Acute glomerulonephritis can be caused by post-infectious processes like streptococcal infection, systemic vasculitis, or conditions like SLE. It presents with hematuria, edema, oliguria, and sometimes hypertension. Pathology shows proliferation of mesangial cells, neutrophil infiltration, and immune complex deposition. Treatment depends on severity but may include diet restrictions, diuretics, blood pressure control, dialysis for severe cases, and immunosuppression for crescentic glomerulonephritis.
Let's learn the pharmacology related to nephrotic syndrome - features of nephrotic syndrome with underlying mechanisms, objectives of treatment, and management of the nephrotic syndrome.
Let's learn the pharmacology related to nephrotic syndrome - features of nephrotic syndrome with underlying mechanisms, objectives of treatment, and management of the nephrotic syndrome.
THIS SLIDE IS PREPARED BY SURESH KUMAR FOR MY STUDENT SUPPORT SYSTEM TO WATCH THIS VIDEO VISIT YOUTUBE CHANNEL- Important links-
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#glomerulonephritis,#congenitalanomalies,#childhealthnursing#anm,#gnm,#bscnursing
This presentation was done by Dr. Julius P. Kessy,MD. An intern Doctor at Dodoma Regional Referral Hospital (DRRH) during pediatrics unit clinical meeting and supervised by Dr. Christina K. Galabawa,MD,Mmed2, Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Dodoma (UDOM) in November, 2017.
Nephrotic syndrome may be caused by primary (idiopathic) renal disease or by a variety of secondary causes. Patients present with marked edema, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and often hyperlipidemia.
Nephrotic syndrome is a primary glomerular disease characterized by the following:
Marked increase in protein in the urine (proteinuria)
Decrease in albumin in the blood (hypoalbuminemia)
Edema (The swelling (edema), can be most noticeable on the face, around the eyes, around the feet and ankles, and in the belly area (or the abdomen).
High serum cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins (hyperlipidemia)
Nephrotic syndrome is a clinical disorder characterized by marked increase of protein in the urine ( proteinuria ), decrease in albumin in the blood (hypoalbuminemia ),edema, & excess lipids in the blood ( hyperlipidemia )
Pathophysiology
Nephrotic syndrome can occur with almost any intrinsic renal disease or systemic disease that affects the glomerulus.
Although generally considered a disorder of childhood, nephrotic syndrome does occur in adults, including the elderly. Causes include:
Chronic glomerulonephritis
Diabetes mellitus with intercapillary glomerulosclerosis
Amyloidosis of the kidney
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Multiple myeloma and renal vein thrombosis.
NSAIDs
Pre eclampsia
Glomerulonephritis is inflammation of the tiny filters in your kidneys (glomeruli). Glomeruli remove excess fluid, electrolytes and waste from your bloodstream and pass them into your urine.
Management Of Nephrotic Syndrome
Objectives
To briefly review the definition & etiology of nephroticsyndrome.
To understand the terminology pertaining to clinical course of nephroticsyndrome.
To understand the management of nephroticsyndrome:Specific management & Supportive care and management of complications
Management of congenital nephrotic syndrome
simlpe approach to anemia in children , how to diagnose anemia in kids ,types of anemias ,causes of anemia , iron deficeincy anemia, hemolytic anemias , laboratory tests in anemia ,
THIS SLIDE IS PREPARED BY SURESH KUMAR FOR MY STUDENT SUPPORT SYSTEM TO WATCH THIS VIDEO VISIT YOUTUBE CHANNEL- Important links-
youtube channel
https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM
facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/
FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-Support-System-101733164924592
facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/241390897133057/
FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG –
BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/
Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsupportsystem_nursing/
Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08
#glomerulonephritis,#congenitalanomalies,#childhealthnursing#anm,#gnm,#bscnursing
This presentation was done by Dr. Julius P. Kessy,MD. An intern Doctor at Dodoma Regional Referral Hospital (DRRH) during pediatrics unit clinical meeting and supervised by Dr. Christina K. Galabawa,MD,Mmed2, Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Dodoma (UDOM) in November, 2017.
Nephrotic syndrome may be caused by primary (idiopathic) renal disease or by a variety of secondary causes. Patients present with marked edema, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and often hyperlipidemia.
Nephrotic syndrome is a primary glomerular disease characterized by the following:
Marked increase in protein in the urine (proteinuria)
Decrease in albumin in the blood (hypoalbuminemia)
Edema (The swelling (edema), can be most noticeable on the face, around the eyes, around the feet and ankles, and in the belly area (or the abdomen).
High serum cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins (hyperlipidemia)
Nephrotic syndrome is a clinical disorder characterized by marked increase of protein in the urine ( proteinuria ), decrease in albumin in the blood (hypoalbuminemia ),edema, & excess lipids in the blood ( hyperlipidemia )
Pathophysiology
Nephrotic syndrome can occur with almost any intrinsic renal disease or systemic disease that affects the glomerulus.
Although generally considered a disorder of childhood, nephrotic syndrome does occur in adults, including the elderly. Causes include:
Chronic glomerulonephritis
Diabetes mellitus with intercapillary glomerulosclerosis
Amyloidosis of the kidney
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Multiple myeloma and renal vein thrombosis.
NSAIDs
Pre eclampsia
Glomerulonephritis is inflammation of the tiny filters in your kidneys (glomeruli). Glomeruli remove excess fluid, electrolytes and waste from your bloodstream and pass them into your urine.
Management Of Nephrotic Syndrome
Objectives
To briefly review the definition & etiology of nephroticsyndrome.
To understand the terminology pertaining to clinical course of nephroticsyndrome.
To understand the management of nephroticsyndrome:Specific management & Supportive care and management of complications
Management of congenital nephrotic syndrome
simlpe approach to anemia in children , how to diagnose anemia in kids ,types of anemias ,causes of anemia , iron deficeincy anemia, hemolytic anemias , laboratory tests in anemia ,
The kidneys contain many coils of tiny blood vessels. Each of these is called a glomerulus. Glomeruli filter substances from the blood into the urine. Glomerulonephritis is a type of kidney disease where these coils become inflamed. This makes it hard for the kidneys to filter the blood.
Glomerulonephritis is an inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidneys.
It is of two type acute glomerulonephritis and chronic glomerulonephritis
Glomerulonephritis is defined as an inflammation of the glomerulus of the nephron in the kidney
Glomerulonephritis is defined as an inflammation or infection of the glomeruli
Glomerulonephritis is divided into two types:-
Acute glomerulonephritis
Chronic glomerulonephritis
Acute glomerulonephritis is an acute or sudden inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidneys
It is an immune mediated inflammatory disease of the capillary loops in the renal glomeruli. the antigen antibody complex deposition within the glomeruli results in glomerular injury which is manifested as hematuria, oliguria, edema and hypertension
abrupt onset
commonly seen in preschool are in early school age group of male children
Incidence
twice more common in males
mostly seen in children between five and eight years of age
peak incidence is seen at seven years of age
Etiology and risk factor
Nephritogenic strains of Group A beta streptococcus hemolyticus (type 12)
Initial infection of upper respiratory tract on a skin usually one to three weeks before the onset of symptoms
Systemic autoimmune diseases. With these types of diseases, the body’s immune system attacks healthy cells by mistake. Systemic means that many parts of the body are affected. An example of this is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE or lupus).
Polyarteritis nodosa. This is an inflammatory disease of the arteries.
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis. This is a progressive disease that leads to widespread inflammation of all of the body's organs.
Henoch-Schönlein purpura. This disease causes small or large purple lesions (purpura) on the skin and internal organs. It causes other symptoms in several organ systems.
Alport syndrome. This is a form of inherited glomerulonephritis that affects both boys and girls. But boys are more likely to have kidney problems. Treatment focuses on preventing and treating high blood pressure and preventing kidney damage.
Hepatitis B. This infection can be passed from mother to baby or rarely contracted through a blood transfusion.
Other infections like bacterial endocarditis , viruses , HIV ,etc.
IgA nephropathy
Advanced ,irreversible impairment of renal function with or without symptoms
it may develop as primary disease or may occur in SLE ,drug induced nephropathies ,and polyarteritis nodosa
pathological changes – diffuse thickening of glomerular basement membrane are focal segmental glomerulosclerosis with variable deposition of immunoglobulin ,complement and fibrin.
GFR is reduced
mesangial cells proliferation may occur
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
4. Poststreptococcal GN
• AGN following group A hemolytic streptococci
• Infection of throat or skin precedes the onset
of nephritis by 1-4 wks
5. PATHOLOGY
• Light microscopy-proliferation of mesangial
cells and neutrophil infiltration
• Immunofluorescence-granular deposits of IgG
n complement C3
• Electron microscopy-deposits on subepithelial
side of GBM
6. Clinical Features
• School age children,males
Cola coloured urine
Puffiness around the eyes n pedal
edema
Oliguria
HTN
Mild proteinuria
7. Lab findings
• Urine-1-2+protein with redcells n
granular casts
• Hemodilution may result in normocytic
anemia
• ESR raised
• Blood urea n creatinine are elevated
• Hyponatremia n hyperkalemia
8. • ASO titre is increased
• Anti DNaseB is elevated
• Level of C3 is low
9. MANAGEMENT
• Mild oliguria n normal BP –managed at home
• 1)diet
• Restriction of Na K n fluids until blood urea
reduce n urine output increases
• 2)diuretics
• Oral furosemide at adose of 1-3mg/kg
• Pulmonary edema –IV frusimide 2-4 mg/kg
10. • 3)Hypertension
• Mild –restriction of salt n water intake
• amlodipine,nifedipine or diuretics
• 4)LV failure
• HTN should be controlled n IV
frusemide given to induce diuresis
11. • 5)prolonged oliguria
• Dialysis is indicated in children with
severe renal failure n prolonged
oligoanuria,fluid overload n life
threatening electrolytedisturbances
12. CRESCENTIC GN
• Rapidly progressive GN(RPGN)-a/c nephritic
illness accompanied by rapid loss of renal
function over days to wks
• Histopathology-crescents
• Management-initial administration of IV n oral
corticosteroids n IV cyclophosphamide followed
by maintenance immunosuppression
• Plasmapheresis in pauci-immune crescentic GN n
Goodpasture syndrome
13. NEPHRITIS IN HSP
• Most common vasculitis in children
• Microscopic hematuria n mild proteinuria
• Serum IgA levels elevate
• patient recover without any treatment
• Long term observation is necessary
14. IgA NEPHROPATHY
• Deposition of IgA in the glomeruli
• Recurrent episodes of gross hematuria
following URI
• Patient with hematuria n mild proteinuria-ACE
inhibitors
• Nephrotic range proteinuria or deranged renal
function –corticosteroids n alkylating agents
15. LUPUS NEPHRITIS
• Variable presentations
• Asymptomatic proteinuria,hematuria ,a/c
nephritic syndrome n neephrotic syndrome
• Mesangial n capillary wall deposits of IgG n
C3 n usually C1q n IgA
• Corticosteroids ,cytotoxic agents,calcineurin
inhibitors n monoclonal antibodies n
prompt treatment of infections has
improved outcomes
