Chronic glomerulonephritis is a kidney disorder caused by slow, cumulative damage and scarring of the tiny blood filters in the kidneys. These filters, known as glomeruli, remove waste products from the blood.
Chronic glomerulonephritis is a kidney disorder caused by slow, cumulative damage and scarring of the tiny blood filters in the kidneys. These filters, known as glomeruli, remove waste products from the blood.
CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE (CRF) or CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD)
Chronic or irreversible renal failure is a progressive reduction of functioning of renal tissue such that the remaining kidney mass can no longer maintain the body’s internal environment.
Glomerulonephritis is inflammation of the tiny filters in your kidneys (glomeruli). Glomeruli remove excess fluid, electrolytes and waste from your bloodstream and pass them into your urine.
Etiology- genetic mutations, infection, toxin exposure, autoimmunity, atherosclerosis, hypertension, emboli, thrombosis, or diabetes mellitus.
Even after careful study, however, the cause often remains unknown, and the lesion is called idiopathic.
Inflammation of the glomerular capillaries is called glomerulonephritis.
Persistent glomerulonephritis that worsens renal function is always accompanied by interstitial nephritis, renal fibrosis, and tubular atrophy.
CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE (CRF) or CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD)
Chronic or irreversible renal failure is a progressive reduction of functioning of renal tissue such that the remaining kidney mass can no longer maintain the body’s internal environment.
Glomerulonephritis is inflammation of the tiny filters in your kidneys (glomeruli). Glomeruli remove excess fluid, electrolytes and waste from your bloodstream and pass them into your urine.
Etiology- genetic mutations, infection, toxin exposure, autoimmunity, atherosclerosis, hypertension, emboli, thrombosis, or diabetes mellitus.
Even after careful study, however, the cause often remains unknown, and the lesion is called idiopathic.
Inflammation of the glomerular capillaries is called glomerulonephritis.
Persistent glomerulonephritis that worsens renal function is always accompanied by interstitial nephritis, renal fibrosis, and tubular atrophy.
Nephrotic syndrome happens when damage to your kidneys causes these organs to release too much protein into your urine.
Nephrotic syndrome isn’t itself a disease. Diseases that damage blood vessels in your kidneys cause this syndrome.
Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by the following:
A high amount of protein present in the urine (proteinuria)
high cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the blood (hyperlipidemia)
Low levels of a protein called albumin in the blood (hypoalbuminemia)
Swelling (edema), particularly in your ankles and feet, and around your eyes.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
2. Primary glomerular diseases include acute and
chronic glomerularonephritis, rapidly
progressive glomerulonephritis and nephrotic
syndrome
3. Acute Glomerulonephritis
Acute GN is defined as the sudden onset of
hematuria, proteinuria, and red blood cell
(RBC) casts.
Acute GN comprises a specific set of renal
diseases in which an immunologic mechanism
triggers inflammation and proliferation of
glomerular tissue that can result in damage to
the basement membrane, mesangium, or
capillary endothelium.
4.
5.
6.
7. Epidemiology
Over the last 2-3 decades, incidence of acute
poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN)
has fallen in most Western countries. The
estimated worldwide burden of APSGN is
approximately 472,000 cases per year, with
approximately 404,000 cases being reported
in children and 456,000 cases occurring in less
developed countries.(Medscape)
8. Globally, 50% of cases may be subclinical stage,
common in winter and spring, more frequent
in children aged 2-12 years, with a peak
prevalence in individuals aged approximately
5-6 years, PSGN remains much more common
in regions such as Africa, the Caribbean, India,
Pakistan, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, and
South America.
9. • Postinfectious GN can occur at any age,
usually develops in children. Most cases occur
aged 5-15 years; only 10% occur in older than
40 years. It is common in children aged 6-10
years. Acute nephritis may occur at any age,
including infancy.
• Acute GN predominantly affects males (2:1
male-to-female ratio). A higher incidence
(related to poor hygiene) may be observed in
some socioeconomic groups.
10. Causes of Acute Glomerulonephritis
• An infection with the bacteria, Streptococcal
infection: streptococcal pharyngitis, impetigo/
skin infection
• Other Infections that rarely cause AGN
include: pneumonia, cellulitis, meningitis,
chicken pox, hepatitis, measles, mumps,
mononucleosis, syphilis, typhoid fever,
bacterial endocarditis, Goodpasture’s
syndrome, lupus, vasculitis.
11. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY cont..
Streptococcal infection from throat or elsewhere
Attacks immune system, produce antibody
against streptococcal antigen
Antigen antibody reaction with complex
fromation
12. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
It gets trapped in the basement membrane
Inflammatory changes occurs in glomerulus
Decrease in GFR and increased permeability of
glomerular cells
14. Pathophysiology of Acute Glomerulonephritis
Glomerulonephritis is an immunologic disorder that
causes inflammation and increased cells in the
glomerulus .
Antigen-antibody products will trapped
(deposition) in the glomerulus. Increased
production of epithelial cells lining so leukocytes
(influx of leukocytes) infiltrate the glomerulus
cause thickening of the glomerular filtration
membrane.
This bring scarring and loss of glomerular filtration
membrane, finally decrease GFR.
15. Signs and Symptoms of Glomerulonephritis
• Proteinurias caused by altered permeability of
capillary walls. Client may have history of
foamy urine .
• Hematuria caused by loss of capillary wall
integrity.
• Oliguria or anuria caused by reduced or
absent urine production.
16. Continue Signs and Symptoms ……………
• Edema of face, eyes, ankles, feet, legs or
abdomen caused by loss of intravascular
oncotic pressure.
• Symptoms of chronic renal failure may appear.
Azotemia caused by impaired filtration of
nitrogenous wastes.
• Hypertension caused by fluid retention and
altered renal regulation of blood pressure.
17. Some other Symptoms are:
• Diarrhea
• Abdominal pain
• Nose bleed
• Excessive urination
• Fever
• General ill feeling, fatigue, and loss of appetite
• Joint or muscle aches
18. Severe Symptoms include…….
• Repeated vomiting, excessive fatigue, high blood
pressure
• Low back pain, flank pain
• Shortness of breath: worsens with exertion and
worsens when lying flat
• confusion
19. Diagnosis
• History and physical examination
• Urinanalysis: may show RBCs and red casts, an
indicator of possible damage to the glomeruli,
WBCs, a common indicator of infection or
inflammation. Increased protein, which may
indicate nephrons damage.
• Blood tests: creatinine and BUN
• Imaging tests: kidney X-rays, IVU,USG, CT Scan
• Kidney biopsy: A kidney biopsy is necessary for
confirm a diagnosis of glomerulonephritis.
20. Complications
• Hypertension with or without central nervous
system (CNS) manifestations,
• Anemia, pulmonary edema, Congestive heart
failure,
• Nephrotic syndrome
• Kidney failure
21. Prognosis
Most epidemic cases follow a course ending in
complete patient recovery (as many as 100%).
The mortality of acute GN in the most
commonly affected age group, pediatric
patients, has been reported at 0-7%.
Progressive glomerulonephritis may lead to
chronic kidney failure or ESRD may result.
22. Treatment
• Prescription of kidney diet that is low sodium,
low protein, low potassium, low calorie diet,
low phosphorus, calcium supplements and
vitamin B supplements.
• Fluid restriction: limiting the amount of fluid
in the diet.
• If residual streptococcal infection, antibiotic
therapy: penicillin therapy.
• Oral corticosteroid medications: Prednisone
23. Continue Treatment
• Diuretic medications: lasix
• Medications that suppress the immune
system: cyclophosphamide
• Kidney dialysis/Kidney transplant
24. Client Teaching:
• Clearly and specifically explain the nature of the
disease, its course, and the eventual prognosis of
the condition to the client, parents or caregivers.
• Clearly outline a follow-up plan and discuss the
plan with the family. Blood pressure
measurements and urine examinations for
protein and blood constitute the basis of the
follow-up plan. Perform examinations at 4-6 wks
intervals for the first 6 months and at 3-6 month
intervals, until both hematuria and proteinuria
have been absent and the blood pressure has
been normal for 1 year.
25. Nursing Management
• Assess need of the client through history taking and
physical examination.
• Nursing Diagnosis: Possible nsg dx are
• altered nutrition: less than required r/t anorexia and
altered renal function;
• fluid volume excess related to reduced urine output;
• activity intolerance r/t fatigue and hematuria,
• altered emotion and coping r/t questionable prognosis
with prolonged illness;
• risk for impaired skin integrity r/t edema and
• risk for infection r/t altered immune response
secondary to treatment.
26. Nursing Management…………………………
Nursing Interventions
• For altered nutrition less than body requirement,
eat high calorie; low protein diet and low sodium
diet. For nausea and vomiting, provide antiemetic
drug, provide small amount of meal frequently.
• For fluid volume excess, careful monitoring daily
weight, maintain intake and output, fluid intake
should be restricted. Teach client about way of
relieving thirst e.g. sucking hard candies or lemon
slices or by using ice chips rather than a glass of
water.
27. Nursing Management…………..
• For activity intolerance related to fatigue and
hematuria, provide both physical and
emotional rest for the client.
• For altered emotion and coping mechanism,
encourage