.
-
Blood.pptx
- Blood functions to deliver nutrients and oxygen to cells, remove waste from cells, transport hormones and regulatory substances, and maintain homeostasis. It also transports immune cells.
- Blood cells include erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and thrombocytes (platelets). Major plasma proteins include albumin, globulins, fibrinogen, and complement proteins made by the liver.
- The hematocrit measures the percentage of red blood cells in blood and is normally 39-50% in men and 35-45% in women. Plasma is the liquid portion while formed elements include cells and platelets.
Leukopoiesis formation of white blood cell
Leukocytes, or white blood cells, have several key differences from erythrocytes. Leukocytes are nucleated cells that contain organelles and can be classified as granulocytes or agranulocytes based on the presence of cytoplasmic granules. Leukocytes leave the bloodstream via diapedesis and use chemotaxis to travel to sites of infection in tissues, where they perform functions like phagocytosis. The main types of leukocytes are neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes. Platelets are cell fragments involved in hemostasis that originate from megakaryocytes in bone marrow.
leukemia
Leukemia is a cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. It causes the body to overproduce immature white blood cells that do not function properly. There are four main types of leukemia - acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). The document discusses the definition, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment approaches which may include chemotherapy, targeted therapy and stem cell transplant, and management of the different types of leukemia.
Leukemia
Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. It results from abnormal proliferation of white blood cells. There are four main types of leukemia - acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and chronic myelogenous leukemia. Leukemia is treated through chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiation therapy or stem cell transplant depending on the type and stage of leukemia. Nursing care focuses on managing side effects of treatment, preventing infections, maintaining nutrition, providing education and supporting the psychological needs of the patient.
Leukemia english
This document provides information about leukemia, including its definition, types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Leukemia is a cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. It is defined as a group of malignant disorders affecting the blood and blood-forming tissues. There are four main types of leukemia - acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and chronic myelogenous leukemia. Leukemia is diagnosed based on blood tests showing low blood cell counts and the presence of immature white blood cells. Treatment depends on the type of leukemia and involves chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiation therapy or stem cell transplant.
Hemopoisis
Hematopoiesis is the formation of blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells located in bone marrow. There are three main lineages - erythroid cells (red blood cells), lymphocytes (white blood cells involved in immunity), and myelocytes (other white blood cells). Hematopoietic stem cells self-renew and can differentiate into various mature blood cell types. Growth factors and cytokines regulate the proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of blood cell lineages, while transcription factors determine the specific lineages that cells develop into.
Similar to Acute myelogenous leukemia (aml) (20)
Circulating Endothelial Cells and Endothelial Progenitor Cells
Circulating Endothelial Cells and Endothelial Progenitor Cells
Lecture 1: Hematology introducion For TID and HIV Medicine MSc students
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20. khalili down syndrome
Down syndrome is a chromosomal condition caused by the presence of all or part of an extra third copy of chromosome 21, making it the most common chromosome abnormality in humans. Common signs include a small head compared to body size, broad feet and hands, short fingers, low-set ears, and eyes that slant upward. Dental health issues are also common in people with Down syndrome, and poor oral care has been linked to increased severity of intellectual disability and faster aging.
19. chahardolee edward syndrome
Trisomy 18, also known as Edward's Syndrome, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 18. It is three times more common in girls than boys and can cause physical abnormalities like clenched hands, crossed legs, and heart defects. Treatment is tailored to each individual child but the outcome is often poor as many children with Trisomy 18 die within the first year. Genetic testing during pregnancy can identify risks and help parents plan for care of an affected child.
18. gatbonton dwarfism
Achondroplasia is the most common type of dwarfism, caused by a mutation in the FGFR3 gene. It is characterized by an average height of 4 feet, with short arms and legs and a large head. It is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern and causes disproportionate skeletal growth with bowed legs and short stature.
17. parrocha ataxia
This document summarizes Ataxia-Telangiectasia, a rare childhood genetic disorder that affects coordination and causes enlarged blood vessels in the skin and eyes. It is caused by mutations in the ATM gene and results in problems with movement, impaired immune function, increased cancer risk, and sensitivity to radiation. Symptoms include unsteady walking, slowed mental development, and skin discoloration. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms, with dental care requiring antibiotics and antifungals to prevent infection given the immune dysfunction.
16. mallari obesity
Obesity is a medical condition where excess body fat has accumulated to the point it can negatively impact health, reducing life expectancy and increasing health problems. It is defined as a body mass index over 30 kg/m2. Signs include excess body fat, large waistline, difficulty sleeping, sweating, lack of energy, joint/muscle pain and rashes. Obesity is also associated with oral diseases like periodontal disease and may be related to cardiovascular disease. It has multiple contributing factors like genetics, lifestyle, behavior and health conditions.
13. bellaflores siamese twins
Conjoined twins occur when identical twins fail to separate during development in the womb. They share a body and may share vital organs. The term "Siamese twins" comes from Eng and Chang Bunker who were born in Siam (Thailand) in 1811. Conjoined twins occur in about 1 in 200,000 live births. There are several types depending on where the twins are joined, such as the chest or head. Separation surgery is usually performed at a young age to give each twin their own organs. Dental procedures for conjoined twins must consider drug dosing based on total weight.
15. pasamba alopecia
Alopecia, also known as baldness, refers to hair loss in areas of skin that normally have hair. There are two forms: scarring and non-scarring. Symptoms depend on the type of hair loss, and can include patches of hair loss, thinning hair, or hair falling out. Dental infections have been linked to alopecia, with bald patches sometimes appearing in areas corresponding to tooth infections. Alopecia is classified as a multifactorial genetic trait influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors. Genome mapping has linked alopecia to several chromosomes, including linkage to chromosome 18 in one study.
14. esmino dentinogenesis imperfecta
Dentinogenesis imperfecta is a genetic disorder that causes teeth to be discolored and translucent, as well as weaker and prone to breakage. It is caused by abnormal dentin formation and can affect primary and permanent teeth. The condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern and affects about 1 in 6,000-8,000 people. While the teeth may appear more susceptible to cavities, they are not actually more prone to dental caries. Treatment focuses on bonding to strengthen and whiten teeth, as other cosmetic procedures could cause further damage.
12. cobey marfan syndrome
Marfan Syndrome is a genetic disorder of the connective tissue that is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. It is caused by mutations in the FBN1 gene which encodes the protein fibrillin-1. Common signs include tall stature, long limbs, long fingers, joint laxity, scoliosis, chest deformities, eye problems like nearsightedness, and aortic root dilation. Dentally, patients often have a high-arched palate, crowded teeth, and may require orthodontic or orthognathic treatment. Surgery must be carefully coordinated with a cardiologist due to risks of aortic complications.
11. de jesus lesch–nyhan syndrome
Hereditary disorder caused by deficiency of HPRT enzyme, leading to overproduction of uric acid and formation of crystals. Symptoms include self-mutilation, impaired renal function, neurological issues like spasticity, and behavioral abnormalities like aggression. Known as Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, it is an X-linked recessive disease characterized by physical and mental retardation.
10. pangan maple syrup disease
MSUD, or maple syrup urine disease, is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder that prevents the breakdown of the branched-chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine. It can be life-threatening if not treated early through a very restricted diet that avoids these amino acids and intravenous therapy if amino acid levels rise too high. The disease causes a sweet-smelling urine due to high amino acid levels and, if untreated, can cause rapid brain damage in infants. Diagnosis is through newborn screening and treatment must begin immediately to prevent health issues.
9. dela cruz cleidocranial dysplasia
Cleidocranial dysplasia is a genetic condition characterized by defective bone development of the skull and absence or partial absence of the collarbone. It causes delayed closure of skull bones and late or unerupted teeth. Symptoms include protruding forehead, wide-set eyes, high-arched palate, and short stature. Dental issues are the most significant complications and require careful orthodontic treatment like dentures or staged tooth removal. The condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern and results from mutations in the RunX2 gene.
8. andal royal disease
Hemophilia is a genetic bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency in clotting factors, most commonly factor VIII (hemophilia A) or factor IX (hemophilia B). Symptoms include prolonged bleeding from minor cuts or injuries, heavy menstrual bleeding, bleeding into joints or muscles. Dental procedures like extractions require careful management to prevent life-threatening bleeding. Treatment focuses on replacing the deficient clotting factor through infusions or injections. Hemophilia occurs almost exclusively in males and ranges from severe to mild depending on the degree of clotting factor deficiency.
7. tesoro acute myelogenous leukemia
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is a clonal hematopoietic disorder resulting from genetic alterations in stem cells. These changes cause abnormal, immature myeloid cells to accumulate in the bone marrow and blood instead of maturing into normal blood cells. AML is more common in men and risk increases with age. Signs include fever, fatigue, infections, and easy bleeding. Dental treatment for AML patients requires preventive oral care and antibiotic coverage due to high risk of infection and bleeding.
6. fernandez wilson's disease
Wilson's disease is a genetic disorder that causes copper to accumulate in the body's tissues. It manifests as neurological or psychiatric symptoms and liver disease. Common signs include tremors, easy bruising, jaundice, and behavioral changes. Kayser-Fleischer rings, which are dark rings around the iris, can indicate copper deposition in the liver. Dentists must take precautions with patients who have Wilson's disease due to risks like tremors during procedures and potential drug interactions. The disorder is caused by mutations in the ATP7B gene.
5. fullante sickle cell anemia
Sickle cell anemia is a genetic blood disorder caused by abnormal hemoglobin molecules that tend to aggregate and form rod-like structures after releasing oxygen, causing red blood cells to assume a sickle shape. Common signs and symptoms include fatigue, pale skin, jaundice, shortness of breath, and sudden episodes of pain throughout the body. Oral manifestations include an increased risk of gum disease, abnormally pale oral tissues, and glossitis. Proper oral hygiene, dental exams, and atraumatic dental procedures are important for oral care of sickle cell anemia patients.
4. virola cleft palate
Cleft palate is a condition where the two palate bones in the skull are not completely joined, resulting in a split in the roof of the mouth or palate. It can affect one or both sides of the face and occurs during fetal development between weeks 6-12. Cleft palate is more common in females and may be caused by disorders in neural crest cell migration or failure of fusion processes during development. Problems associated with cleft palate include difficulty feeding, poor growth, speech issues, and recurring ear infections. It is classified as a multifactorial birth defect caused by both genetic and environmental factors.
3. haron amelogenesis imperfecta
Amelogenesis imperfecta is a genetic disorder that affects the development of enamel on teeth. It results in enamel that is unusually thin, soft, prone to rapid wear and breakage. There are four main types classified by abnormalities in enamel formation including hypoplastic (defect in amount), hypomaturation (defect in maturation), hypocalcified (defect in initial crystallization), and a mixed type. Treatment involves full crowns, extractions, and dental implants or dentures to compensate for the weakened enamel and protect the teeth.
2. cardenas introduction
Multifactorial inheritance is caused by a combination of environmental factors and mutations in multiple genes. Common chronic diseases like high blood pressure are often multifactorial, with genetic and environmental components both playing a role. While some genes may increase susceptibility, no single gene determines these conditions. They can occur in people with or without affected family members, and concordance rates in twins do not follow Mendelian patterns.
1. velo introduction
This document provides an introduction to genetic disorders. It defines key genetic terms like alleles, dominant and recessive alleles, and Punnett squares. It then describes the main types of genetic disorders: single-gene disorders caused by one gene, multifactorial disorders caused by multiple genes and environment, chromosomal disorders from abnormalities in chromosomes, and mitochondrial disorders from mutations in mitochondrial DNA. Examples are given for each type of genetic disorder.
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Acute myelogenous leukemia (aml)
- 1. ACUTE MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (AML) Tesoro, Willianne C. DMD-2D
- 2. ACUTE MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (AML) is a clonal hematopoietic disorder resulting from genetic alterations in normal hematopoietic stem cells. These changes alter normal hematopoietic growth and differentiation, resulting in an accumulation of large numbers of abnormal, immature myeloid cells in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. These cells are capable of dividing and proliferating, but cannot differentiate into mature hematopoietic cells. AML is more common in men than women. AML is the most common acute leukemia affecting adults, and its incidence increases with age.
- 3. PATHOGENESIS The malignant cell in AML is the myeloblast. In normal hematopoiesis, the myeloblast is an immature precursor of myeloid white blood cells; a normal myeloblast will gradually mature into a mature white blood cell. In AML, though, a single myeloblast accumulates genetic changes which "freeze" the cell in its immature state and prevent differentiation.
- 6. CHROMOSOMAL TRANSLOCATION The translocation fuses the AML1 gene (also called RUNX1) on chromosome 21 with the ETO gene (also referred to as the RUNX1T1 gene that encodes the CBFA2T1 protein) on chromosome 8. CBFA2T1 protein - This protein has multiple effects on the regulation of the proliferation, the differentiation, and the viability of leukemic cells.
- 7. Bone marrow smear from a 23-year-old female with acute myeloblastic leukemia with maturation associated with a t(8;21) chromosome abnormality. The numerous myelocytes have abundant cytoplasm with prominent specific granulation. One of the myeloblasts to the left of center contains a prominent Auer rod. *AUER ROD - are clumps of azurophilic granular material that form elongated needles seen in the cytoplasm of leukemic blasts
- 8. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Epistaxis Bleeding gums Bruising/contusions Bone pain or tenderness Fatigue Fever Heavy menstrual periods Pallor Shortness of breath (gets worse with exercise) Skin rash or lesion Swollen gums (rare) Weight loss
- 10. DIAGNOSIS Physical exam CBC(Complete Blood Count) - Peripheral blood smear- A procedure in which a sample of blood is checked for blast cells, the number and kinds of white blood cells, the number of platelets, and changes in the shape of blood cells. Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy - The removal of bone marrow, blood, and a small piece of bone by inserting a hollow needle into the hipbone or breastbone. Cytogenetic analysis: A laboratory test in which the cells in a sample of blood or bone marrow are viewed under a microscope to look for certain changes in the chromosomes. Other tests, such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), may also be done to look for certain changes in the chromosomes.
- 11. TREATMENT First phase: Remission Induction Chemotherapy - The goals of induction chemotherapy are to eliminate leukemia cells from the blood and bone marrow and to induce a remission. A complete remission is defined as having no visible leukemia cells in the blood or bone marrow and having normal blood counts without the need of transfusions. Second Phase: Consolidation Chemotherapy - Once a patient achieves a complete remission more chemotherapy is needed to destroy any residual leukemia in the body. Consolidation chemotherapy can consist of the following: a) Additional cycles of intensive chemotherapy. b) A bone marrow transplant/stem cell transplant using one's own blood or marrow, called an autologous transplant. c) A bone marrow transplant/stem cell transplant using blood or marrow from a donor, such as a brother or sister or unrelated person. This is called an allogeneic transplant.