01 fluvial process
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This document discusses fluvial processes and erosion. It explains that the characteristics of a river system are determined by upstream factors like climate, geology, land use, and physiography which influence hydrology and sediment load. Climate provides energy while geology constrains fluvial activity. Human influences include river regulation and land use changes. Erosion is defined as the wearing away of land by natural or human forces, and is part of the sedimentation process which includes erosion, transport, deposition, and compaction of sediment particles. The document also describes different types of sediment load carried by rivers, including dissolved, wash, bed material, and suspended loads.
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- Geomorphology is relevant to fields like geology, engineering, archaeology and
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This document provides an introduction to geomorphology. It defines geomorphology as the study of landforms and the processes that create them. It discusses different landforms seen on Earth's surface like mountains, hills, and river valleys. It explains that landforms are shaped by natural physical processes involving movement of materials. The document also outlines different tools and techniques used in geomorphological studies, like satellite images, digital models, and dating methods. It discusses various applications of geomorphology and reasons for its importance, including contributions to fields like geology, engineering, archaeology and more. Finally, it introduces different concepts in geomorphology like the geomorphic cycle, historical vs process approaches, and endogenic and exogenic forces.
HYDROLOGY_LECTURE.pptx
- Engineering hydrology deals with applying hydrological principles to engineering projects involving water. It is used in designing structures like dams and bridges, as well as projects related to water supply, irrigation, flood control, and more.
- The hydrologic cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. It involves processes like evaporation, transpiration, precipitation, runoff, percolation, and subsurface flow.
- Only a small fraction of the Earth's total water is fresh water available for human use. The majority is ocean water. Fresh water is stored in ice caps, groundwater, lakes, rivers, and the atmosphere.
Soil erosion
This document discusses soil erosion including its causes, types, and agents. It defines soil erosion as the detachment, transportation, and deposition of soil particles by forces like wind and water. The two main types of erosion are geologic erosion, which is the natural, balanced process of soil formation and loss, and accelerated erosion, which exceeds the natural rate due to human and natural causes. Water and wind are the primary agents of soil erosion. Factors like vegetation removal, improper land use, and slope steepness can increase soil erosion and negatively impact crop production, waterways, and infrastructure.
-geomorphology.pptx
Geomorphology is the study of landforms and the processes that shape the Earth's surface. Some key concepts in geomorphology include:
- The present is key to understanding the past, as the same surface processes have operated over geologic time.
- Geological structure influences landform evolution and is reflected in landforms.
- Geomorphic processes each develop characteristic landforms.
- Landforms evolve in an orderly sequence as erosional processes act over time.
- Geomorphic systems dominate large areas and landscapes can be summarized in physiographic maps.
Oceanography.pdf
Oceanography is the scientific study of the ocean, including its physical, chemical, and biological properties. It covers topics like ocean currents, marine life, and the properties of seawater. Physical oceanography studies the physical dynamics of the ocean, like temperature and currents, while biological oceanography examines marine ecosystems and life. Ocean circulation is driven by factors like wind, temperature, and salinity, and plays a key role in climate and distributing nutrients. Estuaries are productive ecosystems where freshwater mixes with saltwater, providing habitat while filtering pollutants, but they face threats from development, pollution, and overfishing.
Hydrology.pptx
Department of Geography and Environmental Studies Course name: Environmental Hydrology
Identification Of Soil Erosion Prone Zones Using Geomatics Technology In Part...
Soil erosion is the removal and subsequent loss of soil by the action of water, ice, wind and gravity. Soil erosion is a process that occurs naturally at a slow rate. The average natural geologic rate of soil erosion is approximately 0.2 tons per acre per year. Erosion is the process were by the earth or rock is loosened or dissolved and removed from any part of earth‟s surface. Geological erosion is the rate at which the catchment or land would normally be eroded without any disturbance by human activity. If man alters the natural system by means of various land use practices that is caused accelerated erosion. The present study area is covering Parts of North Arcot The area is lies between E78°30'-E78°45' lattitudes N12°15'-N12°30„. The total aerial extent of the study area is 720 sq.km. It falls in the survey of India Toposheet 58 L11 on 1:50,000 scale. The IRS – 1D satellite imagery data were subjected to different types of image enhancement techniques and soil erosion areas were mapped out and GIS databases were generated showing the soil erosion areas using Arc Map 9.1 version. GIS overlay function was executed between soil erosion prone areas and the various controlling variables and the area has been fragmented into a number of polygons of land segments depending upon the controlling variables. Finally, the remedial measures were suggested for each land segment according to the controlling variables.
Hydrology.pptx
☞Introduction of Hydrology
☞Historical Development of Hydrology
☞Scope of Hydrology
☞The subject matter of hydrology includes
☞Hydrology relationship with other subjects
☞Hydrology And Weather
☞Hydrology in engineering and social science
150 branches of geology
Geology is the scientific study of the all constituents of planets, their internal and external forms and processes. More precisely, it is the study of nature, structure and history of the planet. Earth is the home to all life, well known to the humankind. Geology, itself, is a major part of The Earth and atmospheric sciences, which were born as twins . The subject of geology encompasses all aspects including the composition, structure, physical properties, and history of a planets'( like Earth's) inter-related components and the processes that are shaping the features on the surface. Geologists are the scientists who study the origin, occurrence, distribution and utilities of all materials(metallic, non-metallic, inorganic, etc), minerals, rocks, sediments, soils, water, oil and all other inorganic natural resources. It is a very vast subject covering a wide spectrum of scientific principles and holding hundred and fifty plus scientific branches. This report enumerates and highlights most of them, in a nutshell, for all those who intends to know for planning their career path.
Geomorphology at a glance: Major landforms
Geomorphology, Major landforms, Genetic landform classifications, Volcanic landforms, River Systems and Fluvial Landforms, Aeolian Landforms, Glacial Landforms
Nkwanyana mb slides
Geomorphology is the scientific study of landforms and the processes that shape them. It investigates the processes that cause and alter landforms, including weathering, erosion, deposition, mass movement, faulting, folding, volcanism, earthquakes, and landslides. These geomorphic processes are driven by natural forces like water, wind, waves, glaciers, and changes in the earth's crust. They work to gradually modify the earth's surface over time, creating a variety of landforms through erosion, transportation, and deposition of earth materials. Understanding geomorphic processes is important for applications like hazard detection, landscape identification, engineering projects, and land use planning.
ENVIRONMENT.docx
Weather is defined as current meteorological conditions such as temperature, wind, and precipitation over a particular area and short time period. Weather conditions describe typical weather phenomena for a region over 1-2 weeks. Climate is the long term average weather conditions over at least 30 years for a specific location. Climate components that determine weather include radiation, air pressure, humidity, temperature, wind, evapotranspiration, precipitation, condensation, and cloud cover. Climate is influenced by both climate components and climate factors such as latitude, altitude, land/water patterns, relief, vegetation cover, and exposure. The characteristics and interactions between the different spheres that make up a watershed - atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, biosphere, and
Assesment of the morphometry of gullies in kastina ala, nigeria
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Geomorphology good pdf.pdf
This document provides an overview of geomorphology, the study of landforms and the processes that shape Earth's surface. It discusses key topics in geomorphology including the importance of understanding landforming processes, geologic timescales, physiographic provinces and the concept of scale in landforms. The document traces the history of geomorphic thought from early observations and hypotheses to modern quantitative approaches. It also covers important concepts in geomorphology such as equilibrium, base level, graded stream profiles, and coastal equilibrium.
08-22 Lecture.ppt
This document provides an overview of key concepts in watershed hydrology. It defines hydrology as the science concerned with the origin, circulation, distribution and properties of water on Earth. Forest hydrology specifically deals with the effects of land management and vegetation on water quantity, quality and timing. The document emphasizes that a watershed approach to management is important because all areas within a watershed are connected by water flow. Managing activities and land use at the watershed scale can help avoid negative downstream impacts on water resources.
Environment modelling
Environmental systems are complex arrangements of interacting biological, physical, chemical, social and economic components within the Earth's environment. They can include systems like the atmosphere, oceans, and populations of plants and animals. Models are used to study environmental systems and can take various forms from simple empirical models to complex process-based models. Environmental systems generally have four main features - they involve complex nonlinear interactions; their characteristics vary greatly over spatial and temporal scales; these scales are often incompatible between components; and many processes are unobservable. The key types of environmental systems are hydrological, ecological and climatic systems.
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY AS - HYDROLOGY AND FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY; 1.1. DRAINAGE B...
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Groundwater exploration
This document discusses methods for groundwater exploration. It begins by outlining an integrated approach, noting that groundwater occurrence is influenced by climate, topography, geology, and hydrogeological properties. Laboratory techniques are then discussed, including investigations using topographic maps and aerial photographs. The document provides details on several factors that influence groundwater and methods for its exploration.
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01 fluvial process
- 2. • “The character & behaviour of the fluvial system at any particular location reflect the integrated effect of a set of upstream controls, notably climate, geology, land use and basin physiography, which together determine the hydrologic regime and the quantity and type of sediment supplied.
- 3. • Climate: provide energy • Geological variables: constraining the nature and and level of fluvial activity. • Human: river regulation schemes, land use pattern changes. – Example: 1945: 20% stream run off were regulated in africa& north america, Europe (15%), Asia (14%).
- 5. E r o s i • "Erosion is the wearing away of the land surface by rain or irrigation water, wind, ice or other natural or anthropogenic agents that abrade, detach and remove soil from one point on the earth’s surface and deposit it elsewhere." (Glossary of Soil Science Terms. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. 1997)
- 6. • Erosi merupakan salah satu bagian dari proses sedimentasi. • Proses sedimentasi meliputi: – Erosion: lepasnya partikel sedimen – Entrainment: mulai terbawa sedimen – Transportation: terangkutnya sedimen – Deposition: terendapkannya sedimen – Compaction: terpadatkannya sedimen
- 7. Erosi Lahan
- 17. Load carried by natural stream • Dissolved Load: material transported in solution. ( size < 0.064 mm) • Wash load: particles finer than those usually in the bed & moving readily in suspension • Bed-material load: all size of material found in the bed. ( size > 0.064 mm) • Bed material load may be transported as bed load or as suspended load.
- 20. Referensi • Knighton, D. (1984), “Fluvial Form and Processes”, Edward Arnold, Maryland. • Julien, P. J. “River Mechanics”, Cambridge press