This document discusses acquired immunodeficiency and AIDS. It describes the four arms of the immune system, including innate and adaptive immunity. It defines immunodeficiency as a state where the immune system is compromised or absent, increasing risk of infection and malignancy. It then discusses several causes of secondary immunodeficiency, including AIDS, cancer/chemotherapy, diabetes, transplant immunosuppression, autoimmune diseases, steroid use, asplenia, and aging. For AIDS specifically, it covers the HIV virus, transmission, testing, stages of infection, effects on CD4 counts and the immune system, opportunistic infections, and prevention methods.

1. Acquired ImmunodeficiencyAcquired Immunodeficiency
states & AIDSstates & AIDS
Fawzia aboaliFawzia aboali
Prof of internal medicine &clinical immunologyProf of internal medicine &clinical immunology
Ain shams faculty of medicineAin shams faculty of medicine

4. The 4 Arms of Immune SystemThe 4 Arms of Immune System
& Their functions:& Their functions:
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY INNATE IMMUNITY
Humoral (B cell)
1-Encapsulated organisms
(S.pneumo; H. flu)
2-Giardia
Phagocytic
1-Fungi (aspergillus)
2-Bacteria (low low-virulence
organisms
Cellular (T cell)
1-Viruses
2Fungi(candida,aspergillus)
3-Protozoa (Pneumocystis carinii,
toxoplasma)
4-Bacteria (mycobacterium
Complement
1-Bacteria (encapsulated
organisms

5. ImmunodeficiencyImmunodeficiency
Definition
Immunodeficiency (or immune deficiency) is a
state in which the immune systemimmune system 's ability to
fight infectious disease is compromised or
entirely absent. Immunodeficiency may also
decrease cancer immunosurveillance.
 INFECTIONS
 MALIGNANCY

7. SECONDARY IMMUNE
DEFICIENCY
1.1. Acquired Immune Deficiency SyndromeAcquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
(AIDS)(AIDS)
2.2. Cancer / Chemotherapy:Cancer / Chemotherapy:
3.3. Immunosuppression In DiabetesImmunosuppression In Diabetes
4.4. Immunosuppression In Transplant PtsImmunosuppression In Transplant Pts
5.5. Autoimmune diseaseAutoimmune disease
6.6. Immunosuppression Related to Steroid UseImmunosuppression Related to Steroid Use
7.7. Immunosuppression In Asplenic PtsImmunosuppression In Asplenic Pts
8.8. Effect of Aging On Immune CompetenceEffect of Aging On Immune Competence
9.9. pregnancypregnancy

8. Acquired Immune Deficiency SyndromeAcquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
(AIDS)(AIDS)
Etiology : Retroviruses-RNA virus-Etiology : Retroviruses-RNA virus- (HIV-1, HIV-2(HIV-1, HIV-2
that infect and destroy helper T cells of thethat infect and destroy helper T cells of the
immune systemimmune system

9. Transmission & PreventionTransmission & Prevention
 Unprotected sexUnprotected sex
 Vagina, Penis, Anal,Vagina, Penis, Anal,
OralOral
 Shared needlesShared needles
 Drugs, Steroids, Tattoo,Drugs, Steroids, Tattoo,
PiercingPiercing
 Mother to childMother to child
 Birth, Breast FeedingBirth, Breast Feeding
 Blood transfusionsBlood transfusions
 AbstinenceAbstinence
 Protection during sexProtection during sex
 Condom, Latex barrierCondom, Latex barrier
 Avoiding riskyAvoiding risky
behaviorbehavior
 Not sharing needles, noNot sharing needles, no
promiscuous activitypromiscuous activity

10. Normal Healthy IndividualNormal Healthy Individual
Gets infected with HIVGets infected with HIV
WINDOW PERIODWINDOW PERIOD (3-12 weeks or even 6 months)(3-12 weeks or even 6 months)
(Antibodies to HIV not yet developed, test does not capture the real(Antibodies to HIV not yet developed, test does not capture the real
status but person can infect others)status but person can infect others)
HIV PositiveHIV Positive
(Development of antibodies, can be detected in test)(Development of antibodies, can be detected in test)
No exclusive symptoms (mild fever or flu like features in some cases)No exclusive symptoms (mild fever or flu like features in some cases)
May take up to 10 to 12 years to reach the stage ofMay take up to 10 to 12 years to reach the stage of AIDSAIDS,,
the period can be prolonged through available treatmentthe period can be prolonged through available treatment
Progression from HIV infection to stage of AIDSProgression from HIV infection to stage of AIDS

11. Viral Load in the BloodViral Load in the Blood

12. Major Signs / Symptoms of AIDS:Major Signs / Symptoms of AIDS:
 (A) Major Signs:(A) Major Signs:
 Weight loss (> 10% of body weight)Weight loss (> 10% of body weight)
 Fever for longer than a monthFever for longer than a month
 Diarrhea for longer than a monthDiarrhea for longer than a month
 (B) Minor Signs:(B) Minor Signs:
 Persistent coughPersistent cough
 General itchy skin diseasesGeneral itchy skin diseases
 Thrush in mouth and throatThrush in mouth and throat
 Recurring shingles (herpes zoster)Recurring shingles (herpes zoster)
 Long lasting, spreading and severe cold soresLong lasting, spreading and severe cold sores
 Long lasting swelling of the lymph glandsLong lasting swelling of the lymph glands
 Loss of memoryLoss of memory
 Loss of intellectual capacityLoss of intellectual capacity
 Peripheral nerve damagePeripheral nerve damage

13. Effect on immuneEffect on immune
systemsystem
Inversion of T helper/inducer cells (CD4) to cytotoxic/suppressor cell (CD8)
ratio
Normal CD4/CD8 = 2/1 In AIDS it is =1/2

14. CD4 Count
 Greater than 500 / ul - Almost normalGreater than 500 / ul - Almost normal
defense mechanismsdefense mechanisms
 Less than 200 / ul - Opportunistic AIDSLess than 200 / ul - Opportunistic AIDS
related infectionsrelated infections
 Less than 100 / ul - Life threateningLess than 100 / ul - Life threatening
complicationscomplications

15. Opportunistic Infections in AIDS Patients

16. HIV testing
•Antigen only (p24 tests).
•Antibody only tests (Ab).
•Combined antibody-antigen tests.
•Viral load tests (RNA PCR test)

17. 2.2. Cancer / Chemotherapy:Cancer / Chemotherapy:
Unfortunately in cancer, both the diseaseUnfortunately in cancer, both the disease
and the treatment can causeand the treatment can cause
immunosuppression :immunosuppression :
 NeutropeniaNeutropenia
 Cell Mediated ImmunityCell Mediated Immunity
 Humoral factorsHumoral factors

18. Neutropenia
 Occurs approximately two weeks after the lastOccurs approximately two weeks after the last
dose of chemotherapydose of chemotherapy
 an absolute neutrophil count of less than 1,000an absolute neutrophil count of less than 1,000
cells/mm3 on the way down are at increased riskcells/mm3 on the way down are at increased risk
for a serious bacterial infection.for a serious bacterial infection.
Management strategy:
1. All patients with anticipated severe neutropenia1. All patients with anticipated severe neutropenia
(ANC < 0.5 x 109/l), should receive prophylaxis(ANC < 0.5 x 109/l), should receive prophylaxis
against bacteria, fungi,viruses&against bacteria, fungi,viruses&G-CSFG-CSF
2. Neutropenic patients who present with fever2. Neutropenic patients who present with fever
require a prompt switch to an appropriate treatmentrequire a prompt switch to an appropriate treatment
regimeregime

19. 3. Immunosuppression In Diabetes
 Humoral Immunity:Humoral Immunity:
normalnormal Ab levels & vaccination responses.Ab levels & vaccination responses.
 Impaired Cellular Immunity:Impaired Cellular Immunity:
 Impaired( innate) neotrophil functionsImpaired( innate) neotrophil functions
Infections In Diabetics
 rhinocerebral mucormycosisrhinocerebral mucormycosis
 oral &esophageal candidiasisoral &esophageal candidiasis
 T.BT.B
 surgical / wound infectionsurgical / wound infection

20. GSACEP © 2005

21. 4. Immunosuppression In Transplant Pts
 Infection 2nd most impt problem posttransplantationInfection 2nd most impt problem posttransplantation
Pre-transplant Host Factors:Pre-transplant Host Factors:
 ongoing medical conditions (HBV, HCV, diabetes)ongoing medical conditions (HBV, HCV, diabetes)
 prior MO colonization (prior MO colonization ( Candida, staph)Candida, staph)
 prior latent infection (TB, CMV)prior latent infection (TB, CMV)
 prior medications (i.e. immunosuppressives,prior medications (i.e. immunosuppressives,
antibiotics)antibiotics)
Common Microbial Etiologies Post-TransplantationCommon Microbial Etiologies Post-Transplantation
 BacteriaBacteria: common gm+ & gm- flora: common gm+ & gm- flora
 Fungi:Fungi: Candida sp.; Aspergillus spCandida sp.; Aspergillus sp

22. 5. Immunosuppression in autoimmune
Diseases:
Multiple infection risk factorsMultiple infection risk factors::
1. functional defect in phagocytic cells.1. functional defect in phagocytic cells.
2. CMI defects: lymphopenia, CD4 - cell2. CMI defects: lymphopenia, CD4 - cell
3. reduced Ab levels & low complement levels.3. reduced Ab levels & low complement levels.
4. functional asplenia.4. functional asplenia.
5. also, corticosteroids & immunosuppressives5. also, corticosteroids & immunosuppressives
increase infection risks.increase infection risks.

23. 6.6. Immunosuppression Related to Steroid UseImmunosuppression Related to Steroid Use
 Glucocorticoids (corticosteroids) have inhibitoryGlucocorticoids (corticosteroids) have inhibitory
effects on T cells and B cells, as well aseffects on T cells and B cells, as well as
phagocytes.phagocytes.
 Infections depend on route of administration,Infections depend on route of administration,
dose, & duration of therapy.dose, & duration of therapy.

24. Infections Related to Steroid UseInfections Related to Steroid Use
 increased susceptibility to all types ofincreased susceptibility to all types of
infection.infection.
 Prolonged CMI suppression important forProlonged CMI suppression important for
opportunistic infection to occur.opportunistic infection to occur.
 Fever may be absentFever may be absent
 delayed wound healing & wound infections:delayed wound healing & wound infections:
steroids interfere with fibroblast proliferation &steroids interfere with fibroblast proliferation &
collagen synthesis.collagen synthesis.

25. 7.7. Immunosuppression In Asplenic PtsImmunosuppression In Asplenic Pts
• lower C3 levels & defective responses to encapsulatedlower C3 levels & defective responses to encapsulated
bacterial pathogensbacterial pathogens
• decreased phagocytosisdecreased phagocytosis
• failure to recognize polysaccharide Ag’s.failure to recognize polysaccharide Ag’s.
• impaired IgM synthesis early in infection.impaired IgM synthesis early in infection.
Pathogen:Pathogen:
-S. pneumoniae ,H influenzae ,-S. pneumoniae ,H influenzae ,N. meningitidisN. meningitidis
 Sickle CellSickle Cell
Functionally aspenic (ask about immunizations!)Functionally aspenic (ask about immunizations!)

26. 8.8. Effect of Aging On Immune CompetenceEffect of Aging On Immune Competence
 Declining :Declining :
Innate, Humoral & Cellular ImmuneInnate, Humoral & Cellular Immune
ResponsesResponses
 Increased Susceptibility to Pneumonias &Increased Susceptibility to Pneumonias &
Chronic InfectionsChronic Infections

27. During pregnancy:During pregnancy:

28. Initial Evaluation of Possible
Immunodeficiency
 Make sure that what seems to be infections are notMake sure that what seems to be infections are not
really:really: ATOPY, ALLERGY, ASTHMAATOPY, ALLERGY, ASTHMA
 Hold off on any live vaccines.Hold off on any live vaccines.
 Document that there have been multiple infectionsDocument that there have been multiple infections
 Exclude secondary causes of immune deficiencyExclude secondary causes of immune deficiency
 Look for other, non-immune features ofLook for other, non-immune features of
immunodeficiency:immunodeficiency: rash, hypocalcemia, facialrash, hypocalcemia, facial
characteristicscharacteristics
 Family historyFamily history

29. Initial screening tests forInitial screening tests for
immunodeficiencyimmunodeficiency
 CBC: WBC,functionCBC: WBC,function
 Quantitative immunoglobulins: IgG, A & MQuantitative immunoglobulins: IgG, A & M
 Total lymphocyte countTotal lymphocyte count
 T-cell enumeration, with subsetsT-cell enumeration, with subsets
CD4, CD8CD4, CD8
 Evaluate for current infections:Evaluate for current infections:
CULTURES, ESR, CRP, X-RAYS.CULTURES, ESR, CRP, X-RAYS.

30.  Total ,lymphocyte countTotal ,lymphocyte count
 Total serum immunoglobulinsTotal serum immunoglobulins
 IgG subclasses,IgG subclasses, Antibodies for pervious vaccinationAntibodies for pervious vaccination
 Immunoglobulin function& survivalImmunoglobulin function& survival
 Total lymphocyte countTotal lymphocyte count
 T-cell enumeration, with subsetsT-cell enumeration, with subsets CD4, CD8CD4, CD8
 Functional assays: antigens response to mitogens,Functional assays: antigens response to mitogens,
cytokines assay.cytokines assay.
 Delayed hypersensitivity reaction for Tuberculin andDelayed hypersensitivity reaction for Tuberculin and
Candida antigenCandida antigen
Tests for B cell,antibody deficiency:
Tests for cellular deficiency:

31. Tests for other deficiency:Tests for other deficiency:
Phagocyte:Phagocyte:
i.i. Neutrophil countNeutrophil count
ii.ii. NBT test for screeningNBT test for screening..
ComplementComplement::
Total and specific complementTotal and specific complement
count.count.

32. Treatment options
 monitormonitor
 Live vaccines are absolutly contraindicatedLive vaccines are absolutly contraindicated

33. 1.1. Treatment of the cause (secondary causes)Treatment of the cause (secondary causes)
2.2. Other Treatment: for special cases:Other Treatment: for special cases:
• IVIG .( IV infusion of immunoglobulin.)IVIG .( IV infusion of immunoglobulin.)
• Periodic antibiotic treatment.Periodic antibiotic treatment.
• Bone marrow transplantation .Bone marrow transplantation .
• CSF.(colony stimulating factor ) For : neutropeniaCSF.(colony stimulating factor ) For : neutropenia
• Thymus transplantation .Thymus transplantation .
• IFN – gamma . For : CGD.IFN – gamma . For : CGD.
• gene therapygene therapy

34. 1)1) Which one of the following doesWhich one of the following does
notnot predispose to superficialpredispose to superficial
Candida albicans infection?Candida albicans infection?
A A Pregnancy Pregnancy
B B Lymphoma Lymphoma
C C Diabetes mellitus Diabetes mellitus
D D Vegetarian diet Vegetarian diet
2)2) Which of the following is notWhich of the following is not
commonly associated withcommonly associated with
marked secondary antibodymarked secondary antibody
dysfunctions?dysfunctions?
a)a) Multiple myeloma.Multiple myeloma.
b)b) autoimmune diseases.autoimmune diseases.
c)c) HIV infection.HIV infection.
d)d) hypersplinism.hypersplinism.
3)3) Which of the following testsWhich of the following tests
may assess cellular immunemay assess cellular immune
dysfunction;dysfunction;
a)a) CD4, CD8.CD4, CD8.
b)b) Total serum immunoglobulinsTotal serum immunoglobulins
c)c) IgG subclassesIgG subclasses
d)d) Immunoglobulin responseImmunoglobulin response
4)4) Which CDs count indicatesWhich CDs count indicates
opportunistic infections inopportunistic infections in
AIDSAIDS::
a)a) 700 / ul700 / ul
b)b) 500 / ul500 / ul
c)c) 200 / ul200 / ul
d)d) 100 / ul100 / ul