1. Acquired ImmunodeficiencyAcquired Immunodeficiency
states & AIDSstates & AIDS
Fawzia aboaliFawzia aboali
Prof of internal medicine &clinical immunologyProf of internal medicine &clinical immunology
Ain shams faculty of medicineAin shams faculty of medicine
2.
3.
4. The 4 Arms of Immune SystemThe 4 Arms of Immune System
& Their functions:& Their functions:
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY INNATE IMMUNITY
Humoral (B cell)
1-Encapsulated organisms
(S.pneumo; H. flu)
2-Giardia
Phagocytic
1-Fungi (aspergillus)
2-Bacteria (low low-virulence
organisms
Cellular (T cell)
1-Viruses
2Fungi(candida,aspergillus)
3-Protozoa (Pneumocystis carinii,
toxoplasma)
4-Bacteria (mycobacterium
Complement
1-Bacteria (encapsulated
organisms
5. ImmunodeficiencyImmunodeficiency
Definition
Immunodeficiency (or immune deficiency) is a
state in which the immune systemimmune system 's ability to
fight infectious disease is compromised or
entirely absent. Immunodeficiency may also
decrease cancer immunosurveillance.
INFECTIONS
MALIGNANCY
6.
7. SECONDARY IMMUNE
DEFICIENCY
1.1. Acquired Immune Deficiency SyndromeAcquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
(AIDS)(AIDS)
2.2. Cancer / Chemotherapy:Cancer / Chemotherapy:
3.3. Immunosuppression In DiabetesImmunosuppression In Diabetes
4.4. Immunosuppression In Transplant PtsImmunosuppression In Transplant Pts
5.5. Autoimmune diseaseAutoimmune disease
6.6. Immunosuppression Related to Steroid UseImmunosuppression Related to Steroid Use
7.7. Immunosuppression In Asplenic PtsImmunosuppression In Asplenic Pts
8.8. Effect of Aging On Immune CompetenceEffect of Aging On Immune Competence
9.9. pregnancypregnancy
8. Acquired Immune Deficiency SyndromeAcquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
(AIDS)(AIDS)
Etiology : Retroviruses-RNA virus-Etiology : Retroviruses-RNA virus- (HIV-1, HIV-2(HIV-1, HIV-2
that infect and destroy helper T cells of thethat infect and destroy helper T cells of the
immune systemimmune system
9. Transmission & PreventionTransmission & Prevention
Unprotected sexUnprotected sex
Vagina, Penis, Anal,Vagina, Penis, Anal,
OralOral
Shared needlesShared needles
Drugs, Steroids, Tattoo,Drugs, Steroids, Tattoo,
PiercingPiercing
Mother to childMother to child
Birth, Breast FeedingBirth, Breast Feeding
Blood transfusionsBlood transfusions
AbstinenceAbstinence
Protection during sexProtection during sex
Condom, Latex barrierCondom, Latex barrier
Avoiding riskyAvoiding risky
behaviorbehavior
Not sharing needles, noNot sharing needles, no
promiscuous activitypromiscuous activity
10. Normal Healthy IndividualNormal Healthy Individual
Gets infected with HIVGets infected with HIV
WINDOW PERIODWINDOW PERIOD (3-12 weeks or even 6 months)(3-12 weeks or even 6 months)
(Antibodies to HIV not yet developed, test does not capture the real(Antibodies to HIV not yet developed, test does not capture the real
status but person can infect others)status but person can infect others)
HIV PositiveHIV Positive
(Development of antibodies, can be detected in test)(Development of antibodies, can be detected in test)
No exclusive symptoms (mild fever or flu like features in some cases)No exclusive symptoms (mild fever or flu like features in some cases)
May take up to 10 to 12 years to reach the stage ofMay take up to 10 to 12 years to reach the stage of AIDSAIDS,,
the period can be prolonged through available treatmentthe period can be prolonged through available treatment
Progression from HIV infection to stage of AIDSProgression from HIV infection to stage of AIDS
12. Major Signs / Symptoms of AIDS:Major Signs / Symptoms of AIDS:
(A) Major Signs:(A) Major Signs:
Weight loss (> 10% of body weight)Weight loss (> 10% of body weight)
Fever for longer than a monthFever for longer than a month
Diarrhea for longer than a monthDiarrhea for longer than a month
(B) Minor Signs:(B) Minor Signs:
Persistent coughPersistent cough
General itchy skin diseasesGeneral itchy skin diseases
Thrush in mouth and throatThrush in mouth and throat
Recurring shingles (herpes zoster)Recurring shingles (herpes zoster)
Long lasting, spreading and severe cold soresLong lasting, spreading and severe cold sores
Long lasting swelling of the lymph glandsLong lasting swelling of the lymph glands
Loss of memoryLoss of memory
Loss of intellectual capacityLoss of intellectual capacity
Peripheral nerve damagePeripheral nerve damage
13. Effect on immuneEffect on immune
systemsystem
Inversion of T helper/inducer cells (CD4) to cytotoxic/suppressor cell (CD8)
ratio
Normal CD4/CD8 = 2/1 In AIDS it is =1/2
14. CD4 Count
Greater than 500 / ul - Almost normalGreater than 500 / ul - Almost normal
defense mechanismsdefense mechanisms
Less than 200 / ul - Opportunistic AIDSLess than 200 / ul - Opportunistic AIDS
related infectionsrelated infections
Less than 100 / ul - Life threateningLess than 100 / ul - Life threatening
complicationscomplications
16. HIV testing
•Antigen only (p24 tests).
•Antibody only tests (Ab).
•Combined antibody-antigen tests.
•Viral load tests (RNA PCR test)
17. 2.2. Cancer / Chemotherapy:Cancer / Chemotherapy:
Unfortunately in cancer, both the diseaseUnfortunately in cancer, both the disease
and the treatment can causeand the treatment can cause
immunosuppression :immunosuppression :
NeutropeniaNeutropenia
Cell Mediated ImmunityCell Mediated Immunity
Humoral factorsHumoral factors
18. Neutropenia
Occurs approximately two weeks after the lastOccurs approximately two weeks after the last
dose of chemotherapydose of chemotherapy
an absolute neutrophil count of less than 1,000an absolute neutrophil count of less than 1,000
cells/mm3 on the way down are at increased riskcells/mm3 on the way down are at increased risk
for a serious bacterial infection.for a serious bacterial infection.
Management strategy:
1. All patients with anticipated severe neutropenia1. All patients with anticipated severe neutropenia
(ANC < 0.5 x 109/l), should receive prophylaxis(ANC < 0.5 x 109/l), should receive prophylaxis
against bacteria, fungi,viruses&against bacteria, fungi,viruses&G-CSFG-CSF
2. Neutropenic patients who present with fever2. Neutropenic patients who present with fever
require a prompt switch to an appropriate treatmentrequire a prompt switch to an appropriate treatment
regimeregime
23. 6.6. Immunosuppression Related to Steroid UseImmunosuppression Related to Steroid Use
Glucocorticoids (corticosteroids) have inhibitoryGlucocorticoids (corticosteroids) have inhibitory
effects on T cells and B cells, as well aseffects on T cells and B cells, as well as
phagocytes.phagocytes.
Infections depend on route of administration,Infections depend on route of administration,
dose, & duration of therapy.dose, & duration of therapy.
24. Infections Related to Steroid UseInfections Related to Steroid Use
increased susceptibility to all types ofincreased susceptibility to all types of
infection.infection.
Prolonged CMI suppression important forProlonged CMI suppression important for
opportunistic infection to occur.opportunistic infection to occur.
Fever may be absentFever may be absent
delayed wound healing & wound infections:delayed wound healing & wound infections:
steroids interfere with fibroblast proliferation &steroids interfere with fibroblast proliferation &
collagen synthesis.collagen synthesis.
25. 7.7. Immunosuppression In Asplenic PtsImmunosuppression In Asplenic Pts
• lower C3 levels & defective responses to encapsulatedlower C3 levels & defective responses to encapsulated
bacterial pathogensbacterial pathogens
• decreased phagocytosisdecreased phagocytosis
• failure to recognize polysaccharide Ag’s.failure to recognize polysaccharide Ag’s.
• impaired IgM synthesis early in infection.impaired IgM synthesis early in infection.
Pathogen:Pathogen:
-S. pneumoniae ,H influenzae ,-S. pneumoniae ,H influenzae ,N. meningitidisN. meningitidis
Sickle CellSickle Cell
Functionally aspenic (ask about immunizations!)Functionally aspenic (ask about immunizations!)
26. 8.8. Effect of Aging On Immune CompetenceEffect of Aging On Immune Competence
Declining :Declining :
Innate, Humoral & Cellular ImmuneInnate, Humoral & Cellular Immune
ResponsesResponses
Increased Susceptibility to Pneumonias &Increased Susceptibility to Pneumonias &
Chronic InfectionsChronic Infections
28. Initial Evaluation of Possible
Immunodeficiency
Make sure that what seems to be infections are notMake sure that what seems to be infections are not
really:really: ATOPY, ALLERGY, ASTHMAATOPY, ALLERGY, ASTHMA
Hold off on any live vaccines.Hold off on any live vaccines.
Document that there have been multiple infectionsDocument that there have been multiple infections
Exclude secondary causes of immune deficiencyExclude secondary causes of immune deficiency
Look for other, non-immune features ofLook for other, non-immune features of
immunodeficiency:immunodeficiency: rash, hypocalcemia, facialrash, hypocalcemia, facial
characteristicscharacteristics
Family historyFamily history
29. Initial screening tests forInitial screening tests for
immunodeficiencyimmunodeficiency
CBC: WBC,functionCBC: WBC,function
Quantitative immunoglobulins: IgG, A & MQuantitative immunoglobulins: IgG, A & M
Total lymphocyte countTotal lymphocyte count
T-cell enumeration, with subsetsT-cell enumeration, with subsets
CD4, CD8CD4, CD8
Evaluate for current infections:Evaluate for current infections:
CULTURES, ESR, CRP, X-RAYS.CULTURES, ESR, CRP, X-RAYS.
30. Total ,lymphocyte countTotal ,lymphocyte count
Total serum immunoglobulinsTotal serum immunoglobulins
IgG subclasses,IgG subclasses, Antibodies for pervious vaccinationAntibodies for pervious vaccination
Immunoglobulin function& survivalImmunoglobulin function& survival
Total lymphocyte countTotal lymphocyte count
T-cell enumeration, with subsetsT-cell enumeration, with subsets CD4, CD8CD4, CD8
Functional assays: antigens response to mitogens,Functional assays: antigens response to mitogens,
cytokines assay.cytokines assay.
Delayed hypersensitivity reaction for Tuberculin andDelayed hypersensitivity reaction for Tuberculin and
Candida antigenCandida antigen
Tests for B cell,antibody deficiency:
Tests for cellular deficiency:
31. Tests for other deficiency:Tests for other deficiency:
Phagocyte:Phagocyte:
i.i. Neutrophil countNeutrophil count
ii.ii. NBT test for screeningNBT test for screening..
ComplementComplement::
Total and specific complementTotal and specific complement
count.count.
33. 1.1. Treatment of the cause (secondary causes)Treatment of the cause (secondary causes)
2.2. Other Treatment: for special cases:Other Treatment: for special cases:
• IVIG .( IV infusion of immunoglobulin.)IVIG .( IV infusion of immunoglobulin.)
• Periodic antibiotic treatment.Periodic antibiotic treatment.
• Bone marrow transplantation .Bone marrow transplantation .
• CSF.(colony stimulating factor ) For : neutropeniaCSF.(colony stimulating factor ) For : neutropenia
• Thymus transplantation .Thymus transplantation .
• IFN – gamma . For : CGD.IFN – gamma . For : CGD.
• gene therapygene therapy
34. 1)1) Which one of the following doesWhich one of the following does
notnot predispose to superficialpredispose to superficial
Candida albicans infection?Candida albicans infection?
A A Pregnancy Pregnancy
B B Lymphoma Lymphoma
C C Diabetes mellitus Diabetes mellitus
D D Vegetarian diet Vegetarian diet
2)2) Which of the following is notWhich of the following is not
commonly associated withcommonly associated with
marked secondary antibodymarked secondary antibody
dysfunctions?dysfunctions?
a)a) Multiple myeloma.Multiple myeloma.
b)b) autoimmune diseases.autoimmune diseases.
c)c) HIV infection.HIV infection.
d)d) hypersplinism.hypersplinism.
3)3) Which of the following testsWhich of the following tests
may assess cellular immunemay assess cellular immune
dysfunction;dysfunction;
a)a) CD4, CD8.CD4, CD8.
b)b) Total serum immunoglobulinsTotal serum immunoglobulins
c)c) IgG subclassesIgG subclasses
d)d) Immunoglobulin responseImmunoglobulin response
4)4) Which CDs count indicatesWhich CDs count indicates
opportunistic infections inopportunistic infections in
AIDSAIDS::
a)a) 700 / ul700 / ul
b)b) 500 / ul500 / ul
c)c) 200 / ul200 / ul
d)d) 100 / ul100 / ul
Editor's Notes
In this series of slides, we will focus our discussions upon deficiencies of the major components of the immune system. The general theme of the immunodeficient individual for recurrent infections. Immunodeficiency can be separated into primary and secondary states and the type of infection suggests the particular component of the system involved. In this series of slides we will deal only with primary immunodeficiency states. Secondary immunodeficiency states result when the immune defect observed clearly results from infection, drugs (e.g. cytotoxic agents, steroids) protein losing states, or lymphoreticular malignancy.
CD4 counts are important in these patients as they help define who is at risk for serious infections. Patients with a CD4 count greater than 500/ul show almost normal defense mechanisms. A CD4 count less than 200/ul puts the patient at risk for the opportunistic AIDS related infections. A CD4 count less than 100/ul are at significant risk for life threatening complications.
Unfortunately in cancer, both the disease and the treatment can cause immunosuppression. Cancer and the subsequent chemotherapy causes immune defects in granulocytes (Absolute neutrophil count), cell mediated immunity (bone marrow depression), and other humoral factors. The presence of fever in these patients is secondary to a bacterial infection approximately 55% of the time. Other causes of fever include tumor fever, chemotherapy, drug, inflammation, and fungal infection.
Granulocytopenia lasting greater then 10 days increases the risk of developing critical infections.
In the evaluation of these patients, one of the most important pieces of information to illicit is the timing of the last dose of chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy to determine the approximate time of the nadir of the patient’s absolute neutrophil count. This usually occurs approximately two weeks after the last dose of chemotherapy. Calculate the absolute neutrophil count by multiplying the total WBC count by the percentage of neutrophils. Keep in mind that patients with an absolute neutrophil count of less than 1,000 cells/mm3 on the way down are at increased risk for a serious bacterial infection. Many do not consider patients to be neutropenic unless the ANC is less than 500 cells/mm3.