This document provides an overview of arthropods, including their defining characteristics, success, and major groups. It discusses their versatile exoskeleton, jointed appendages, open circulatory system, and molting process. Key points covered include:
- Arthropods are the most diverse and successful phylum, with over 1 million described species.
- Their exoskeleton provides structural support and protection while allowing for growth.
- They have segmented bodies, jointed appendages, and metabolize oxygen directly in tissues.
- Molting and metamorphosis allow for growth and development with an exoskeleton.
- Major groups include chelicerates, crustaceans, hexap
- Molluscs are a very successful phylum with over 100,000 living species. They are protostomes that form their coelom through the splitting of the mesoderm.
- The coelom provides space for organ development and allows for functions like gas exchange, nutrient transport, waste storage and elimination, and hydrostatic support.
- Major mollusc classes include Gastropoda (snails and slugs), Bivalvia (clams and mussels), and Cephalopoda (squid and octopuses). They display a diversity of forms, habitats, and life histories.
The document provides information about the phylum Annelida, specifically focusing on the classes Polychaeta, Oligochaeta, and Hirudinea. Some key points:
1) Annelida are metameric, bilaterally symmetrical worms with a closed circulatory system. They display both metamerism and sometimes tagmatization.
2) Polychaeta are mostly marine worms with parapodia and setae. They include sand worms, blood worms, and tube-dwelling filter feeders.
3) Oligochaeta include soil-building earthworms. They lack parapodia and have a clitellum and prostomium for burrowing.
4
- Arthropoda is the largest phylum of animals, including insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and others. They are bilaterally symmetrical, segmented, and have jointed appendages and a chitinous exoskeleton.
- The phylum contains over 80% of all animal species. It is divided into subphyla including Trilobita, Chelicerata, and Mandibulata. Trilobites are extinct marine arthropods. Chelicerates include spiders, scorpions, and others. Mandibulates include insects, crustaceans, centipedes, and millipedes.
- Arthropods live in nearly all environments and have
1. Annelids and arthropods are two major invertebrate phyla. Annelids include segmented worms like earthworms and leeches, while arthropods include insects, spiders, and crustaceans.
2. Both phyla exhibit bilateral symmetry and segmentation of the body. In annelids, segments contain redundant organs, while in arthropods segments are specialized and contain jointed appendages.
3. Arthropods have an exoskeleton made of chitin, segmented bodies, and jointed appendages adapted for different functions. They dominate terrestrial habitats due to key adaptations like the exoskeleton and tracheal breathing system.
The document compares and contrasts the characteristics of mollusks and annelids. Both phyla are bilaterally symmetrical with a soft body and internal coelom. They can live in various environments on land or in water. Mollusks have a hard shell that protects their soft body, while annelids move via alternating circular and longitudinal muscles. Both groups exhibit a range of reproductive strategies including asexual reproduction and hermaphroditism. They have organ systems that allow for respiration, circulation, digestion, and nerve conduction.
- Molluscs are a very successful phylum with over 100,000 living species. They are protostomes that form their coelom through the splitting of the mesoderm.
- The coelom provides space for organ development and allows for functions like gas exchange, nutrient transport, waste storage and elimination, and hydrostatic support.
- Major mollusc classes include Gastropoda (snails and slugs), Bivalvia (clams and mussels), and Cephalopoda (squid and octopuses). They display a diversity of forms, habitats, and life histories.
The document provides information about the phylum Annelida, specifically focusing on the classes Polychaeta, Oligochaeta, and Hirudinea. Some key points:
1) Annelida are metameric, bilaterally symmetrical worms with a closed circulatory system. They display both metamerism and sometimes tagmatization.
2) Polychaeta are mostly marine worms with parapodia and setae. They include sand worms, blood worms, and tube-dwelling filter feeders.
3) Oligochaeta include soil-building earthworms. They lack parapodia and have a clitellum and prostomium for burrowing.
4
- Arthropoda is the largest phylum of animals, including insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and others. They are bilaterally symmetrical, segmented, and have jointed appendages and a chitinous exoskeleton.
- The phylum contains over 80% of all animal species. It is divided into subphyla including Trilobita, Chelicerata, and Mandibulata. Trilobites are extinct marine arthropods. Chelicerates include spiders, scorpions, and others. Mandibulates include insects, crustaceans, centipedes, and millipedes.
- Arthropods live in nearly all environments and have
1. Annelids and arthropods are two major invertebrate phyla. Annelids include segmented worms like earthworms and leeches, while arthropods include insects, spiders, and crustaceans.
2. Both phyla exhibit bilateral symmetry and segmentation of the body. In annelids, segments contain redundant organs, while in arthropods segments are specialized and contain jointed appendages.
3. Arthropods have an exoskeleton made of chitin, segmented bodies, and jointed appendages adapted for different functions. They dominate terrestrial habitats due to key adaptations like the exoskeleton and tracheal breathing system.
The document compares and contrasts the characteristics of mollusks and annelids. Both phyla are bilaterally symmetrical with a soft body and internal coelom. They can live in various environments on land or in water. Mollusks have a hard shell that protects their soft body, while annelids move via alternating circular and longitudinal muscles. Both groups exhibit a range of reproductive strategies including asexual reproduction and hermaphroditism. They have organ systems that allow for respiration, circulation, digestion, and nerve conduction.
A presentation about Arthropods, its general morphology, life cycle, and habitat. This presentation also covers the first three subphyla which are Trilobitomorpha, Chelicerata, and Crustacea. The role of arthropods in disease transmission is also covered in the slides.
The document summarizes key aspects of the animal kingdom. It begins by defining animals and outlining two major groups - invertebrates without backbones and vertebrates with backbones. It then describes six trends in animal evolution including increasing cell specialization, development of bilateral symmetry, cephalization, body cavity formation, embryo development, and physiological systems for feeding, respiration, circulation, excretion, response, movement/support, and reproduction.
Annelida is a phylum of segmented worms that includes earthworms, leeches, and polychaetes. They have elongated bodies divided into many similar segments. Key features include a coelom, metamerism, and parapodia used for locomotion and respiration. The three main classes are Polychaeta (bristle worms), Oligochaeta (earthworms and related species), and Hirudinea (leeches). Annelids display a variety of forms and habitats but are generally successful due to their tube-within-a-tube body design allowing for organ and fluid compartmentalization.
Worms, mollusks, annelids, arthropods, and echinoderms are the main groups of invertebrate animals. They have varied forms and functions including feeding, respiration, circulation, excretion, response, movement, and reproduction. Over time, invertebrates evolved specialized cells, tissues and organs, various forms of symmetry, cephalization for sophisticated environmental response, segmentation for increased size, and coeloms lined with mesoderm. Adaptations for digestion, respiration, circulation, excretion, response and movement depend on their environment.
This document summarizes the classification of animals from the cellular level to the organ system level. It describes 11 animal phyla: Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, and Chordata. Within Chordata, it outlines the classes of Cyclostomata, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia. Key distinguishing characteristics are provided for each phylum and class.
The document provides an overview of the animal kingdom, including key characteristics of animals and descriptions of major animal phyla. It discusses that animals are multicellular, eukaryotic heterotrophs that lack cell walls. It also describes important functions of animals like feeding, respiration, circulation, excretion, response, movement/support, and reproduction. Major phyla described include porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, nematoda, mollusca, annelida, arthropoda, echinodermata, and chordata. Chordates are defined as having a dorsal notochord, pharyngeal gill slits, and a dorsal hollow nerve cord at some point in their
The document discusses trends in animal evolution from simple to complex organisms. It describes the nine major phyla of animals and their key characteristics. More complex animals tend to have specialized cells, tissues, organs and organ systems, bilateral symmetry, a head with sensory organs, a fluid-filled body cavity, and complex embryo development. The functions of feeding, respiration, circulation, excretion, response, movement and support, and reproduction are examined among different invertebrate groups.
Respiration requires the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and its environment. Aquatic animals like fish have evolved gills for gas exchange with water, while most terrestrial vertebrates use lungs. Gills are thin, highly-branched tissue that increase the surface area for diffusion. In fish, blood flows countercurrently to water through the gills, maintaining an oxygen gradient for continuous gas exchange. Lungs in land animals facilitate gas exchange with air.
This document provides an overview of the classification of living things into five kingdoms, with a focus on the animal kingdom. It describes the main characteristics of invertebrate and vertebrate animals, and then discusses the distinguishing features of specific phyla within the animal kingdom, including sponges, cnidarians, annelids, molluscs, arthropods, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
This document describes the key characteristics of several animal phyla including Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, and Hemichordata. For each phylum, 1-2 defining examples are provided along with information on their habitat, body structure, organ systems, reproduction, and development. The document serves as a concise overview of important invertebrate phyla and their distinguishing features.
Invertebrates show increasing complexity from sponges to echinoderms. Sponges are multicellular but lack true tissues, while echinoderms have water vascular systems and five-part radial symmetry. Key invertebrate phyla include porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, nematoda, mollusca, annelida, arthropoda, and echinodermata. Arthropods are the most diverse and include insects, arachnids, and crustaceans. Chordates that lack backbones, such as tunicates and lancelets, are also invertebrates.
The document summarizes the urinary and reproductive systems. It describes the key functions of the urinary system as excretion of wastes and regulation of water, salt, and acid-base balance. It then details the structures of the human kidney including nephrons, collecting ducts and the bladder. It also describes the female reproductive system including ovaries, oviducts, uterus, and hormonal regulation, and the male reproductive system including testes, accessory glands, and spermatogenesis. Comparative anatomy of excretory and reproductive organs across species is also discussed.
This document discusses the classification of animals in the kingdom Animalia. It covers the major animal phyla from Porifera to Chordata, including key characteristics used for classification such as symmetry, germ layers, body systems, and examples of each phylum. The major vertebrate groups are also summarized, from Cyclostomata to Mammalia. Classification is primarily based on levels of organization, body plan complexity, and characteristics of major organ systems.
The annelid phylum includes segmented worms such as earthworms and leeches. Annelids have a segmented body and setae (small bristles). Their body segments are separated by septa. They range greatly in size, from microscopic to over 20 feet long. Annelids have a complete digestive system and most breathe through their skin. They also have a closed circulatory system and excrete waste through nephridia. Annelids reproduce both sexually and asexually. The three main classes of annelids are Polychaeta, Oligochaeta, and Hirudinea.
This document summarizes key characteristics of invertebrate animals. It describes their structures and functions including systems for digestion, respiration, circulation, excretion, response, movement, and reproduction. Specific phyla are examined in more detail, including worms, mollusks, arthropods, and echinoderms. Evolutionary trends are discussed such as the development of specialized cells/tissues, body symmetry, cephalization, segmentation, and a coelom.
This document provides an overview of the classification of animals in the animal kingdom. It discusses the major taxonomic groups from the lowest level of Porifera to the highest level of mammals. Key points include:
- The animal kingdom is classified from the broadest category of kingdom down to more specific categories like phylum, class, order and species.
- Major phyla discussed include porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, nematoda, annelida, arthropoda, mollusca, echinodermata, protochordata and vertebrata.
- Vertebrata is further divided into classes of pisces, amphibians, reptilia, aves
The document discusses the evolution of reptiles from amphibians. Key developments included the evolution of the amniotic egg, which allowed for reproduction on land, as well as various anatomical changes like the development of scales and scutes on the skin. Major groups of reptiles evolved, like turtles, lizards, snakes, and the diapsids which were progenitors of birds and mammals. Reptiles diversified during the Mesozoic era but three mass extinction events occurred. Overall the document traces the major transitions that occurred as tetrapods evolved into land-dwelling reptiles.
The document discusses the phylum Arthropoda, which includes insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and others. It notes that arthropods are the most successful animals due to their diversity, numbers, and traits like an exoskeleton, metamerism, hemocoel, and metamorphosis. It describes the three subphyla of arthropods - Crustacea, Chelicerata, and Uniramia. Crustaceans are mostly aquatic and have biramous limbs and a nauplius larva. Chelicerates have a prosoma and opisthosoma, six pairs of appendages including chelicerae, and include spiders, scorp
1. The document discusses two phyla - Arthropoda and Echinodermata. It describes the general characteristics and representative classes of each phylum.
2. For Arthropoda, it outlines the characteristics like jointed exoskeleton and segmented body and lists the classes Insecta, Crustacea, Arachnida, etc. It also describes the life cycles of insects like dragonflies and butterflies.
3. For Echinodermata, it discusses the spiny skin, water vascular system and radial symmetry. It provides details on the classes Asteroidea, Holothuroidea, Crinoidea, Echinoidea and Ophiuroidea with examples like sea stars
Echinoderms are exclusively marine animals with radial symmetry and calcareous ossicles that make up their endoskeleton. They have pentamerous radial symmetry as adults but bilaterally symmetrical larvae. Their defining feature is an ambulacral water vascular system that uses tube feet for locomotion and helps filter feed. Echinoderms have both indirect development through larval stages and undergo metamorphosis from bilateral larvae to radially symmetrical adults.
Cnidarians are a phylum of aquatic animals that include jellyfish, corals, sea anemones and Hydra. They have radial or biradial symmetry, two tissue layers separated by a jelly-like mesoglea, and specialized stinging cells called cnidocytes. Most cnidarians alternate between a sessile polyp stage and a motile medusa stage. They reproduce both sexually through external fertilization producing a planula larva, and asexually by budding. The four classes are Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Staurozoa and Anthozoa which includes corals and sea anemones that lack a medusa stage.
This document provides an overview of invertebrate zoology, including:
- Classification of organisms and evolutionary relationships shown through phylogenetic trees.
- Details on several invertebrate phyla like porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, mollusca, annelida, arthropoda, and echinoderma.
- Practical work involving studying representative species from these phyla under microscopes.
- Recommended textbooks and an introduction to molecular approaches in animal systematics, including using DNA and molecular clocks.
- Explanations of monophyletic, polyphyletic, and paraphyletic groups in classification, as well as evolutionary and phylogenetic systematics
A presentation about Arthropods, its general morphology, life cycle, and habitat. This presentation also covers the first three subphyla which are Trilobitomorpha, Chelicerata, and Crustacea. The role of arthropods in disease transmission is also covered in the slides.
The document summarizes key aspects of the animal kingdom. It begins by defining animals and outlining two major groups - invertebrates without backbones and vertebrates with backbones. It then describes six trends in animal evolution including increasing cell specialization, development of bilateral symmetry, cephalization, body cavity formation, embryo development, and physiological systems for feeding, respiration, circulation, excretion, response, movement/support, and reproduction.
Annelida is a phylum of segmented worms that includes earthworms, leeches, and polychaetes. They have elongated bodies divided into many similar segments. Key features include a coelom, metamerism, and parapodia used for locomotion and respiration. The three main classes are Polychaeta (bristle worms), Oligochaeta (earthworms and related species), and Hirudinea (leeches). Annelids display a variety of forms and habitats but are generally successful due to their tube-within-a-tube body design allowing for organ and fluid compartmentalization.
Worms, mollusks, annelids, arthropods, and echinoderms are the main groups of invertebrate animals. They have varied forms and functions including feeding, respiration, circulation, excretion, response, movement, and reproduction. Over time, invertebrates evolved specialized cells, tissues and organs, various forms of symmetry, cephalization for sophisticated environmental response, segmentation for increased size, and coeloms lined with mesoderm. Adaptations for digestion, respiration, circulation, excretion, response and movement depend on their environment.
This document summarizes the classification of animals from the cellular level to the organ system level. It describes 11 animal phyla: Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, and Chordata. Within Chordata, it outlines the classes of Cyclostomata, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia. Key distinguishing characteristics are provided for each phylum and class.
The document provides an overview of the animal kingdom, including key characteristics of animals and descriptions of major animal phyla. It discusses that animals are multicellular, eukaryotic heterotrophs that lack cell walls. It also describes important functions of animals like feeding, respiration, circulation, excretion, response, movement/support, and reproduction. Major phyla described include porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, nematoda, mollusca, annelida, arthropoda, echinodermata, and chordata. Chordates are defined as having a dorsal notochord, pharyngeal gill slits, and a dorsal hollow nerve cord at some point in their
The document discusses trends in animal evolution from simple to complex organisms. It describes the nine major phyla of animals and their key characteristics. More complex animals tend to have specialized cells, tissues, organs and organ systems, bilateral symmetry, a head with sensory organs, a fluid-filled body cavity, and complex embryo development. The functions of feeding, respiration, circulation, excretion, response, movement and support, and reproduction are examined among different invertebrate groups.
Respiration requires the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and its environment. Aquatic animals like fish have evolved gills for gas exchange with water, while most terrestrial vertebrates use lungs. Gills are thin, highly-branched tissue that increase the surface area for diffusion. In fish, blood flows countercurrently to water through the gills, maintaining an oxygen gradient for continuous gas exchange. Lungs in land animals facilitate gas exchange with air.
This document provides an overview of the classification of living things into five kingdoms, with a focus on the animal kingdom. It describes the main characteristics of invertebrate and vertebrate animals, and then discusses the distinguishing features of specific phyla within the animal kingdom, including sponges, cnidarians, annelids, molluscs, arthropods, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
This document describes the key characteristics of several animal phyla including Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, and Hemichordata. For each phylum, 1-2 defining examples are provided along with information on their habitat, body structure, organ systems, reproduction, and development. The document serves as a concise overview of important invertebrate phyla and their distinguishing features.
Invertebrates show increasing complexity from sponges to echinoderms. Sponges are multicellular but lack true tissues, while echinoderms have water vascular systems and five-part radial symmetry. Key invertebrate phyla include porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, nematoda, mollusca, annelida, arthropoda, and echinodermata. Arthropods are the most diverse and include insects, arachnids, and crustaceans. Chordates that lack backbones, such as tunicates and lancelets, are also invertebrates.
The document summarizes the urinary and reproductive systems. It describes the key functions of the urinary system as excretion of wastes and regulation of water, salt, and acid-base balance. It then details the structures of the human kidney including nephrons, collecting ducts and the bladder. It also describes the female reproductive system including ovaries, oviducts, uterus, and hormonal regulation, and the male reproductive system including testes, accessory glands, and spermatogenesis. Comparative anatomy of excretory and reproductive organs across species is also discussed.
This document discusses the classification of animals in the kingdom Animalia. It covers the major animal phyla from Porifera to Chordata, including key characteristics used for classification such as symmetry, germ layers, body systems, and examples of each phylum. The major vertebrate groups are also summarized, from Cyclostomata to Mammalia. Classification is primarily based on levels of organization, body plan complexity, and characteristics of major organ systems.
The annelid phylum includes segmented worms such as earthworms and leeches. Annelids have a segmented body and setae (small bristles). Their body segments are separated by septa. They range greatly in size, from microscopic to over 20 feet long. Annelids have a complete digestive system and most breathe through their skin. They also have a closed circulatory system and excrete waste through nephridia. Annelids reproduce both sexually and asexually. The three main classes of annelids are Polychaeta, Oligochaeta, and Hirudinea.
This document summarizes key characteristics of invertebrate animals. It describes their structures and functions including systems for digestion, respiration, circulation, excretion, response, movement, and reproduction. Specific phyla are examined in more detail, including worms, mollusks, arthropods, and echinoderms. Evolutionary trends are discussed such as the development of specialized cells/tissues, body symmetry, cephalization, segmentation, and a coelom.
This document provides an overview of the classification of animals in the animal kingdom. It discusses the major taxonomic groups from the lowest level of Porifera to the highest level of mammals. Key points include:
- The animal kingdom is classified from the broadest category of kingdom down to more specific categories like phylum, class, order and species.
- Major phyla discussed include porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, nematoda, annelida, arthropoda, mollusca, echinodermata, protochordata and vertebrata.
- Vertebrata is further divided into classes of pisces, amphibians, reptilia, aves
The document discusses the evolution of reptiles from amphibians. Key developments included the evolution of the amniotic egg, which allowed for reproduction on land, as well as various anatomical changes like the development of scales and scutes on the skin. Major groups of reptiles evolved, like turtles, lizards, snakes, and the diapsids which were progenitors of birds and mammals. Reptiles diversified during the Mesozoic era but three mass extinction events occurred. Overall the document traces the major transitions that occurred as tetrapods evolved into land-dwelling reptiles.
The document discusses the phylum Arthropoda, which includes insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and others. It notes that arthropods are the most successful animals due to their diversity, numbers, and traits like an exoskeleton, metamerism, hemocoel, and metamorphosis. It describes the three subphyla of arthropods - Crustacea, Chelicerata, and Uniramia. Crustaceans are mostly aquatic and have biramous limbs and a nauplius larva. Chelicerates have a prosoma and opisthosoma, six pairs of appendages including chelicerae, and include spiders, scorp
1. The document discusses two phyla - Arthropoda and Echinodermata. It describes the general characteristics and representative classes of each phylum.
2. For Arthropoda, it outlines the characteristics like jointed exoskeleton and segmented body and lists the classes Insecta, Crustacea, Arachnida, etc. It also describes the life cycles of insects like dragonflies and butterflies.
3. For Echinodermata, it discusses the spiny skin, water vascular system and radial symmetry. It provides details on the classes Asteroidea, Holothuroidea, Crinoidea, Echinoidea and Ophiuroidea with examples like sea stars
Echinoderms are exclusively marine animals with radial symmetry and calcareous ossicles that make up their endoskeleton. They have pentamerous radial symmetry as adults but bilaterally symmetrical larvae. Their defining feature is an ambulacral water vascular system that uses tube feet for locomotion and helps filter feed. Echinoderms have both indirect development through larval stages and undergo metamorphosis from bilateral larvae to radially symmetrical adults.
Cnidarians are a phylum of aquatic animals that include jellyfish, corals, sea anemones and Hydra. They have radial or biradial symmetry, two tissue layers separated by a jelly-like mesoglea, and specialized stinging cells called cnidocytes. Most cnidarians alternate between a sessile polyp stage and a motile medusa stage. They reproduce both sexually through external fertilization producing a planula larva, and asexually by budding. The four classes are Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Staurozoa and Anthozoa which includes corals and sea anemones that lack a medusa stage.
This document provides an overview of invertebrate zoology, including:
- Classification of organisms and evolutionary relationships shown through phylogenetic trees.
- Details on several invertebrate phyla like porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, mollusca, annelida, arthropoda, and echinoderma.
- Practical work involving studying representative species from these phyla under microscopes.
- Recommended textbooks and an introduction to molecular approaches in animal systematics, including using DNA and molecular clocks.
- Explanations of monophyletic, polyphyletic, and paraphyletic groups in classification, as well as evolutionary and phylogenetic systematics
This document provides information about invertebrates, specifically protozoans. It discusses:
1) The definition and characteristics of protozoans, including that they are unicellular eukaryotes that can reproduce sexually or asexually.
2) The origins and evolution of protozoans, proposing that they evolved from ancient archaea and eubacteria around 1.5 billion years ago through endosymbiotic relationships.
3) The classification of protozoans into six supergroups based on morphological and genetic analyses.
1. Phylum Platyhelminthes contains over 34,000 flatworm species including the classes Turbellaria, Trematoda, Monogenea, and Cestoidea.
2. Trematoda, or flukes, are parasitic flatworms with a complex life cycle requiring two hosts. Important human parasites include the liver flukes Clonorchis sinensis and Fasciola hepatica.
3. Trematodes have oral and ventral suckers, an incomplete digestive tract, and complex life cycles involving a mollusk and vertebrate host.
The document summarizes key aspects of four classes of flatworms - Turbellaria, Trematoda, Monogenea, and Cestoidea. It provides details on the life cycles and characteristics of Monogenea and Cestoidea. Cestoidea, or tapeworms, can be intestinal parasites in humans, with some examples given like the beef, pork, and fish tapeworms. The document outlines the tapeworm life cycle and morphology, including stages like proglottids and scolex.
The document summarizes key characteristics of the aschelminths, which are a group of seven phyla of invertebrate animals including rotifers, kinorhynchs, nematodes, nematomorphs, acanthocephalans, loriciferans, and priapulids. Some unifying features are a pseudocoelom body cavity, digestive tract with muscular pharynx, constant cell numbers, protonephridia excretory system, and a cuticle layer. There are two hypotheses for their evolutionary relationships - either they are related based on shared structures, or they are polyphyletic with similarities due to convergent evolution. Each phylum is then briefly described in terms
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
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How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
2. What is an Arthropod?
• Arthro – joint + podas
– foot
• Crayfish, lobsters,
spiders, mites,
scorpions, and insects.
• + 1 million species
described.
• Estimated to be 30 –
50 million
undescribed species.
• Most successful
Phylum in the Animal
Kingdom.
Arthropoda - Jointed Legs
3. Arthropods - Most Successful Animals
• Number of species
• Diversity
• Distribution
• Longevity
4. Reasons for Arthropod Success
• Versatile exoskeleton
• Segmentation
• Oxygen piped directly
to cells (terrestrial)
• Highly developed
sensory organs
(compound eye)
• Complex behavior
• Metamorphosis
5. • Metamerism modified by tagmatization
• Chitinous exoskeleton
• Paired, jointed appendages
• Ecdysis
• Ventral nervous system
• Coelom reduced to cavity around gonads
• Open circulatory system
• Complete digestive tract
• Metamorphosis often present
General Characteristics of Arthropods
6. Classification and Relationships to other
Animals
• Ecdysozoans
• Cuticle, ecdysis, loss of epidermal cilia
• Monophyletic with five subphyla
• Chelicerata, Crustacea, Hexapoda, Myriapoda, Trilobitomorpha (entirely
extinct)
7. Metamerism and Tagmatization
• Metamerism evident externally
• Segmental body wall
• Segmental appendages
• Metamerism reduced internally
• No septa
• Most organs are not metameric
• Tagmatization obvious
• Specializations for feeding, sensory perception, locomotion, and visceral
functions
8. The Exoskeleton
• Exoskeleton or cuticle
• External jointed skeleton
• Functions
• Structural support
• Protection
• Prevents water loss
• Levers for muscle attachment and movement
• Covers all body surfaces and invaginations
• Secreted by epidermis (hypodermis)
9. The Exoskeleton
• Epicuticle
• Lipoprotein
• Impermeable to water
• Barrier to microorganisms and pesticides
• Procuticle
• Chitin
• polysaccharide
• Outer procuticle hardened by sclerotization or deposition of calcium
carbonate
• Inner procuticle less hardened and flexible
• Articular membranes at joints
• Modifications include sensory receptors
• Sensilla
11. Growth with an Exoskeleton
• Growing arthropods must periodically shed the
exoskeleton by molting – ecdysis.
• Triggered by hormones (ecdysone) – which causes the
old procuticle to breakdown and separate from the
epidermis.
• A new epicuticle and procuticle are made underneath
by the epidermis.
• Old exoskeleton splits open as the animal stretches
with air or water intake and wriggles out of old
exoskeleton.
13. The Hemocoel
•An internal cavity for the open circulatory
system of arthropods; results from no
internal segmentation.
•Internal organs are bathed by body fluids
(hemolymph) for exchanges of nutrients,
wastes and gases.
•Because of an exoskeleton, the coleom is
no longer used as a hydorstatic skeleton.
15. Metamorphosis
•Changes in body form and physiology as
arthropods grow and develop.
•Immature stages (larvae) often are
radically different than adult forms.
•These differences reduce competition
between adult and young (different
body forms, behaviors, and habitats).
•Many types of metamorphosis
(discussed more with insects).
16. Metamorphosis
• Metamorphosis is a
• radical change in body form and
physiology as an immature stage,
usually called a larva, becomes an
adult.
• Intraspecific competition
(between members of one
species) is reduced because of
metamorphosis.
• Larval forms may be quite
different from adults.
18. Phylum Arthropoda Groups
• Subphylum Trilobitomorpha (trilobites)
• Subphylum Chelicerata
– Class Merostomata (horseshoe crabs)
– Class Arachnida (spiders,scorpions,ticks)
– Class Pycnogonida (sea spiders)
• Subphylum Crustacea
– Class Malacostraca (lobsters, crabs, shrimp)
– Class Branchiopoda (brine shrimp, water fleas)
– Class Maxillopoda (barnacles, copepods)
• Subphylum Hexapoda (insects)
• Subphylum Myriapoda (millipedes and centipedes)
19.
20. Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
• Trilobites, dominant life form that went
extinct 345 million years ago.
• Trilobites had a trilobed shape.
• Three tagmata:
• Head (cephalon) with a mouth, compound
eyes, antennae, and 4 pairs of leglike
appendages.
• Trunk with a variable number of segments
each with a pair of biramous appendages.
• One of the branches of biramous appendage
was fringed and may have been a gill.
• Pygidium – segments fused into a plate.
• All body parts could roll up (like a rollie-pollie).
• Probably benthic scavengers.
21. Subphylum Chelicerata
• Spiders, mites, ticks, horseshoe crabs
• Two tagmata
• Prosoma (Cephalothorax)
Six appendiges
• Chelicerae
• Often chelate
• Usually feeding appendages
• Pedipalps
• Sensory, feeding, locomotion, reproduction
Walking legs
• Have Eyes
• Lack mandibles and antennae.
• Opisthosoma (abdomen)
• Digestive, reproductive, excretory, and respiratory organs
22.
23. Class Merostomata
• Class Merostomata includes
the eurypterids and
Xiphosura crabs.
• Eurypterids were giant
water scorpions up to 3 m in
length.
• Cambrian through Permian.
giant water scorpions
(extinct 280 mya).
• Predators, some with large
crushing claws.
24. Class Merostomata -- Subclass
Xiphosura
• Three genera of
horseshoe crabs live
today.
• Limulus polyphemus,
found in North America,
Atlantic Ocean and the
Gulf of Mexico
• Has existed on earth
almost unchanged for
over 200 million years
25. Class Merostomata
• Horseshoe crabs have an unsegmented carapace (hard dorsal shield),
a broad abdomen, and a long telson (tail piece).
• Cephalothorax
• Chelicerae
• Pedipalps
• 4 pairs walking legs
• Abdomen
• 6 pairs of thin appendages
• Book gills found on 5.
26. Class Merostomata
• Horseshoe crabs have simple and
compound eyes.
• Feed at night on worms and small molluscs.
• Come to shore in large numbers to mate at
high tide.
• Trilobite larvae resemble trilobites.
27. Class Arachnida
• Class Arachnida includes spiders, scorpions, mites,
and ticks.
• Some of the first terrestrial animals – exoskeleton
helps retain water; many other adaptations for
land.
50 µm
28. Form and Function
• Carnivores
• Chelicerae to hold prey or as fangs
• Gut
• Foregut
• Cuticular
• Pumping stomach
• Hindgut
• Cuticular
• Water reabsorption
• Midgut
• Noncuticular
• Secretion and absorption
29. Form and Function
• Excretion
• Coxal glands
• Paired sacs bathed in blood of body sinuses
• Homologous to nephridia
• Excretory pores at base of posterior appendages
• Malpighian tubules
• Blind ending diverticula of gut tract
• Empty via digestive tract
• Uric acid
Digestive tract
Midgut
(stomach)
Malpighian
tubules
Rectum
Intestine
Hind
Salt, water, and
nitrogenous
wastes
Feces and urine
Anus
Malpighian
tubule
Rectum
Reabsorption of H2O,
ions, and valuable
organic molecules
HEMOLYMPH
30. Form and Function
• Gas Exchange
• Book lungs
• Paired ventral invaginations of body
wall
• Gas exchange between air and
blood across book lung lamellae
• Tracheae
• Branched, chitin-lined tubes
• Open at spiracles along abdomen
Air
sac
Body
cell
Trachea
Tracheole
Tracheoles Mitochondria
Myofibrils
Body wall
2.5 µm
Air
(a) The respiratory system of an insect consists of branched internal
tubes that deliver air directly to body cells. Rings of chitin reinforce
the largest tubes, called tracheae, keeping them from collapsing.
Enlarged portions of tracheae form air sacs near organs that require
a large supply of oxygen. Air enters the tracheae through openings
called spiracles on the insect’s body surface and passes into smaller
tubes called tracheoles. The tracheoles are closed and contain fluid
(blue-gray). When the animal is active and is using more O2, most of
the fluid is withdrawn into the body. This increases the surface area
of air in contact with cells.
31. Form and Function
• Circulation
• Open with dorsal contractile vessel
• Pumps blood into tissue spaces of hemocoel
• Returns to dorsal vessel via ostia
• Nervous system
• Ventral with fusion of ganglia
Lateral view of body showing
relative position of circulatory
(yellow), digestive (green), and
nervous (blue) systems.
32. Form and Function
• Senses
• Mechanoreceptors
• Modifications of
exoskeleton
• Sensilla respond to
displacement.
• Chemical sense
• Pores in exoskeleton
• Vision
• Eyes detect movement and
changes in light intensity.
Figure 14.10 An arthropod seta (a) and an
eye (ocellus) (b).
33. Form and Function
• Reproduction
• Dioecious
• Indirect sperm transfer
• Male deposits spermatophores, which are transferred to the female.
• Courtship rituals common
• Copulation occurs in spiders via modified pedipalp of male.
• Development
• Direct
34. Order Scorpionida
• Prosoma
• Shieldlike carapace
• Opisthosoma
• Preabdomen
• Postabdomen (“tail” with sting)
• Courtship prior to mating
• 3 Types of Birth in Scorpions
• Oviparous – females lay eggs that develop outside of body.
• Ovoviviparous – young develop in large, yolky eggs held internally in body, then are
born, fully developed.
• Viviparous – mother provides nutrients to embryos; eggs develop in special
chambers close to female digestive tract. After birth, young crawl onto mother’s
back for about 1 month.
36. Order Araneae
• +34,000 species spiders; largest group of arachnids
• Prosoma
• Chelicerae with poison glands and fangs
• Pedipalps leglike
• Sperm transfer in males
• 6-8 eyes
• Opisthosoma
• Connected to prosoma via pedicel
• Swollen or elongate
• Visceral functions and spinnerets
• Spinnerettes at the posterior end that make silk using silk glands.
39. Order Araneae
• Silk
• Protein
• Repeating sequence of glycine and alanine
• Beta sheet
• Stored as gel prior to spinning
• Chemical modification when forced through spinnerets
• Webs, line retreats, safety lines, wrapping eggs, dispersal of young
(ballooning)
41. Order Araneae
• Feeding
• Insects and other arthropods
• Hunt or capture in webs
• Paralyze prey
• May wrap in silk
• Inject enzymes into prey body wall
• Two spiders are venomous to humans.
42. Figure 14.15 (a) Black widow spiders (Lactrodectus mactans) has a neurotoxic
venom. (b) Brown recluse spiders (Loxosceles reclusa) have a histolytic venom.
(a)
(b)
43. Order Araneae
• Reproduction
• Complex behaviors
• Chemical, tactile, and visual signals
• Male’s pedipalps enlarged into embolus
• Male deposits sperm on web and collects with pedipalps.
• Transfers sperm to female during mating
• Female deposits eggs in silk case.
• In webbing, a retreat, or carries with her
44. Order Opiliones
• Harvestmen or daddy longlegs
• Prosoma broadly joins
opisthosoma
• Legs long and slender
• Omnivores
• External and internal digestion
Figure 14.16 Order Opiliones (Leiobunum sp).
45. Order Acarina
• Mites
• Prosoma and opisthosoma fused
and covered by single carapace
• 1mm or less
• Free-living
• Herbivores or scavengers
• Many pest species
• Ectoparasites
• Chigger (Trombicula)
• Follicle mite (Demodex)
Figure 14.17 Dermatophagoides farinae is
common in homes and grain storage areas.
46. Order Acarina
• Ticks
• Ectoparasites in all life stages
• Up to 3cm
• Females lay eggs after engorging with blood.
• Important in disease transmission
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Lyme disease
47. Figure 11.18 Ixodes scapularis transmits the bacteria that causes Lyme
disease.
48. Class Pycnogonida (Subphylum
Cheliceriformes?)
• Sea spiders
• Marine
• Feed on cnidarian polyps
• Feed by sucking prey tissues
through a proboscis.
• Tear at prey with their
chelicerae.
• Dioecious
• Molecular, developmental,
and morphological
characters are being used to
reevaluate taxonomic status.
Figure 14.19 Class Pycnogonida
49. Subphylum Crustacea
• Crayfish, shrimp, lobsters, crabs,
copepods cladocerans and others
• Almost all are aquatic
• Terrestrial isopods and crabs are exceptions.
• Two pairs of antennae
• Biramous appendages
• Protopodite: Basal segment, with two rami
(distal processes that give the appendage a Y
shape) attached.
• Endopodite: The medial ramus
• Exopodite: The lateral ramus
50. Figure 14.20 Crustacean body form. (a) External anatomy. (b) Biramous
appendages.
Crustacean Body Form. (a) External anatomy of a generalized crustacean. Gills are formed as
outgrowths of the body wall and protected under extensions of the exoskeleton called the carapace.
(b) Pair of appendages, showing the generalized biramous structure. A protopodite attaches to the
body wall. An exopodite (a lateral ramus) and an endopodite (a medial ramus) attach at the end of
the protopodite. In modern crustaceans, both the distribution of appendages along the length of the
body and the structure of appendages are modified for specialized functions.
51. Class Malacostraca
• Crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill, amphipods, isopods
• Order Decapoda
• Largest order
• Shrimp, crayfish, lobsters, crabs
• Order Euphausiacea (yah-fah-see-a’see-ay)
• The krill -> zooplankton
52. Order Decapoda
• Crayfish external structure
• Cephalothorax
• Fusion of head and thorax
• Covered dorsally and laterally by
carapace
• Sensory, feeding, locomotion
• Abdomen
• Muscular “tail” in crayfish
• Locomotor and visceral functions in
others
• Paired appendages
• Serially homologous (derived from a
common ancestral pattern)
53. Crayfish external structure
• Cephalothoracic appendages (13)
• The 1st and 2nd pairs: first and second antennae.
• The 3rd pair: Mandibles -> chewing or grinding structures
• The 4th and 5th pairs: Maxillae -> food handling.
• The second maxilla (5th pair) bears a gill and a thin, bladelike structure, called a scaphognathite (gill bailer), for
circulating water over the gills.
• The 6th through the 8th pairs: Maxillipeds -> derived from the thoracic tagma ->
• They are accessory sensory and food-handling appendages. The last two pairs of maxillipeds also bear gills.
• The 9th to 13th : Pereopods (walking legs).
• The first pereopod (9th pair): cheliped -> enlarged and chelate (pincherlike) and used in defense and capturing
food.
• Abdomen appendages (6)
• The 1st to 5th pairs: Pleopods (swimmerets) -> used for swimming.
• In females, developing eggs attach to pleopods, and the embryos are brooded until after hatching.
• In males, the first two pairs of pleopods are modified into gonopods (claspers) used for sperm transfer during
copulation.
• The 6th pair: Telson -> a median extension
• The telson bears the anus and is flanked on either side by flattened, biramous appendages of the last segment,
called uropods. The telson -> flipperlike structure used in swimming and in escape responses.
56. Class Malacostraca (Order Decapoda)
• Crayfish internal structure
• Digestive system
• Complete with foregut, midgut, and hindgut
• Respiratory system
• Gills attach at base of cephalothoracic appendages.
• Lie within gill chamber between carapace and lateral body wall
• Second maxilla circulates water.
• Circulation
• Open
• Dorsal heart and major arteries
• Blood enters hemocoel, and gills before returning to pericardial sinus around heart.
58. Class Malacostraca (Order Decapoda)
• Ventral nervous system
• Cephalization and centralization
• Supraesophageal and subesophageal ganglia process
sensory information and control head appendages.
• Segmental ganglia
• Sensory structures
• Antennae
• Compound eyes
• Chemoreceptors
• Proprioceptors
• Tactile setae
• Statocysts: a pitlike invagination of the exoskeleton that
contains setae and a group of cemented sand grains
called a statolith.
• Crayfish movements move the statolith and displace setae.
Statocysts provide information regarding movement,
orientation with respect to the pull of gravity, and vibrations of
the substrate. Because the statocyst is cuticular, it is replaced
with each molt. Sand is incorporated into the statocyst when
the crustacean is buried in sand
59. Class Malacostraca (Order Decapoda)
• Endocrine system
• Ecdysis, sex determination, color change
• X-organs
• Neurosecretory tissues in eyestalks
• Molt-inhibiting hormone
• Target Y-organ
• Y-organs
• Base of maxillae
• Releases ecdysone when molt inhibiting hormone is not present and ecdysis occurs
• Androgenic glands (males)
• Promotes development of testes and male characteristics
60. Class Malacostraca (Order Decapoda)
• Excretion
• Antennal (green) glands in crayfish -> at the bases of the second antennae
• Maxillary glands in others -> at the bases of the second maxillae
• Homologous to coxal glands of arachnids
• Excretory product: Diluted urine -> Ammonia -> excrete through antennal
gland and diffuses across thin parts of the exoskeleton.
• Reproduction
• Dioecious
• Mating after female molts
• Fertilized eggs attach to female’s pleopods
• Others have planktonic larvae
61. Figure 14.25
(a) Nauplius larva of a
barnacle: Many
crustaceans have a
planktonic, free-swimming
larva
(b) Zoea larvae of a crab: The
nauplius develops into a
miniature adult
62. Order Euphausiacea (yah-fah-see-a’see-ay)
• The krill -> important members of the zooplankton in all oceans of
the world.
• Swarming & Bioluminescent: acquired from the bioluminescent
dinoflagellates that they eat.
• Feed on phytoplankton at the base of the food web
• Krill serve as food for many other organisms.
• Antarctic krill are the food source for 6 species of baleen whales,
more than 100 species of fish, 35 species of birds, 7 species of
seals, and 20 species of squid.
• It is estimated that the biomass of Antarctic krill exceeds 500 million
metric tons, and more than one-half of this biomass is eaten annually.
• Worldwide, commercial fishing also harvests approximately
100,000 to 200,000 metric tons of krill that are used for
aquaculture (e.g., salmon farming), aquarium food, and human
consumption.
• In Japan, krill are eaten as okiami, and krill are processed for sale in
the heath-food industry worldwide.
• The 1990s saw a drastic decline in krill populations around
Antarctica and Japan.
• The Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living
Resources (CCAMLR) is a consortium of 24 member countries that
has set catch quotas for krill to ensure a long-term sustainable krill
fishery.
63. Order Isopoda
• “Pillbugs”
• Aquatic and terrestrial
• Dorsoventrally flattened
• Scavenge decaying plant and
animal material.
• Some cling and feeding on other
animals.
• Terrestrial isopods live under
rocks and logs and in leaf litter.
Figure 14.26a Order Isopoda.
64. Order Amphipoda
• Laterally compressed -> gives
them a shrimplike appearance
• Move by crawling or swimming on
their sides along the substrate
• Some species are modified for
burrowing, climbing, or jumping
• Scavengers and parasites.
Figure 14.26b Order Amphipoda.
65. Class Branchiopoda
• Fairy shrimp
• Temporary ponds
• Brine shrimp
• Great Salt Lake
• Cladocera
• Freshwater water fleas
• Large carapace
• Parthenogenesis common
• Flattened, leaflike appendages
Figure 14.27 Order Cladocera.
66. Class Maxillopoda
• Subclass Copepoda
• Most abundant crustaceans
• Important in marine and
freshwater food webs
• Cylindrical body and one
compound eye.
• First antennae are modified for
swimming and no other
appendages.
• Most are planktonic and filter
feeding.
Figure 14.1 Subclass Copepoda.
67. Class Maxillopoda
• Subclass Thecostracea, Infraclass Cirripedia
• Barnacles
• Marine
• Monoecious
• Nauplius larva -> cypris larvae: planktonic larval stage, which has a bivalved carapace.
• Cypris larva settles and metamorphoses into sessile adult.
• Gut tract becomes U-shaped and thoracic appendages used for filter feeding.
• Attach to rocks, ships, whales
• Some are parasitic
68. Figure 14.28 Class Maxillopoda, Infraclass
Cirripedia.
(a) Internal structure of an acorn barnacle.
(b) A stalked barnacle (Lepas).
69. Further Phylogenetic Considerations
• Diverse body forms and lifestyles of Arthropoda arose from single
ancestor.
• Crustaceans very successful in aquatic habitats
• Chelicerata
• First terrestrial arthropods
• Account for evolution of many water conserving features of the phylum
• Exoskeletal, excretory, and respiratory adaptations