Active role of plants in hydrologic processes
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This document discusses the active role of plants in hydrologic processes. It notes that vegetation exerts important control over the entire water balance and influences feedbacks to the atmosphere. Soil moisture is identified as the key variable synthesizing the impacts of climate, soil, and vegetation on the water balance. The dynamics of climate-soil-vegetation interactions are influenced by factors like the scale of observation, plant physiology, soil type, and climate type. The document focuses on developing a modeling scheme for quantitatively describing the temporal dynamics of the climate-soil-vegetation system, noting the challenges posed by the large number of processes involved and the variability in processes over time and space.
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The document contains data from a stream gauging site measuring monthly discharge over a year. It also provides information on water diverted from the stream for irrigation and industry, as well as return flows from these uses. To estimate natural flow, the values of measured discharge, diversions, and return flows are used to calculate the natural flow for each month. The total annual natural flow is then calculated as 116.8 Mm3. Using the catchment area and annual natural flow volume, the annual runoff depth is determined to be 64.9 cm. The rainfall-runoff ratio is calculated as 0.35 by dividing the annual runoff depth by the annual rainfall of 185 cm.
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1. Stage is measured using staff gauges, sensors, or other devices, while discharge is typically measured using current meters, weirs, flumes or other hydraulic structures.
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Applications of fluid mechanics
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2) Aerodynamics of vehicles and buildings.
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Chapter 1-Introduction fluids Mechanics
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O R I G I N A L P A P E R
Wetlands and global climate change: the role of wetland
restoration in a changing world
Kevin L. Erwin
Received: 15 April 2008 / Accepted: 24 September 2008 / Published online: 7 November 2008
� Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2008
Abstract Global climate change is recognized as a
threat to species survival and the health of natural
systems. Scientists worldwide are looking at the
ecological and hydrological impacts resulting from
climate change. Climate change will make future
efforts to restore and manage wetlands more com-
plex. Wetland systems are vulnerable to changes in
quantity and quality of their water supply, and it is
expected that climate change will have a pronounced
effect on wetlands through alterations in hydrological
regimes with great global variability. Wetland habitat
responses to climate change and the implications for
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and mega-watershed level, making it important to
recognize that specific restoration and management
plans will require examination by habitat. Flood-
plains, mangroves, seagrasses, saltmarshes, arctic
wetlands, peatlands, freshwater marshes and forests
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- 1. MOHIT MAYOOR CUJ/I/2013/IWEM/OO7 CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF JHARKHAND ACTIVE ROLE OF PLANTS IN HYDROLOGIC PROCESSES
- 2. INTRODUCTION • Water controlled ecosystems are complex. • The characteristics and dynamic properties depend on many interrelated links between climate soil and vegetation. • Vegetation exerts important control on the entire water balance and is responsible for many feedbacks to the atmosphere.
- 3. • Soil moisture is the key variable which synthesizes the action of climate soil and vegetation on the water balance and the dynamic impact of the water balance on the plants. • Although other sources of stress (fire, grazing etc) are certainly present in many of the ecosystem but soil moisture is the most important resource affecting vegetation structure and organization.
- 5. • Differences in soil moisture dynamics are among the principal reasons for the existence of particular functional vegetation type (e.g. grassland, forests etc). • Special adaptation to water stress and intra/inter species interactions are likely connected to the dynamics of climate soil vegetation system.
- 6. • The dynamics of climate soil vegetation interactions are critically influenced by the scale at which phenomena are studied as well as by the physiological characteristics of vegetation, the pedology of the soil and the type of climate. • In terms of water availability ecosystem response is controlled not only by rainfall scarcity but also by its intermittent and unpredictable nature.
- 7. • The uncertainity of both the timing and rainfall has induced vegetation to develop different strategies to respond to water stress and optimize reproduction and productivity. • However we are focused to develop a modeling scheme towards a quantitative description of the temporal dynamics of the climate soil vegetation system.
- 8. Scale issues and stochastic fluctuations in soil moisture dynamics • There are two characteristics which makes especially daunting the quantitative analysis of this problem:- (a). Large number of different processes involved (b).the extremely large degree of variability in time and space.
- 9. • The first characteristics generally simplifies the assumptions by keeping/ preserving the important features of the dynamics. • The second characteristics imparts a probabilistic description to the involved dynamics. • So the soil moisture evolution throughout the time and space needs to be characterized by the probabilistic framework.
- 10. • The scale issue is of crucial interest in the soil moisture dynamics as controlling variable in many processes in eco-hydrology. • Actually ,how frequently we should sample soil moisture content in time and space depends on local and regional characteristics of soil, vegetation and climate which control the probabilistic framework.
- 11. Topographic effects and interaction with the water table • The temporal dynamics of soil moisture is modeled with the inclusion of lateral spatial dimension as:- nzr (δs/δt) = R(t)-I(t)-Q(s,t)-E(s)-L(S)+ϴlat • n= porosity, Z= depth of active soil, s(t)= relative moisture content R(t)= rainfall rate, I(t)= interception rate Q(s,t)= runoff rate, E(t)=evapotranspiration rate L(s)=rate of leekage and ϴlat is the net flux due to lateral contribution
- 12. • ϴlat =Zr δ/δx[klat (s){s(x)+δψ/δx} • Ψ= soil water potential • Klat =the lateral hydraulic conductivity • However the water table is assumed to be well below the root zone and leakage from the active soil layer has no effect on the dynamic soil moisture.
- 13. THANKYOU MOHIT MAYOOR CUJ/I/2013/IWEM/007 CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF JHARKHAND