NANDINI BISWAS SEM3 CLIMATOLOGY ASSIGNMENT

1. DIFFERENCE OF CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS BETWEEN
URBAN AND RURAL AREA

3. Index
• Acknowledgement
• Introduction
• Urban Area
• Rural area
• Main differences observed
• Factors leading to differences
• Effects of difference in climate
• Ways to maintain balance
• Conclusion
• Bibliography

4. Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher
Prof.Manjari Chakraborty who gave me the golden opportunity to do
this wonderful project on the topic “Difference between climatic
conditions of Urban and Rural Areas” , which also helped me in doing
a lot of Research and I came to know and explore about so many new
things that I am really thankful to them.
Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped
me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time frame.
Thank You!

5. INTRODUCTION
Climate is the statistics of weather, generally over long duration of time. It is
measured by assessing the patterns of variation in temperature, humidity,
atmospheric pressure, wind, precipitation, atmospheric particle count and other
meteorological variables in a given region over long periods of time. Climate
differs from weather, in that weather only describes the short-term conditions
of these variables in a given region.
With increase in human activities and over utilisation of natural resources and
change in lifestyle, there is a remarkable difference in the climatic conditions
of urban and rural areasSo here we will study and see how ,why and what
are the reasons and the conditions which lead to the difference to climatic
conditions
Climate change is the variation in global
or regional climates over time. It reflects
changes in the variability or average state
of the atmosphere over time scales
ranging from decades to millions of
years,In recent usage, especially in the
context of environmental policy, the term
"climate change" often refers only to
changes in modern climate, including the

6. URBAN AREA
An urban area is a human settlement with high population density and
infrastructure of built environment. Urban areas are created through
urbanization and are categorized by urban morphology as cities, towns,
conurbations or suburbs. In urbanism, the term contrasts to rural areas
such as villages and hamlets and in urban sociology or urban
anthropology it contrasts with natural environment. The creation of early
predecessors of urban areas during the urban revolution led to the
creation of human civilization with modern urban planning, which along
with other human activities such as exploitation of natural resources
leads to human impact on the environment.

7. Urban Area

8. Rural Area
A rural area or countryside is a geographic area that is located outside towns and
cities. Typical rural areas have a low population density and small settlements.
Agricultural areas are commonly rural, though so are others such as forests. A
rural area is an open swath of land that has few homes or other buildings, and
not very many people. A rural areas population density is very low. Many people
live in a city, or urban area. Their homes and businesses are located very close to
one another.

10. Main Differences
are observed in:
Air Temperature
Rainfall
Wind
Precipitation
Heat Intensity
Humidity
Soil Type
Vegetation
Seasonal Change

11. Air Temperature and
Heat Intensity
• On average, the urban land is about 20% more
efficient in removing heat from the surface by
convection than is the rural land,” the researchers
write. And in a few of these cities, the convection
difference is great enough that they don’t
experience the urban heat island effect.
• At night, though, no matter the climate, the release
of heat stored during the day drives the heat island
effect. That heat gets trapped in the shallow layer
of atmosphere near the surface, and to dissipate, it
has to move more horizontally to escape. For bigger
cities, the heat will have to move farther, so the
center of a big city will tend to be much warmer
than the middle of a small city, the researchers
note.
• The urban heat island effect is more than just an
annoyance for city-dwellers—it can also exacerbate
the health problems associated with heat stress,
adding to already uncomfortable conditions,
especially in dry years in normally humid areas, the
researchers say. But this new research gives some
insight into which measures might help to alleviate
some of that heat.

13. Wind Flow
The difference between urban
And rural temperatures is most
prevalent when the winds are
light, the dew point is moderate
and the skies are clear.In this
weather situation, the localized
airmass building over the urban and rural areas do not mix out with each
other rapidly, the difference in absorbed solar energy is greater between
the two environments and evaporation produces a greater cooling in rural
areas. The effect of cooler temperatures in rural areas is most noticeable at
night since winds tend to be calmer at night.

15. Humidity, Rainfall and Precipitation
Exactly evaporation warms the rural surface more than the urban. The paper concerns on the
impacts of urbanization that are evaluated by observations in cities with those in rural areas –
not so populated and with smaller built areas. We use and asses the difference between
trends in monthly average temperatures and trends in monthly precipitations in the cities and
the corresponding trends in rural areas. Our results show differences in trends in villages and
cities. Observed are increased trends in temperature and decreased trends in
precipitation due to urban and land-use changes.

16. Soil Type, Materials and Vegetation
• The most important anthropogenic influences on climate are the emissions,
changes in land use, such as urbanization aural areas and agriculture. The
urban environment has distinctive bioclimatic factors in relation to rural
areas. The process of urbanization alters natural surface and atmospheric
conditions. Urban areas are characteristic by increased rainwater surface
runoff, increased temperatures and decreased evaporation.
• Materials such as stone, concrete, and asphalt tend to trap heat at the
surface and a lack of vegetation reduces heat lost due to
evapotranspiration. Heat islands develop in areas that contain a high
percentage of nonreflective, water-resistant surfaces and a low percentage
of vegetated and moisture-trapping surfaces .
• The urban environment has distinctive biophysical features in relation to
surrounding rural areas. These include an altered energy exchange
creating an urban heat island, and changes to hydrology such as
increased surface runoff of rainwater. Such changes are, in part, a result
of the altered surface cover of the urban area. For example less vegetated

17. Seasonal Change
Seasonal change is worldwide recognized as the most significant
environmental dilemma the world is experiencing today . Concern in
climate change has brought great interest to climate scientists leading to
several studies on climate trend detection at global, regional and also local
scales.
The most important anthropogenic influences on climate are the
emissions, changes in land use, such as urbanization aural areasnd
agriculture. The urban environment has distinctive bioclimatical factors in
relation to rural areas. The process of urbanization alters natural surface
and atmospheric conditions. Urban areas are characteristic by increased
rainwater surface runoff, increased temperatures and decreased
evaporation.

18. Factors Leading
to the difference
in climate •Urbanisation
•Population Explos
•Global Warming
•Pollution

19. Urbanisatio
n
• Urbanization result to energy exchange and hydrological
models showing surface temperature and surface runoff
in relation to the green infrastructure under current and
future climate scenarios. The implications for an
adaptation strategy to climate change in the urban
environment is also presented.
• Cities are favoured, since their surfaces are prone to
release large quantities of heat. This is Urban Heat Island
Effect which negatively impacts not only residents of
urban-related environs, but also humans and their
associated ecosystems located far away.
• When a land cover of buildings and roads replaces green
space, the thermal, radiated, moisture and aerodynamic
properties of the surface and the atmosphere are altered.
• Whereas the rural side is less prone to these and a
climatic balance is maintained in addition to human
activities and its association to the nature

21. Population Explosion
Before rapid human population of the earth all areas
of the earth were rural. As humankind's
population and technology increased, so did
urbanization.The temperature pattern between
vegetated rural areas and constructed urban
areas can be quite different and is part of the
reason global temperatures have increased
over the last century (especially where urban
Hot spots with populations greater than
500,000 people have expanded closer to these
temperature sensors.

22. Global
Warming
• Climate change and global warming are commonly
detected throughout studies of variability of climatic
parameters such as rainfall, temperature, lake’s level,
runoff and groundwater.
• Nowadays, study of long-term temperature variability
has been a topic of particular attention for climate
researchers as temperature affects straightaway
human activities in all domains.
• Climate change and global warming are worldwide
recognized as the most significant environmental
dilemma the world is experiencing today .
• Concern in climate change and global warming has
brought great interest to climate scientists leading to
several studies on climate trend detection at global,
regional and also local scales.
• But since the factors leading to global warming are
comparatively lower in rural areas a huge climatic
difference is observed

24. Effects of the
Difference• 1. WATER- There is more water in vegetated rural areas.
Vegetation transpires water through pores. This
evaporation (transpiration) helps cool the air through
latent heat absorption. Soil has more moisture to
evaporate than concrete also. Rainfall soaks into rural soil
while in urban areas the water runoffs into storm drains.
• 2. ABSORBED SOLAR ENERGY- Some of the sun's energy in
rural areas is used for the photosynthetic process. Solar
energy is absorbed over a larger spatial area in rural areas
due to vast increase in surface area produced by leaves
and twigs. More solar energy in rural areas is used to
evaporate water. These combine to produce less sensible
heat in rural areas as compared to urban areas.
• 3. POLLUTION- Greater air pollution in urban areas
increases the concentration of greenhouse gases. These
greenhouse gases trap energy that would have radiated
into space.

25. Pollution
The introduction of contaminants into the
natural environment that cause adverse
change. Pollution can take the form of
chemical substances or energy, such as
noise, heat or light. Pollutants, the
components of pollution, can be either
foreign substances/energies or naturally
occurring contaminants. Urban areas have
far more pollution and dirt than rural areas
which are comparatively cleaner and
healthier .

26. Ways To maintain Balance in Climatic
Conditions
• Reducing the heat from our air conditioners and other machinery might
seem like a simple solution, but according to the computer model, that
wouldn’t really help much because anthropogenic heat isn’t a huge
factor. Tackling the big contributors—convection efficiency and heat
storage—however, isn’t a practical solution “because it would require
fundamental changes to the urban morphology.
• What would help, though, is increasing the reflectiveness of the city,
they say. That would decrease the amount of heat the city absorbs
during the day and even help indirectly at night, by decreasing the
amount of heat available to be released after the sun goes down. Plus,
it’s easy—flat city roofs can be painted white or another reflective color.
• White roofs also have additional benefits, such as reducing energy use
because not as much air conditioning is needed to balance out the
heat absorbed by buildings. And lowering energy

28. Conclusion
“I love not Man the
less, but Nature more.
Green is the prime
colour of the world,
and that from which
its loveliness arises.”
To maintain a healthy
and balanced life and
save our mother
nature we must keep
balance and protect
both our urban and
rural settlement

29. Bibliography
• en.wikipedia.org
• www.britannica.com
• theweatherprediction.com
• sciencedirect.com
• thebritishgeographer.weebly.com
• coolgeography.co.uk

30. By:
NANDINI BISWAS
BARCH/10007/15
Under the guidance of:
Prof. Manjari Chakrabarty

31. THANK YOU!