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Arthropods_complete classification types .ppt
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- 2. Phylum Arthropoda Phylum Arthropoda Severalmillion species. Hard exoskeleton.
- 3. 3 Phylum Arthropoda Phylum Arthropoda •“jointed foot” • Largest phylum • 11,33,000 species till date – 75% of all known species • Insects, spiders, crustaceans, millipedes, scorpions, ticks, etc.
- 4. 4 Phylum Arthropoda (cont’d) PhylumArthropoda (cont’d) • Most successful phylum – Ecologically diverse – Present in all regions of the earth • Adapted to air, land, freshwater, marine, other organisms
- 5. Evolutionary Background Evolutionary Background •The phylum includes largest no of animals • Much earlier than human; first to dominate the land • Accessed all possible habitats, mountain peaks to depths of the ocean • Related to human life with different aspects, thus having economic importance • The earliest record of the study of arthro pods is available from the work of Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) with crabs & related forms 5
- 6. • The presenttrend of studying Arthropoda began with the work of Linnaeus (1707-1778), who created a group Insecta aptera to include Crustaceans, Myriapods and Spiders • The name Crustacea and Myriapoda were first introduced by Cuvier (1769-1832) and Latreille (1825). 6 Evolutionary Background Evolutionary Background
- 7. • Lamarck (1744-1829)in his classification, included spiders, mites, myriapods and silver fishes under Arachnida and grouped prawns, lob sters, crabs and water fleas within Crustacea • It was Cuvier who first suggested to include these animals and annelids under one large group, Articulata. Von Siebold (1845) later separated the annelids and the rest were included under Arthropoda 7 Evolutionary Background Evolutionary Background
- 8. 8 Reasons for success Reasonsfor success 1. Versatile exoskeleton 2. Efficient locomotion 3. Air piped directly to cells (terrestrial) 4. Highly developed sensory organs 5. Complex behavior 6. Metamorphosis
- 9. 9 1. Exoskeleton – External:not enveloped by living tissue – Protection – Secreted by underlying epidermis • Waterproof barrier • Chitin +/- calcium, lipoproteins • Modifications – Can be site for muscle attachment – Energy stores- flying – Sensory receptors – Gas exchange – bristles
- 10. 10 1. Exoskeleton (cont’d) –Soft and permeable or hard, impermeable – Between segments of body/appendages= thin + flexible – Must be shed (ecdysis= molting) to allow growth – Relatively heavy • Limits size
- 11. 11 2. Efficient locomotion –Tagmatization, more specialized than annelids • Regions= tagma/tagmata • Jointed appendages Crayfish mouthparts Crushing food Food handling Drawing water into gills Touch, taste, food handling
- 12. 12 3. Air pipeddirectly to cells – More efficient than most other invertebrates • Most have efficient tracheal system of air tubes; some breathe by gills • Limits size
- 13. 13 4. Highly developedsense organs • Sight, touch, smell, hearing, balance, chemical reception Displacement of seta initiates a nerve impulse in a receptor cell at its base Eyes convert light energy into nerve impulses
- 14. 14 5. Complex behaviorpatterns • Complex, organized activities • May be innate (unlearned) or learned
- 15. 15 6. Limited intraspecificcompetition – Many arthropods undergo metamorphosis • meta= between/after; morphē= form; osis= state of – Different stages (ie. larva, adult) have different nutrition/habitats no competition
- 16. 16 Do these questionsnow Do these questions now • What is metamorphosis and why has it contributed to arthropod success? • What phylum is most closely related to Phylum Arthropoda? • Which of the following is not an arthropod? – Beetle – Spider – Clam – Millipede – Caterpillar – leech – elephant
- 17. 17 Other Characteristics of OtherCharacteristics of Arthropods Arthropods • Bilateral, triploblastic, schizocoelous • No septa
- 18. 18 Arthropod Groups Arthropod Groups 1.Subphylum Trilobita (Three lobed) - extinct trilobites 2. Subphylum Chelicerata (Provided with chela) – Class Arachnida (Spiders), horseshoe crabs, ticks, mites, and some extinct groups 3. Subphylum Uniramia (Single branched) – Class Hexapoda (insects) 4. Subphylum Crustacea – crabs, lobsters, shrimps, barnacles
- 19. 19 Subphylum Trilobita Subphylum Trilobita •tri= three; lobos= lobes • Divided into 3 longitudinal regions • Extinct • Oval, flattened
- 20. 20 Subphylum Chelicerata Subphylum Chelicerata •Horseshoe crabs, spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions
- 23. 23 Subphylum Chelicerata (cont’d) SubphylumChelicerata (cont’d) • Cephalothorax (prosoma) – Fused head and thoracic region • Abdomen (opisthosoma) – contains digestive, reproductive, excretory, and respiratory organs
- 24. 24 Subphylum Chelicerata (cont’d) SubphylumChelicerata (cont’d) • Appendages attached to cephalothorax – Pair of chelicerae (clawlike feeding appendages) – Pair of pedipalps (usually sensing or feeding) – four pairs of legs (5 in horseshoe crabs)
- 25. 25 Subphylum Chelicerata (cont’d) SubphylumChelicerata (cont’d) • No antennae • Most suck liquid food from prey mite
- 26. Class Crustacea E.g., crabs,lobsters Almost all are aquatic. Ca. 40,000 species. Includes krill eaten by whales, and daphnia, copepods, & amphipods in Lake Erie, pill bugs, etc.
- 27. 27 Class Arachnida Class Arachnida •Spiders, ticks, scorpions • Most are predaceous Scorpion
- 28. 28 Class Arachnida (cont’d) ClassArachnida (cont’d) • Most are harmless/beneficial to humans
- 29. 29 Class Arachnida (cont’d) ClassArachnida (cont’d) • Some spiders (ie. black widow, brown recluse spider) give painful, dangerous bites Black widow Brown recluse
- 30. 30 Class Arachnida (cont’d) ClassArachnida (cont’d) • Scorpion sting can be painful, dangerous Scorpion
- 31. 31 Class Arachnida (cont’d) ClassArachnida (cont’d) • Some ticks and mites spread disease, cause irritation Dust mite mite
- 32. 32 Class Arachnida (cont’d) ClassArachnida (cont’d) • Lyme disease – Caused by tick tick
- 33. 33 More on spiders…… Moreon spiders…… Order Araneae Order Araneae
- 34. 34 Spiders Spiders • cephalothorax andabdomen shows no external segmentation – tagma are joined by a narrow pedicel
- 35. 35 Spiders (cont’d) Spiders (cont’d) •All predaceous – Mostly insects • Chelicerae have fangs
- 36. 36 Prey capture amongthe spiders Prey capture among the spiders • Some species are cursorial predators – stalk and ambush their prey – they usually have well- developed eyes Jumping spider
- 37. 37 Prey capture amongthe spiders Prey capture among the spiders (cont’d) (cont’d) • Some are web-building spiders – Eyes not as well developed – sensory hairs for detecting vibrations Grass spider
- 38. 38 • Many spiders(and mites) producing silk – Used for trapping prey, building nests, forming egg cases
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- 40. 40 • silk glandsthat open to the exterior part of the abdomen through spinnerets spinnerets
- 41. 41 Spiders (cont’d) Spiders (cont’d) •Many species have evolved poison glands associated with the chelicerae Black widow Brown recluse
- 42. Classification ( Classification (Ruppertand Barnes (1994) 42
- 43.
- 44. 44 • MYTH: Daddylonglegs (Harvestmen) are one of the most poisonous spiders but their fangs are too short to bite humans: MYTH (!!!!!!!) • Daddy longlegs: Order Opilionid • Spiders: Order Araneae • One basic body segment (no pedicel) • Don’t produce silk • No venom, fangs daddy longlegs
- 45. 45 Spiders: Class Araneae Spiders:Class Araneae Spider love….. • Spiders, like most arthropods, are dioecious • Mating habits – Pheromones- chemicals that elicit behavioral change – Rituals- males pluck female’s web (pattern is species-specific)
- 46. 46 Spiders: Class Araneae Spiders:Class Araneae • Male builds small web, deposits sperm – Collects sperm in cavities of pedipalps – Pedipalps have ejaculatory duct + embolus – inserts pedipalps into female genital opening
- 47. 47 Spiders: Class Araneae Spiders:Class Araneae • Eggs laid in silk case – Carried, attach to web, bury Wolf spider preparing egg sac
- 48. 48 A lycosid (wolfspider) preparing egg sac M. C. Barnhart
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- 52. 52 Wolf spider parentalcare- after the eggs hatch, the young ride on mom for several days.
- 53. 53 • Young spidersdisperse by silk lines (ballooning)
- 54. 54 Brown recluse • Violin-shapedstripe on back • Necrotoxin – hemolytic
- 55. 55 Loxosceles reclusa • Necrosisof tissue
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- 63. 63 The Crustaceans The Crustaceans shrimp crabs lobsters amphipods euphausids (krill) amphipods Daphnia •Phylum Arthropoda – Subphylum Crustacea • crusta= shell • Lobster, crayfish, shrimp, crab, water flea, barnacles
- 64. 64 The Crustaceans (cont’d) TheCrustaceans (cont’d) • Aquatic (mostly marine) – a few terrestrial forms • Major ecological and economical importance. shrimp lobsters euphausids (krill) amphipods
- 65. The Crustaceans The Crustaceans •Body divisible into 3 regions—head, thorax and abdomen. • 2. Two pairs of antennae are a distin guishing feature among crustaceans. • 3. Other cephalic appendages are a pair of mandibles and two pairs of max illae. • 4. Thoracic and abdominal appendages are usually 8 pairs and 6 pairs, respec tively, variable in lower crustacea. • 5. Appendages typically biramous ex cept of antennules. • 6. Carapace covers all or part of the body. • 7. Head bears a pair of compound eyes on movable jointed stalk. 65
- 66. The Crustaceans The Crustaceans •8. Respiration takes place either by gills or by the general surface of the body when the exoskeleton is thin or by some of the limbs. • 9. Vascular system consists of a contrac tile heart, arteries and haemocoelomic spaces. • 10. Excretory organs are the modification of coelomoducts may be either antennal glands (green glands) or shell glands (maxillary glands found in the second pair of maxillae). • 11. Brain formed by the fusion of first four embryonic ganglia and is con nected with ventral nerve cord by oesophageal connectives. • 12. Sexes separate. • 13. Distinct sexual dimorphism present. • 14. Eggs usually centrolecithal, i.e., yolk present in the central part of the egg, or may be telolecithal, i.e., yolk occu pies one-half of the egg, or alecithal, i.e., without yolk. • 15. Development includes a larval form, the nauplius, bearing a single median eye and 3 pairs of appendages 66
- 67. 67 • Biramous appendages(at least primitively) – 2 main branches
- 68. 68 • Only arthropodswith 2 pairs of antennae
- 69. 69 • Great specializationof appendages – Mouthparts chewing, grinding, handling
- 70. 70 – appendages strengthenedfor walking or protection (chelipeds, pincer-like claws) cheliped walking legs
- 71. 71 Do these questionsnow… Do these questions now… • List 3 differences between organisms of Subphylum Celicerata and Subphylum Crustacea • List 4 organisms that are crustaceans
- 72. 72 • Like otherarthropods (+ unlike annelids), coelom is highly reduced • Major body cavity is hemocoel (contains colorless blood)
- 73.
- 74. 74 • Compound eyeis typical of phylum
- 75. 75 • Same Order,but different families • Lobsters are bigger • Lobsters are marine; crayfish live in freshwater creeks, ditches, or lakes What’s the difference between What’s the difference between a crayfish and a lobster? a crayfish and a lobster? crayfish lobster
- 76. 76 Barnacles Barnacles “nothing more thana little shrimplike animal standing on its head in a limestone house and kicking food into its mouth” -Louis Agassiz
- 77. 77 Barnacles Barnacles • living andnonliving substrates • most species secrete CaCO3 shell • Head reduced, rudimentary abdomen
- 78. 78 Krill Krill • Component ofplankton • Major food for whales
- 79. Class: Ostracoda Class: Ostracoda •Small crustaceans and commonly called seed-shrimps. • 2. Mostly marine or freshwater, a few in terrestrial habitats. • 3. Body enclosed in a hinged bivalved carapace. • 4. Trunk appendages never more than 2 pairs. • 5. Mandible with a palp. • 6. Both pairs of antennae modified for swimming. • 7. Respiration usually cutaneous. • 8. Eyes may or may not be present. • Ex: Polycope, Philomedes, Cypridina 79
- 80.
- 81. Class: Copepoda Class: Copepoda •1. Mostly small crustaceans. • 2. Body with well-marked segments. • 3. Trunk composed of a thorax bearing 5 pairs of biramous appendages used for swimming. • 4. Abdomen without appendages. • 5. Presence of a pair of caudal styles. • 6. Head-shield present but no carapace. • 7. Single median nauplius eye present but paired compound eyes absent. • 8. Well-developed antennae may or may not be used for swimming. • 9. Seventh segment of the body bears the reproductive apertures • Ex: Calanus, Paracalanus, Cyclops, Monstrilla. 81
- 82.
- 83. Class: Class: Branchiura • 1.Fish ectoparasites. • 2. Dorsoventrally flattened body with suctorial mouth. • 3. Broad shield-like carapace covers the cephalothorax. • 4. Small, un-segmented and bilobed ab domen. • 5. Sessile compound eyes present. • 6. Flagella present in the appendages of some body segments. • 7. 5 pairs thoracic appendages. • 8. Fifth body segment bears the genital apertures. • 9. Males have two testes but females possess a single ovary. • 10. Commonly called fish lice. • Ex: Argulus, Dolops 83
- 84.
- 85. Class: Cirripedia Class: Cirripedia •1. All are marine. • 2. Adults are sedenteric. • 3. Body poorly segmented. • 4. Six pairs biramous filamentous ap pendages present. • 5. Abdomen almost absent, with only a pair of caudal style. • 6. Body enclosed within a bivalve cara pace with calcareous plates on it. • 7. Adults without eyes and antennae. • 8. Usually hermaphrodite. • 9. Young passes through nauplius and cypris stage. • 10. Commonly called barnacles. • Ex: Balanus, Lepas, Sacculina 85
- 86. Class: Cirripedia Class: Cirripedia 86 Balanus(Acorn barnacles) Lepas Sacculina
- 87. Class: Malacostraca Class: Malacostraca •1. Body consists of 20-21 segments. • 2. Thoracic and abdominal appendages distinct from one another. • 3. Carapace covers the head and at least some thoracic segments. • 4. Mandible with a palp. • 5. Presence of compound eyes on stalk. • 6. Antennule with two-many-jointed flagella. • 7. Male and female gonopores on the bases of 8th and 6th thoracic append ages. • Ex: Coronida, Anaspides, Bathynella 87
- 88.
- 89. Sub Phylum: Uniramia SubPhylum: Uniramia • 1. Un-branched appendages, • 2. Mandibles un-jointed and without palp. • 3. Presence of a single pair of antennae. • 4. Gas exchange takes place with the help of tracheal system. • 5. Excretory organs are Malpighian tubules. 89
- 90. Class: Chilopoda Class: Chilopoda •Approx. 3000 known species; about 100 Indian species • 1. Body usually dorsoventrally flattened. • 2. First pair of trunk appendages modi fied as maxillipeds and work as poi son claws. • 3. Most of the trunk segments bear a single pair of uniramous walking legs. • 4. Number of legs varies from 15 to more than 100 pairs but no form possesses even number of pairs. • 5. Head bears a pair of antennae, a pair of mandibles and two pairs of maxillae. • 6. Segment in front of telson is called genital segment. • 7. Usually genital segment bears a pair of gonopods, help in reproduction. • 8. Respiration takes place by trachea. • 9. Excretion by a pair of Malpighian tubules. • 10. Primarily carnivorous….Ex: Scutigera, Lithobius, Geophilus
- 91. Class: Chilopoda Class: Chilopoda 91 ScutigeraLithobius Geophilus
- 92. Class: Diplopoda Class: Diplopoda •Approx. 10,000 described species. • 1. Elongated and segmented forms. • 2. Trunk with a large number of leg- bearing segments. • 3. First trunk segment (collum) is leg less and next three segments with a single pair of legs in each segment and the rest doubled segments (diplosegments) bear 2 pairs of legs in each segment. • 4. Antennae 7 segmented. • 5. Maxillae are united to form gnathochilarium. • 6. Tracheae are mostly un-branched tubes. • 7. Gonads unpaired but reproductive ducts are paired. • 8. Gonopores on the second pair of legs. • 9. Usually vegetarian and found usually beneath leaves, logs, bark and stones. • 10. They are commonly called Millipedes or thousandleggers • 11. They are terrestrial and are mainly distributed in the tropics • Ex: Polyxenus,Platydesmus,julus
- 93.
- 94. Class: Hexapoda/Insecta Class: Hexapoda/Insecta •Approx. 10,00,000 known species • 1. Size varies from 250 pm—25 cm in length. • 2. Body consists of three distinct tagmata (regions)—head, thorax and abdomen. • 3. Head is formed by the fusion of six segments and its appendages are a single pair of antennae, a pair of mandibles and two pairs of maxillae. • 4. In adults, the thorax includes 3 seg ments— prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax and each segment bears one pair of walking legs. Hence, called Hexapoda for the three pairs of legs. • 5. In winged insects, the mesothorax and metathorax bear a pair of wings in each segment.94
- 95.
- 96. Class: Hexapoda/Insecta Class: Hexapoda/Insecta •6. A pair of compound eyes present. • 7. Paried appendages absent in the adult abdomen. • 8. Respiratory organs are in the form of tracheae which extensively developed. • 9. Chief excretory organs are the Mal pighian tubules closely associated with alimentary caual. • 10. Development usually pass through complicated metamorphis but in some cases it may be direct. It has two subclasses Apterygota and Pterygota. 96
- 97.