Nephrotic syndrome
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
8 likes•1,737 views
Let's learn the pharmacology related to nephrotic syndrome - features of nephrotic syndrome with underlying mechanisms, objectives of treatment, and management of the nephrotic syndrome.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Chronic Kidney Disease in Pediatrics
This document discusses chronic kidney disease (CKD) in pediatrics. It defines CKD as kidney damage lasting at least 3 months as determined by structural abnormalities and/or a glomerular filtration rate below 60 mL/min/1.73m2. The stages of CKD are described based on GFR. Common causes in children include congenital abnormalities and glomerulonephritis. The pathogenesis involves hyperfiltration injury and other factors like proteinuria that accelerate kidney damage. Management aims to address complications through careful monitoring, nutrition, treatment of mineral bone disorders, and controlling blood pressure and electrolyte abnormalities.
Nephrotic syndrome
Inroduction
Nephrotic syndrome is one of the bcommon cause of hospitalization among children.
Incidence of the condition is 2 to7 per1000.
It is more common in male child.
Mean age of occurrence is 2 to 5 years.
It is a symptom complex manifested by massive oedema, hypoalbuminemia, marked albuminuria and hyperlipidemia
Classification
Congenital nephrotic syndrome
Idiopathic or primary nephrotic syndrome
Secondary nephrotic syndrome
Congenital nephrotic syndrome
It is rare but serious and fatal problem usually associated with other congenital abnormalities of kidney.
It is inherited as autosomal recessive disease.
Severe renal insufficiency and urinary infections along with this condition result is poor prognosis.
Idiopathic or primary nephrotic syndrome
It is the most common type(about 90%) and regarded as autoimmune phenomenon as it responds to immunosuppressive therapy.
Subgroup of this type ◦ Minimal change nephrotic syndrome(85%) ◦ Proliferative nephrotic syndrome(5%) ◦ Focal sclerosis nephrotic syndrome(10%)
Nephortic syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome may be caused by primary (idiopathic) renal disease or by a variety of secondary causes. Patients present with marked edema, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and often hyperlipidemia.
Nephrotic syndrome is a primary glomerular disease characterized by the following:
Marked increase in protein in the urine (proteinuria)
Decrease in albumin in the blood (hypoalbuminemia)
Edema (The swelling (edema), can be most noticeable on the face, around the eyes, around the feet and ankles, and in the belly area (or the abdomen).
High serum cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins (hyperlipidemia)
Nephrotic syndrome is a clinical disorder characterized by marked increase of protein in the urine ( proteinuria ), decrease in albumin in the blood (hypoalbuminemia ),edema, & excess lipids in the blood ( hyperlipidemia )
Pathophysiology
Nephrotic syndrome can occur with almost any intrinsic renal disease or systemic disease that affects the glomerulus.
Although generally considered a disorder of childhood, nephrotic syndrome does occur in adults, including the elderly. Causes include:
Chronic glomerulonephritis
Diabetes mellitus with intercapillary glomerulosclerosis
Amyloidosis of the kidney
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Multiple myeloma and renal vein thrombosis.
NSAIDs
Pre eclampsia
Nephrotic syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome is defined by nephrotic range proteinuria, edema, hyperlipidemia, and hypoalbuminemia. It results from increased glomerular permeability allowing protein loss in the urine. The most common causes are minimal change disease in children and membranous nephropathy in adults. Treatment involves diuretics, albumin, steroids, and steroid-sparing immunosuppressants depending on disease severity and steroid responsiveness. Prognosis is generally good but depends on underlying pathology.
RAPIDLY PROGRESSIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS(RPGN)
This document provides information on rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN), including definitions, classifications, pathogenesis, clinical features, pathology, treatment, and epidemiology of the main types. It discusses anti-glomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis, immune complex-mediated RPGN, and pauci-immune RPGN. The pathology and clinical presentation of each type is described. Treatment typically involves immunosuppression with corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide along with plasmapheresis in severe cases.
Management Of Nephrotic Syndrome
Management Of Nephrotic Syndrome
Objectives
To briefly review the definition & etiology of nephroticsyndrome.
To understand the terminology pertaining to clinical course of nephroticsyndrome.
To understand the management of nephroticsyndrome:Specific management & Supportive care and management of complications
Management of congenital nephrotic syndrome
Approach to Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis RPGN
Clinical approach to Rapidly Progressive Renal failure and Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis. Diagnosing crescentic Glomerulonephritis and Pauci immune vasculitis syndromes - churg strauss, wegeners and good pasture syndromes
Nephrotic Syndrome
1. Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. The majority of cases in children are idiopathic or minimal change disease.
2. Secondary causes include systemic diseases, infections, medications, and genetic conditions.
3. Treatment involves corticosteroids as first line, with recurrence being common in minimal change disease. Kidney biopsy may be needed to identify secondary causes or steroid resistance.
Recommended
Chronic Kidney Disease in Pediatrics
This document discusses chronic kidney disease (CKD) in pediatrics. It defines CKD as kidney damage lasting at least 3 months as determined by structural abnormalities and/or a glomerular filtration rate below 60 mL/min/1.73m2. The stages of CKD are described based on GFR. Common causes in children include congenital abnormalities and glomerulonephritis. The pathogenesis involves hyperfiltration injury and other factors like proteinuria that accelerate kidney damage. Management aims to address complications through careful monitoring, nutrition, treatment of mineral bone disorders, and controlling blood pressure and electrolyte abnormalities.
Nephrotic syndrome
Inroduction
Nephrotic syndrome is one of the bcommon cause of hospitalization among children.
Incidence of the condition is 2 to7 per1000.
It is more common in male child.
Mean age of occurrence is 2 to 5 years.
It is a symptom complex manifested by massive oedema, hypoalbuminemia, marked albuminuria and hyperlipidemia
Classification
Congenital nephrotic syndrome
Idiopathic or primary nephrotic syndrome
Secondary nephrotic syndrome
Congenital nephrotic syndrome
It is rare but serious and fatal problem usually associated with other congenital abnormalities of kidney.
It is inherited as autosomal recessive disease.
Severe renal insufficiency and urinary infections along with this condition result is poor prognosis.
Idiopathic or primary nephrotic syndrome
It is the most common type(about 90%) and regarded as autoimmune phenomenon as it responds to immunosuppressive therapy.
Subgroup of this type ◦ Minimal change nephrotic syndrome(85%) ◦ Proliferative nephrotic syndrome(5%) ◦ Focal sclerosis nephrotic syndrome(10%)
Nephortic syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome may be caused by primary (idiopathic) renal disease or by a variety of secondary causes. Patients present with marked edema, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and often hyperlipidemia.
Nephrotic syndrome is a primary glomerular disease characterized by the following:
Marked increase in protein in the urine (proteinuria)
Decrease in albumin in the blood (hypoalbuminemia)
Edema (The swelling (edema), can be most noticeable on the face, around the eyes, around the feet and ankles, and in the belly area (or the abdomen).
High serum cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins (hyperlipidemia)
Nephrotic syndrome is a clinical disorder characterized by marked increase of protein in the urine ( proteinuria ), decrease in albumin in the blood (hypoalbuminemia ),edema, & excess lipids in the blood ( hyperlipidemia )
Pathophysiology
Nephrotic syndrome can occur with almost any intrinsic renal disease or systemic disease that affects the glomerulus.
Although generally considered a disorder of childhood, nephrotic syndrome does occur in adults, including the elderly. Causes include:
Chronic glomerulonephritis
Diabetes mellitus with intercapillary glomerulosclerosis
Amyloidosis of the kidney
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Multiple myeloma and renal vein thrombosis.
NSAIDs
Pre eclampsia
Nephrotic syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome is defined by nephrotic range proteinuria, edema, hyperlipidemia, and hypoalbuminemia. It results from increased glomerular permeability allowing protein loss in the urine. The most common causes are minimal change disease in children and membranous nephropathy in adults. Treatment involves diuretics, albumin, steroids, and steroid-sparing immunosuppressants depending on disease severity and steroid responsiveness. Prognosis is generally good but depends on underlying pathology.
RAPIDLY PROGRESSIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS(RPGN)
This document provides information on rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN), including definitions, classifications, pathogenesis, clinical features, pathology, treatment, and epidemiology of the main types. It discusses anti-glomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis, immune complex-mediated RPGN, and pauci-immune RPGN. The pathology and clinical presentation of each type is described. Treatment typically involves immunosuppression with corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide along with plasmapheresis in severe cases.
Management Of Nephrotic Syndrome
Management Of Nephrotic Syndrome
Objectives
To briefly review the definition & etiology of nephroticsyndrome.
To understand the terminology pertaining to clinical course of nephroticsyndrome.
To understand the management of nephroticsyndrome:Specific management & Supportive care and management of complications
Management of congenital nephrotic syndrome
Approach to Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis RPGN
Clinical approach to Rapidly Progressive Renal failure and Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis. Diagnosing crescentic Glomerulonephritis and Pauci immune vasculitis syndromes - churg strauss, wegeners and good pasture syndromes
Nephrotic Syndrome
1. Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. The majority of cases in children are idiopathic or minimal change disease.
2. Secondary causes include systemic diseases, infections, medications, and genetic conditions.
3. Treatment involves corticosteroids as first line, with recurrence being common in minimal change disease. Kidney biopsy may be needed to identify secondary causes or steroid resistance.
Acute Nephritic Syndromes
This document discusses acute nephritic syndrome, specifically acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN). It notes that PSGN classically presents after a streptococcal throat or skin infection with hematuria, proteinuria, hypertension, and edema. Investigations may show elevated anti-streptococcal antibodies. On biopsy, there is diffuse mesangial proliferation with immune complex deposition. Management involves controlling symptoms while the infection resolves spontaneously in 6-8 weeks. Complications include hypertension, renal failure, and rarely chronic kidney disease.
Nephrotic Syndrome
This document discusses nephrotic syndrome, which is characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema. It defines nephrotic syndrome and outlines its causes, which include genetic, secondary, and idiopathic factors. The pathophysiology involves disturbances in the immune system and mutations affecting glomerular filtration. Clinical features and laboratory findings are provided for different types. Management involves treating symptoms, infections, and relapses with corticosteroids and immunosuppressants. Complications include edema, infections, thrombosis, and renal failure. Prognosis depends on response to steroids, with minimal change disease having a good prognosis and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis having poorer outcomes.
Nephrotic syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. It can be primary, caused by diseases of the kidney itself, or secondary, caused by systemic illnesses that affect the kidneys. The most common primary causes are minimal-change disease in children and membranous glomerulonephritis in adults. Secondary causes include diabetes, lupus, and infections. Treatment involves controlling edema with diuretics, treating underlying conditions, and using steroids, immunosuppressants, or ACE inhibitors depending on disease type and severity.
NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by nephrotic range proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema. It can be primary, caused by diseases limited to the kidney, or secondary, caused by diseases involving other organ systems. Primary causes include minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and membranous nephropathy. Management involves treating any underlying causes, controlling edema and hyperlipidemia, and using corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive drugs to induce remission in frequent relapsers or steroid-dependent patients.
Acute kidney injury defnition, causes,
This document defines acute kidney injury (AKI), formerly known as acute renal failure (ARF), and discusses its causes, diagnosis, and management. AKI is defined based on increases in serum creatinine and decreases in urine output. The main causes of AKI are pre-renal (decreased renal blood flow), renal (intrinsic kidney injury), and post-renal (urinary tract obstruction). Common etiologies include acute tubular necrosis, glomerulonephritis, and acute interstitial nephritis. Diagnosis involves laboratory and imaging tests. Management focuses on treating the underlying cause, fluid management, and potentially renal replacement therapy. Prognosis depends on the severity and reversibility of the kidney injury
Nephrotic syndrome
The document discusses different types of kidney diseases and disorders:
- It describes the normal anatomy and histology of the kidney, including structures like the glomerulus.
- Nephrotic syndrome is discussed, which is characterized by proteinuria and low albumin levels, causing fluid retention and edema. Investigations include urine tests and kidney biopsies.
- Different glomerular diseases are described based on their pathology, including membranous glomerulonephritis, minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Their features on light microscopy, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy are provided.
- IgA nep
Pediatric urinary tract infection
Pediatric urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common in children, especially girls under the age of 1. Left untreated, UTIs can cause renal scarring and long-term kidney damage. Diagnosis involves urine tests to check for white blood cells and bacteria. Treatment depends on symptoms and severity but often involves antibiotics and hydration. Follow up is important to monitor for recurrent UTIs and issues like vesicoureteral reflux, as both increase risk of permanent kidney damage if not addressed.
Glomerulonephritis (1)
This document discusses glomerular disease and glomerulonephritis. It begins by defining glomerular disease and glomerulonephritis, noting that glomerulonephritis is a type of glomerular disease involving inflammation of the glomeruli. It then discusses the main clinical presentations of glomerular disease, including nephrotic syndrome, acute glomerulonephritis, and asymptomatic urinary abnormalities. The causes, symptoms, investigations, and management of various glomerular diseases are subsequently outlined. Throughout, examples are provided of specific diseases like post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, membranous nephropathy, and crescentic glomerulone
Acute kidney injury in children 2018
Acute kidney injury (AKI), formerly known as acute renal failure, is defined as a sudden deterioration of kidney function resulting in the inability to maintain fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. It can be caused by prerenal issues affecting blood flow to the kidneys, intrinsic renal parenchymal damage, or postrenal urinary tract obstruction. The incidence of AKI varies globally and it commonly occurs in critically ill children with coexisting conditions. Etiologies include pre-renal causes like decreased intravascular volume, intrinsic renal diseases affecting glomeruli or tubules, and post-renal obstruction. Diagnosis involves lab tests of kidney and liver function as well as imaging studies. Treatment focuses on fluid management, electrolyte
DIABETES MELLITUS IN CHILDREN
This document discusses diabetes mellitus (DM), specifically in children. It defines DM as a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion or action. Type 1 DM is described as an autoimmune disease resulting in absolute insulin deficiency, while Type 2 DM is associated with insulin resistance. Signs and symptoms, classification, incidence rates, diagnosis, treatment involving insulin therapy, nutrition management, and exercise are covered. Nursing care focuses on education, emotional support, and ensuring safety.
Chronic kidney disease in children
chronic kidney disease in children , definition , criteria of ckd , stages of ckd , etiology, management .
Diabetes Insipidus in Children
Diabetes insipidus either from:
Vasopressin deficiency (central)
Vasopressin insensitivity in kidney (nephrogenic)
Acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis
Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) is characterized by sudden edema, hematuria, proteinuria, and hypertension 1-4 weeks after a streptococcal infection. Histologically, there is diffuse proliferation of glomerular cells and leukocytes. It is caused by immune complexes forming in response to certain M protein serotypes of streptococcus. On microscopy, there are subepithelial immune deposits, complement activation, and inflammation, appearing as "humps". Patients typically experience malaise, fever, nausea, and hematuria after a sore throat. Laboratory findings include elevated antibody titers and low complement levels. Most children fully recover with conservative care, while a small percentage progress
nephritic and nephrotic syndrome
This document provides an overview of nephritic and nephrotic syndrome, describing their pathophysiology and clinical features. Nephritic syndrome is characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli, resulting in hematuria, hypertension, and mild proteinuria. Glomerulonephritis causes include post-streptococcal and rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis. Nephrotic syndrome is caused by increased glomerular permeability, leading to massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. Specific causes discussed include minimal change disease, membranous nephropathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and membranoproliferative glomerulone
diabetes mellitus in children
This document provides information on diabetes including definitions, epidemiology, diagnosis, etiologic classifications, physiology, presentation, investigations, management, treatment, insulin types, and special considerations for pediatric diabetes. It defines diabetes as a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia caused by insulin deficiency or resistance. Key points include that type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition resulting in absolute insulin deficiency, while type 2 involves insulin resistance with relative deficiency. Diagnosis requires hyperglycemic symptoms and blood glucose criteria. Management involves a multidisciplinary team, medical treatment including insulin administration and nutrition management, and screening for acute and long-term complications.
Dm pediatric
The most common type of diabetes in children and teens is type 1 diabetes, also called juvenile diabetes. With type 1 diabetes, the pancreas does not produce insulin. Type 2 diabetes used to be called adult-onset diabetes but is becoming more common in children due to increases in obesity. Children with type 2 diabetes are at high risk if they are overweight, have a family history of diabetes, or are not physically active. Lifestyle changes like maintaining a healthy weight, being physically active, eating smaller portions of healthy foods, and limiting screen time can lower the risk of type 2 diabetes in children. Children with type 2 diabetes may be managed through diet and exercise alone, but some patients will need oral medications or insulin. Children with type
Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis
1) Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) is an acute inflammation of the renal glomeruli that occurs after infection with certain strains of Streptococcus.
2) It is characterized by hematuria, edema, hypertension, and oliguria.
3) The pathogenesis involves molecular mimicry between streptococcal antigens and renal antigens, resulting in the trapping of immune complexes in the glomeruli.
Pediatric Renal Disorders
This document provides an overview of the assessment and management of genitourinary dysfunction in children. It discusses topics such as urinary tract infections, glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, renal failure, dialysis, transplantation, and Wilms' tumor. Nursing priorities include thorough assessment, administering appropriate antibiotic therapy, managing complications, providing patient and family education, and preventing infections through aseptic technique.
Nephrotic syndrome
This document discusses glomerular disease and nephrotic syndrome. It begins by defining nephrotic syndrome and describing the structure of the glomerulus. It then covers the main causes of nephrotic syndrome including minimal change disease, membranous glomerulonephritis, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Investigations, prognosis, complications, and treatment approaches are also summarized. The document provides histological classifications and details on each of the primary causes of nephrotic syndrome.
Nephritic syndrome - Medicine - RDT
Topic: Nephritic Syndrome
Faculty: General Medicine
Course: BSc RDT - 2nd year
- Acute Nephritic Syndrome
- Definition, Causes, Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, Diagnosis and Treatment of Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis(PSGN)
- Hematuria, Proteinuria
Nephrotic syndrome
Dr. Sachin Verma is a young, diligent and dynamic physician. He did his graduation from IGMC Shimla and MD in Internal Medicine from GSVM Medical College Kanpur. Then he did his Fellowship in Intensive Care Medicine (FICM) from Apollo Hospital Delhi. He has done fellowship in infectious diseases by Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA). He has also done FCCS course and is certified Advance Cardiac Life support (ACLS) and Basic Life Support (BLS) provider by American Heart Association. He has also done a course in Cardiology by American College of Cardiology and a course in Diabetology by International Diabetes Centre. He specializes in the management of Infections, Multiorgan Dysfunctions and Critically ill patients and has many publications and presentations in various national conferences under his belt. He is currently working in NABH Approved Ivy super-specialty Hospital Mohali as Consultant Intensivists and Physician.
Overview of management of nephrotic syndrom
- Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. It is usually caused by primary glomerular disease but can be secondary to other medical conditions.
- Diagnosis requires proteinuria >3.5g/day and hypoalbuminemia <2.5g/dL. Management involves salt and fluid restriction, diuretics, ACE inhibitors to reduce proteinuria, and corticosteroids which induce remission in 80-90% of adults. Frequent relapses or steroid resistance may require additional immunosuppressive drugs. Complications include infection, thromboembolism, and renal failure.
More Related Content
What's hot
Acute Nephritic Syndromes
This document discusses acute nephritic syndrome, specifically acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN). It notes that PSGN classically presents after a streptococcal throat or skin infection with hematuria, proteinuria, hypertension, and edema. Investigations may show elevated anti-streptococcal antibodies. On biopsy, there is diffuse mesangial proliferation with immune complex deposition. Management involves controlling symptoms while the infection resolves spontaneously in 6-8 weeks. Complications include hypertension, renal failure, and rarely chronic kidney disease.
Nephrotic Syndrome
This document discusses nephrotic syndrome, which is characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema. It defines nephrotic syndrome and outlines its causes, which include genetic, secondary, and idiopathic factors. The pathophysiology involves disturbances in the immune system and mutations affecting glomerular filtration. Clinical features and laboratory findings are provided for different types. Management involves treating symptoms, infections, and relapses with corticosteroids and immunosuppressants. Complications include edema, infections, thrombosis, and renal failure. Prognosis depends on response to steroids, with minimal change disease having a good prognosis and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis having poorer outcomes.
Nephrotic syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. It can be primary, caused by diseases of the kidney itself, or secondary, caused by systemic illnesses that affect the kidneys. The most common primary causes are minimal-change disease in children and membranous glomerulonephritis in adults. Secondary causes include diabetes, lupus, and infections. Treatment involves controlling edema with diuretics, treating underlying conditions, and using steroids, immunosuppressants, or ACE inhibitors depending on disease type and severity.
NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by nephrotic range proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema. It can be primary, caused by diseases limited to the kidney, or secondary, caused by diseases involving other organ systems. Primary causes include minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and membranous nephropathy. Management involves treating any underlying causes, controlling edema and hyperlipidemia, and using corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive drugs to induce remission in frequent relapsers or steroid-dependent patients.
Acute kidney injury defnition, causes,
This document defines acute kidney injury (AKI), formerly known as acute renal failure (ARF), and discusses its causes, diagnosis, and management. AKI is defined based on increases in serum creatinine and decreases in urine output. The main causes of AKI are pre-renal (decreased renal blood flow), renal (intrinsic kidney injury), and post-renal (urinary tract obstruction). Common etiologies include acute tubular necrosis, glomerulonephritis, and acute interstitial nephritis. Diagnosis involves laboratory and imaging tests. Management focuses on treating the underlying cause, fluid management, and potentially renal replacement therapy. Prognosis depends on the severity and reversibility of the kidney injury
Nephrotic syndrome
The document discusses different types of kidney diseases and disorders:
- It describes the normal anatomy and histology of the kidney, including structures like the glomerulus.
- Nephrotic syndrome is discussed, which is characterized by proteinuria and low albumin levels, causing fluid retention and edema. Investigations include urine tests and kidney biopsies.
- Different glomerular diseases are described based on their pathology, including membranous glomerulonephritis, minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Their features on light microscopy, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy are provided.
- IgA nep
Pediatric urinary tract infection
Pediatric urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common in children, especially girls under the age of 1. Left untreated, UTIs can cause renal scarring and long-term kidney damage. Diagnosis involves urine tests to check for white blood cells and bacteria. Treatment depends on symptoms and severity but often involves antibiotics and hydration. Follow up is important to monitor for recurrent UTIs and issues like vesicoureteral reflux, as both increase risk of permanent kidney damage if not addressed.
Glomerulonephritis (1)
This document discusses glomerular disease and glomerulonephritis. It begins by defining glomerular disease and glomerulonephritis, noting that glomerulonephritis is a type of glomerular disease involving inflammation of the glomeruli. It then discusses the main clinical presentations of glomerular disease, including nephrotic syndrome, acute glomerulonephritis, and asymptomatic urinary abnormalities. The causes, symptoms, investigations, and management of various glomerular diseases are subsequently outlined. Throughout, examples are provided of specific diseases like post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, membranous nephropathy, and crescentic glomerulone
Acute kidney injury in children 2018
Acute kidney injury (AKI), formerly known as acute renal failure, is defined as a sudden deterioration of kidney function resulting in the inability to maintain fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. It can be caused by prerenal issues affecting blood flow to the kidneys, intrinsic renal parenchymal damage, or postrenal urinary tract obstruction. The incidence of AKI varies globally and it commonly occurs in critically ill children with coexisting conditions. Etiologies include pre-renal causes like decreased intravascular volume, intrinsic renal diseases affecting glomeruli or tubules, and post-renal obstruction. Diagnosis involves lab tests of kidney and liver function as well as imaging studies. Treatment focuses on fluid management, electrolyte
DIABETES MELLITUS IN CHILDREN
This document discusses diabetes mellitus (DM), specifically in children. It defines DM as a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion or action. Type 1 DM is described as an autoimmune disease resulting in absolute insulin deficiency, while Type 2 DM is associated with insulin resistance. Signs and symptoms, classification, incidence rates, diagnosis, treatment involving insulin therapy, nutrition management, and exercise are covered. Nursing care focuses on education, emotional support, and ensuring safety.
Chronic kidney disease in children
chronic kidney disease in children , definition , criteria of ckd , stages of ckd , etiology, management .
Diabetes Insipidus in Children
Diabetes insipidus either from:
Vasopressin deficiency (central)
Vasopressin insensitivity in kidney (nephrogenic)
Acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis
Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) is characterized by sudden edema, hematuria, proteinuria, and hypertension 1-4 weeks after a streptococcal infection. Histologically, there is diffuse proliferation of glomerular cells and leukocytes. It is caused by immune complexes forming in response to certain M protein serotypes of streptococcus. On microscopy, there are subepithelial immune deposits, complement activation, and inflammation, appearing as "humps". Patients typically experience malaise, fever, nausea, and hematuria after a sore throat. Laboratory findings include elevated antibody titers and low complement levels. Most children fully recover with conservative care, while a small percentage progress
nephritic and nephrotic syndrome
This document provides an overview of nephritic and nephrotic syndrome, describing their pathophysiology and clinical features. Nephritic syndrome is characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli, resulting in hematuria, hypertension, and mild proteinuria. Glomerulonephritis causes include post-streptococcal and rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis. Nephrotic syndrome is caused by increased glomerular permeability, leading to massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. Specific causes discussed include minimal change disease, membranous nephropathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and membranoproliferative glomerulone
diabetes mellitus in children
This document provides information on diabetes including definitions, epidemiology, diagnosis, etiologic classifications, physiology, presentation, investigations, management, treatment, insulin types, and special considerations for pediatric diabetes. It defines diabetes as a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia caused by insulin deficiency or resistance. Key points include that type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition resulting in absolute insulin deficiency, while type 2 involves insulin resistance with relative deficiency. Diagnosis requires hyperglycemic symptoms and blood glucose criteria. Management involves a multidisciplinary team, medical treatment including insulin administration and nutrition management, and screening for acute and long-term complications.
Dm pediatric
The most common type of diabetes in children and teens is type 1 diabetes, also called juvenile diabetes. With type 1 diabetes, the pancreas does not produce insulin. Type 2 diabetes used to be called adult-onset diabetes but is becoming more common in children due to increases in obesity. Children with type 2 diabetes are at high risk if they are overweight, have a family history of diabetes, or are not physically active. Lifestyle changes like maintaining a healthy weight, being physically active, eating smaller portions of healthy foods, and limiting screen time can lower the risk of type 2 diabetes in children. Children with type 2 diabetes may be managed through diet and exercise alone, but some patients will need oral medications or insulin. Children with type
Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis
1) Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) is an acute inflammation of the renal glomeruli that occurs after infection with certain strains of Streptococcus.
2) It is characterized by hematuria, edema, hypertension, and oliguria.
3) The pathogenesis involves molecular mimicry between streptococcal antigens and renal antigens, resulting in the trapping of immune complexes in the glomeruli.
Pediatric Renal Disorders
This document provides an overview of the assessment and management of genitourinary dysfunction in children. It discusses topics such as urinary tract infections, glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, renal failure, dialysis, transplantation, and Wilms' tumor. Nursing priorities include thorough assessment, administering appropriate antibiotic therapy, managing complications, providing patient and family education, and preventing infections through aseptic technique.
Nephrotic syndrome
This document discusses glomerular disease and nephrotic syndrome. It begins by defining nephrotic syndrome and describing the structure of the glomerulus. It then covers the main causes of nephrotic syndrome including minimal change disease, membranous glomerulonephritis, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Investigations, prognosis, complications, and treatment approaches are also summarized. The document provides histological classifications and details on each of the primary causes of nephrotic syndrome.
Nephritic syndrome - Medicine - RDT
Topic: Nephritic Syndrome
Faculty: General Medicine
Course: BSc RDT - 2nd year
- Acute Nephritic Syndrome
- Definition, Causes, Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, Diagnosis and Treatment of Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis(PSGN)
- Hematuria, Proteinuria
What's hot (20)
Similar to Nephrotic syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome
Dr. Sachin Verma is a young, diligent and dynamic physician. He did his graduation from IGMC Shimla and MD in Internal Medicine from GSVM Medical College Kanpur. Then he did his Fellowship in Intensive Care Medicine (FICM) from Apollo Hospital Delhi. He has done fellowship in infectious diseases by Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA). He has also done FCCS course and is certified Advance Cardiac Life support (ACLS) and Basic Life Support (BLS) provider by American Heart Association. He has also done a course in Cardiology by American College of Cardiology and a course in Diabetology by International Diabetes Centre. He specializes in the management of Infections, Multiorgan Dysfunctions and Critically ill patients and has many publications and presentations in various national conferences under his belt. He is currently working in NABH Approved Ivy super-specialty Hospital Mohali as Consultant Intensivists and Physician.
Overview of management of nephrotic syndrom
- Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. It is usually caused by primary glomerular disease but can be secondary to other medical conditions.
- Diagnosis requires proteinuria >3.5g/day and hypoalbuminemia <2.5g/dL. Management involves salt and fluid restriction, diuretics, ACE inhibitors to reduce proteinuria, and corticosteroids which induce remission in 80-90% of adults. Frequent relapses or steroid resistance may require additional immunosuppressive drugs. Complications include infection, thromboembolism, and renal failure.
medicine.Renal 2.(dr.kawa)
Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by proteinuria (>3.5g/24hr), hypoalbuminemia, edema, and other issues. The proteinuria is caused by damage to the glomerular filtration barrier, and the other symptoms are secondary effects of protein loss in the urine. Nephrotic syndrome has potential complications including edema, hyperlipidemia, hypercoagulability, and infection risk. Management involves identifying the underlying cause, treating that cause if possible, controlling proteinuria with ACE inhibitors, and managing complications like edema and hyperlipidemia. Steroids are often used but renal biopsy is usually needed first in adults to guide treatment.
Nephrotic Syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by proteinuria, low protein levels, edema, and high cholesterol. It is caused by increased permeability of the glomerular basement membrane, allowing protein to pass into the urine. Symptoms include edema, fatigue, and abdominal pain. Laboratory tests show protein in the urine, low serum protein and albumin levels, and elevated cholesterol. Treatment focuses on restricting salt and protein intake, using diuretics to control edema, and treating the underlying cause, often by using corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive drugs. The prognosis depends on the cause, with minimal change disease often responding well to treatment.
nephroticsyndromeabhay-copy-140910103817-phpapp02 (1).pptx
Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder characterized by protein in the urine, low albumin levels, edema, and high cholesterol. It can be caused by primary kidney diseases or secondary to other systemic illnesses. The main primary causes are minimal-change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and membranous nephropathy. Treatment involves corticosteroids, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and managing symptoms and complications like infection and hyperlipidemia. Long-term monitoring is also important.
nephroticsyndromeabhay-copy-140910103817-phpapp02 (1).pptx
Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. It can be caused by primary kidney diseases or secondary to conditions like lupus erythematosus. The pathophysiology involves damage to the glomerular filtration barrier, allowing protein leakage. This causes hypoalbuminemia and edema. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include corticosteroids, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and managing complications like infection and hyperlipidemia.
Nephroticsyndrome
Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder characterized by protein in the urine, low blood protein levels, high cholesterol levels, and swelling. It is caused by damage to the glomeruli in the kidneys. The main types are minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Nephrotic syndrome is primarily treated through dietary changes, diuretics to reduce swelling, and corticosteroids to reduce protein in the urine. The standard treatment is prednisone or prednisolone over 12 weeks, with dosage adjustments made for relapses. Complications can include infections, blood clots, and renal failure if left untreated.
NEPHROTIC SYNDROME.pdf
Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder characterized by protein in the urine, low albumin levels, edema, and high cholesterol. It is caused by various conditions that damage the glomeruli such as chronic glomerulonephritis, diabetes, infections, drugs, and allergens. Symptoms include edema, fatigue, proteinuria, and hyperlipidemia. Diagnosis involves urinalysis, urine protein tests, and blood work. Treatment focuses on managing edema, treating underlying causes, and controlling cholesterol. Complications can include blood clots, malnutrition, high blood pressure, and kidney damage or failure if left untreated.
317081254-Nephrotic-Syndrome-2016.pptx
Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. It can be caused by primary glomerular diseases like minimal change disease, membranous nephropathy, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis or secondary to conditions like diabetes, infections, drugs, and amyloidosis. Treatment involves managing edema, lipids, and the underlying cause. Kidney biopsy is needed to identify the specific glomerular lesion causing nephrotic syndrome and guide treatment.
5GN.pptx
The document provides an overview of glomerulonephritis including its anatomy, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. The glomerulus filters blood and allows small molecules to pass through while excluding larger ones like proteins. Glomerulonephritis can be caused by immune system abnormalities and is a common cause of kidney failure. Symptoms depend on whether the nephrotic or nephritic syndrome is present. Treatment involves controlling symptoms, reducing proteinuria and blood pressure, and using immunosuppressants.
Nephrotic syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. It is caused by conditions that damage the glomerulus, increasing permeability to plasma proteins. Primary causes include minimal change disease, membranous glomerulonephritis, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Secondary causes can be infections, connective tissue diseases, and cancers. Treatment focuses on reducing proteinuria with ACE inhibitors or NSAIDs, managing edema and hyperlipidemia, and treating the underlying condition, often with corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, or cyclosporine.
Tpn rajesh
Parenteral nutrition (PN) can result in numerous complications if not carefully monitored. Mechanical complications include injuries from catheters. Metabolic complications involve issues like hyperglycemia, hepatic dysfunction, and refeeding syndrome. Infections from catheters are also common. Close monitoring of patients on PN is necessary to check for metabolic and clinical issues and manage complications. Careful attention to nutrient levels and other medical factors can help reduce risks.
Nephrotic syndrome final shivaom
Nephrotic syndrome is defined by heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. It is caused by damage to the glomerular basement membrane that increases pore size and protein leakage. Loss of protein like albumin leads to edema as serum oncotic pressure decreases. Steroids are first line treatment but some patients are steroid resistant. Kidney biopsy guides treatment, which may include immunosuppressants for steroid resistant forms. Complications include infection, hypercoagulability, and renal failure.
Nephrotic vs Nephritic syndroms.pptx
Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by nephrotic-range proteinuria (>3g/day), low serum albumin, and edema. It is caused by loss of albumin in the urine leading to lower plasma protein levels and sodium retention in the kidneys. This causes edema. Complications include infection, hyperlipidemia, hypocalcemia, hypercoagulability, and hypertension. Diagnosis involves urinalysis showing proteinuria, low serum albumin, and sometimes a renal biopsy. Treatment focuses on preventing blood clots, lowering lipids, and managing fluid retention and edema with diuretics.
Nephrotic syndrome(nursing managment)
hope this slide is adequate for the nursing students.. if you want any further information do like to mail me. thanku
Nephrotic syndrome
This document discusses nephrotic syndrome, which is characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia due to damage to the glomerular capillary membrane. This allows excess plasma proteins to leak into the urine. Causes include glomerulonephritis, diabetes, lupus, amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, cancer, drugs, and infections. Symptoms include edema, fatigue, weight gain, and hyperlipidemia. Treatment focuses on controlling edema and symptoms, treating underlying causes, and preventing infection. Nursing care centers around monitoring fluid status and intake, preventing infection, and managing cognitive effects of uremia.
Nephrotic syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. The most common cause is minimal change disease. Treatment involves corticosteroids as initial therapy, with cyclophosphamide or other immunosuppressants used for frequent relapses or steroid resistance. Supportive care focuses on managing edema, diet, and preventing infections, which are a major complication. Kidney biopsy may be needed to identify underlying renal pathology or guide treatment decisions.
case presentation: generalized edema
A 19-year-old man presented with red urine, periorbital and pretibial edema. He was diagnosed with tonsillitis 3 weeks prior. Examination found hypertension and crackles in both lung bases. Urine analysis showed proteinuria and dysmorphic red blood cells. The most likely diagnosis is poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis resulting from the recent streptococcal infection. Treatment involves controlling hypertension, edema and complications through diuretics and sodium restriction. Renal biopsy showed diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis with neutrophils and immune deposits consistent with poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis.
Similar to Nephrotic syndrome (20)
nephroticsyndromeabhay-copy-140910103817-phpapp02 (1).pptx
nephroticsyndromeabhay-copy-140910103817-phpapp02 (1).pptx
nephroticsyndromeabhay-copy-140910103817-phpapp02 (1).pptx
nephroticsyndromeabhay-copy-140910103817-phpapp02 (1).pptx
More from Manoj Khadka
Plantar fasciitis.pptx
This document provides an overview of plantar fasciitis. It begins with an applied anatomy section and defines plantar fasciitis as pain in the heel and bottom of the foot that is worse with first steps in the morning or after periods of rest. A clinical case is presented of a 37-year old obese female with right heel pain for 8 months. Differentials for heel pain are discussed. The document then covers the history, examination, investigations and treatment approaches for plantar fasciitis, emphasizing conservative management options.
Necrotizing fascitis.pptx
This document provides an overview of necrotizing fasciitis. It begins with a historical background noting the earliest descriptions in the 5th century BC and increased rates in the mid-1980s. It then outlines the presentation, including risk factors like diabetes and trauma, signs of pain out of proportion, fever, and skin changes. Diagnosis involves clinical examination, lab tests, and imaging. Treatment requires aggressive surgical debridement, antibiotics, and resuscitation. Prognosis depends on speed of diagnosis and treatment, with mortality rates around 30% overall but higher for polymicrobial infections.
Glaucoma-Relevant Anatomy & Physiology
Let's learn about the relevant anatomy & physiology associated with glaucoma- the angle of the anterior chamber, physiology of aqueous humor circulation, and many more. Happy Learning!
Intraocular lens (IOL)- cataract management
Intraocular lenses (IOLs) are used to restore vision after cataract surgery by replacing the crystalline lens. Sir Harold Ridley first proposed using acrylic plastic lenses for cataracts after observing aircraft plastic fragments in soldiers' eyes did not trigger rejection. IOLs are either single or multi-piece, made of acrylic or silicone, and placed in the anterior or posterior chamber of the eye. Their power is calculated using the SRK formula based on axial length and corneal curvature. Complications can include posterior capsular opacification, calcification, and degradation.
Gout-The King of diseases & the disease of Kings
Let's learn about the relevant anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology associated with uric acid and gout.
Anatomy of articular cartilage & Osteoarthritis
Let's learn about the anatomy of articular cartilage and its clinical importance in osteoarthritis. Happy Learning!
Differentials of HOARSENESS & VERTIGO
Let's learn about the differential diagnosis of hoarseness of voice and that of vertigo. Additional points on ototoxic drugs.
Diplopia- Double vision
Let's study diplopia along with the relevant anatomy & function of extraocular muscles, pathophysiology, compensatory head position, and few case-based scenarios. Happy Learning!
Age-related Macular Degeneration
Let's learn about age-related macular degeneration: Introduction, clinical types, pathogenesis & treatment. Few fundoscopic images are also added for extra learning. Happy Learning!
Cholesteatoma
Let's learn about cholesteatoma-history of cholesteatoma, clinical scenarios, congenital Vs acquired types, complications, diagnosis & management.
Conjunctivitis Overview
Let's have a general overview of conjunctivitis along with the relevant anatomy, histology, physiology, and microbiology. Also, differentials of RED EYE & DRY EYE are mentioned.
Soft tissue affections
Case-based scenarios on the soft tissue affections (Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, De Quervain tenosynovitis, Ganglion cyst, Trigger finger, Dupuytren contracture, Tennis elbow, Frozen shoulder, Meralgia paraesthetica, Bursitis, Plantar fasciitis)
Desmosome & Desmoglein
Desmosomes are protein complexes that provide strong adhesion between epithelial cells. They contain desmoglein proteins that mediate cell-cell adhesion. Pemphigus vulgaris and foliaceus are autoimmune blistering diseases caused by antibodies against desmoglein 1 and 3. Pemphigus vulgaris antibodies target deep epidermal cells while foliaceus targets superficial cells. The antibodies may interfere with adhesion or induce intracellular signaling pathways that disrupt cell adhesion. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome and bullous impetigo are caused by exotoxins from Staphylococcus aureus that cleave desmoglein 1, leading to blister formation.
NORMAL TENSION GLAUCOMA "An exception in the glaucoma family"
Let's learn about the exception in the glaucoma family: Normal-Tension Glaucoma and the basis behind it.
Cardiac markers in Myocardial infarction (MI)
This document discusses the cardiac markers used in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. It describes how cardiac markers are enzymes or proteins that are normally absent or present in low amounts in plasma but are released in large quantities into the blood due to membrane damage during a heart attack. The main cardiac markers discussed are myoglobin, creatine kinase (CK-MB), cardiac troponins (cTnI and cTnT), lactate dehydrogenase, and other enzymes. It provides details on the molecular weight, sources, intracellular location, and diagnostic window of each marker. Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme levels also switch within 12-24 hours which can help diagnose a myocardial infarction.
Neurophysiology of LOVE
Falling in love is such an easy thing to do but such a hard thing to understand. So, let's learn the physiological basis of love in a simpler way.
Management of Acute Pancreatitis
This document outlines the management of acute pancreatitis. It discusses establishing the diagnosis, stratifying disease severity, managing pain with tramadol or pethidine but not morphine, managing fluid losses with saline or colloids, using prophylactic antibiotics for severe cases, implementing enteral feeding to reduce infections while withholding oral intake, treating complications like hyperglycemia or renal failure, draining pseudocysts over 6cm, performing necrosectomy for necrosis, and doing cholecystectomy for gallstone-induced pancreatitis.
Physics behind CYANOSIS
The sky appears blue due to Rayleigh scattering of sunlight in Earth's atmosphere. Shorter blue wavelengths of light scatter more than longer red wavelengths, so the sky looks blue. Clouds appear white because the water droplets that make up clouds are similar in size to light wavelengths, causing equal scattering of all visible light wavelengths. The skin may look blue in cyanosis due to increased deoxyhemoglobin, which absorbs more red light, making the reflected blue light appear more prominent.
Basis for red/pink lividity at cold temperature
Let's learn the basis for red/pink lividity at cold temperature and link it with the concept of the Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
Physiological basis behind CLUBBING
Clubbing, characterized by widening of the nail bed angle beyond 180 degrees, is caused by megakaryocytes and platelet fragments entering the systemic circulation from the lungs or heart due to damage or shunting. In the fingertips, these cells release growth factors that increase blood flow and connective tissue, causing clubbing. Clubbing is seen in pulmonary disorders where the capillaries are damaged, as well as cyanotic heart defects with right-to-left shunts and endocarditis where cells bypass or break off from the heart.
More from Manoj Khadka (20)
NORMAL TENSION GLAUCOMA "An exception in the glaucoma family"
NORMAL TENSION GLAUCOMA "An exception in the glaucoma family"
Recently uploaded
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptx
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Top-Vitamin-Supplement-Brands-in-India List
Swisschem Dermacare provides the Top 10 Vitamin Supplement Brands in India. To know more about us give us call at our official number
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Efficacy of Avartana Sneha in Ayurveda
Avartana Sneha is a unique method of Preparation of Sneha Kalpana in Ayurveda, mainly it is indicated for the Vataja rogas.
The Electrocardiogram - Physiologic Principles
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic Approach
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Versio
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest VersionJournal Article Review on Rasamanikya
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Artificial Intelligence Symposium (THAIS)
Artificial Intelligence Symposium (THAIS). Parc Taulí. Sabadell
Recently uploaded (20)
Vestibulocochlear Nerve by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Vestibulocochlear Nerve by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
Ear and its clinical correlations By Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Ear and its clinical correlations By Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Tests for analysis of different pharmaceutical.pptx
Tests for analysis of different pharmaceutical.pptx
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic Approach
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic Approach
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
CHEMOTHERAPY_RDP_CHAPTER 6_Anti Malarial Drugs.pdf
CHEMOTHERAPY_RDP_CHAPTER 6_Anti Malarial Drugs.pdf
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...
Nephrotic syndrome
- 2. LEARNING OBJECTIVE • To list the features of nephrotic syndrome with their underlying mechanisms. • To define the objectives of treatment of nephrotic syndrome. • To describe the management of nephrotic syndrome.
- 3. NEPHROTIC SYNDROME Feature Mechanism Consequence Proteinuria (> 3.5 g/day ) -Structural damage to glomerular basement membrane -Loss of size & charge barrier -Hypoalbuminemia Hypoalbuminemia (<3 g/dl) -Massive proteinuria -High catabolism of reabsorbed albumin (proximal tubule of kidney) -Reduced oncotic pressure -Edema Sodium retention - Secondary hyperaldosteronism -Edema Hypercholesterolemia -Increased hepatic lipoprotein synthesis in response to hypoalbuminemia -Atherosclerosis Hypercoagulability -Urinary loss of antithrombin III, protein C and S -Increased serum fibrinogen level -Venous thromboembolism Infection -Urinary loss of immunoglobulin -Pneumococcal infection
- 4. OBJECTIVES OF TREATMENT OF NEPHROTIC SYNDROME • To identify the underlying cause and reverse it (if possible). • To reduce proteinuria. • To reduce edema formation. • To reduce blood cholesterol level. • To restrict dietary sodium.
- 5. OBJECTIVES OF TREATMENT OF NEPHROTIC SYNDROME • To prevent complications like - hypercoagulability - infection - acute kidney disease • To maintain electrolyte balance. • To maintain quality of life.
- 6. MANAGEMENT OF NEPHROTIC SYNDROME Management of • Edema • Proteinuria • Hypercholesterolemia • Hypercoagulability • Infection
- 7. Management of edema Dietary sodium restriction Thiazide diuretics ( Bendroflumethiazide) Furosemide with amiloride - If unresponsive to thiazide Parenteral route if resistance to oral diuretic -Nephrotic patient may malabsorb diuretics owing to gut mucosal edema
- 8. Management of proteinuria Normal protein diet intake - High protein diet (80-90 g/day) increases proteinuria ACE inhibitors and/or angiotensin II antagonist - Reduces glomerular efferent arteriolar resistance - Reduces intraglomerular capillary pressure - Reduces protein filtration
- 9. Management of hypercholesterolemia Lipid lowering drugs - HMG CoA reductase inhibitors, fibrates Restrict saturated and trans-fatty acids in diet Management of hypercoagulability Prolonged bed rest avoided - Thromboembolism very common in nephrotic syndrome Long term prophylactic anticoagulant - In absence of any contraindications
- 10. Management of infection Early detection and aggressive treatment of infection - Rather than long term antibiotic prophylaxis Pneumococcal vaccine given - Pneumococcal infections particularly common
- 11. REFERENCES • Davidson’s Principles & Practice of Medicine; 21st Edition ; page no. 481 • KUMAR & CLARK CLINICAL MEDICINE; 6th EDITION ; Page no.901-903 • HARRISON’S Principles of INTERNAL MEDICINE; 17th Edition ; Page no. 1210
- 12. “THANK YOU”