Avian influenza virus vaccines: the use of vaccination in poultry productionHarm Kiezebrink
This document discusses avian influenza virus vaccines. It describes the ideal characteristics of avian influenza vaccines and factors that can limit vaccine protection in the field. Common vaccine types include inactivated whole virus vaccines and attenuated live vaccines, with various limitations discussed. Newer vaccine approaches explored include vector vaccines using viruses like fowlpox virus or infectious laryngotracheitis virus to deliver avian influenza antigens, as well as replication-competent vaccines using these virus vectors. The development of reverse genetics has enabled generation of recombinant attenuated vaccines, though live H5/H7 vaccines still carry risks and limitations.
Avian influenza is usually an inapparent or nonclinical
viral infection of wild birds that is caused by a group of
viruses known as type A influenzas. These viruses are maintained in wild birds by fecal-oral routes of transmission. This virus changes rapidly in nature by mixing of its genetic components to form slightly different virus subtypes. Avian influenza is caused by this collection of slightly different viruses rather than by a single virus type. The virus subtypes are identified and classified on the basis of two broad types of antigens, hemagglutinan (H) and neuraminidase (N); 15 H and 9 N antigens have been identified among all of the known type A influenzas.
In 2007, USAID launched a worldwide program to battle outbreaks of Avian Influenza under the name STOP AI: Stamping Out Pandemic & Avian Influenza.
This program was one of the largest Training of trainer programs on Avian Influenza of its kind, with training programs conducted in more than 40 countries.
The training manual contains valuable training materials, presentations, background information and references on various subjects:
Module 1 – Overview of Avian Influenza
Module 2 – National Preparedness & Response Plans for HPAI
Module 3 – OIE Avian Influenza Standards and FAO Emergency Prevention System
Module 4 – Public Health and Occupational Safety
Module 5 – Animal Surveillance
Module 6 – Sample Collection and Transport
Module 7 – GIS and Outbreak Mapping
Module 8 – Biosecurity
Module 9 – Introduction to Outbreak Response
Module 10 – Depopulation, Disposal, and Decontamination
Module 11 – Recovery Options.
This training course was intended for animal and human health experts who have limited experience with avian influenza, but who do have field experience with other animal, zoonotic, or infectious diseases. This course includes modules on avian influenza virology, epidemiology, response, and recovery.
The document discusses avian influenza (H5N1) and pandemic influenza. It provides details on clinical features of H5N1 influenza in humans, including persistent fever and lymphopenia. It notes most human cases of H5N1 have occurred in children exposed to sick or dead poultry. Early treatment with oseltamivir is associated with improved survival. The document also discusses strategies for containing a potential influenza pandemic through rapid detection of cases and use of antiviral prophylaxis.
The document summarizes experiments evaluating the efficacy of an inactivated H5N2 avian influenza vaccine against H5N1 challenge viruses. Experiment 1 found the vaccine reduced deaths and shedding in chickens challenged with H5N1 when given a single dose. Experiment 2 found a booster dose further reduced deaths and shedding against a higher H5N1 challenge dose. Experiment 3 showed no deaths or shedding when vaccinated chickens were exposed to H5N1-infected birds. However, the vaccine did not fully prevent virus shedding, transmission, or protect against high H5N1 challenge doses. The conclusion questioned if this was due to genetic differences between the vaccine and challenge viruses.
Avian encephalomyelitis is a viral disease that infects the central nervous system of young chickens and other birds. It is caused by an RNA virus from the family Picornaviridae. Clinical signs include ataxia, leg weakness, and tremors. Diagnosis is based on history, clinical signs, and detection of viral antigen in tissues. Prevention relies on vaccination of breeders to provide maternal immunity to offspring.
Influenza is caused by RNA viruses of the Orthomyxoviridae family that come in three main types: A, B, and C. Influenza A is the most common cause of epidemics and pandemics as it has multiple subtypes that can reassort. Wild aquatic birds are the natural reservoir for all influenza A subtypes. Seasonal epidemics are caused by antigenic drift while pandemics arise due to antigenic shift involving genetic reassortment between human and avian viruses. The prerequisites for an influenza pandemic are a new virus that humans have little immunity to which can spread efficiently between people. Egypt has reported increased human infections of avian influenza A(H5N1) virus
Avian influenza virus vaccines: the use of vaccination in poultry productionHarm Kiezebrink
This document discusses avian influenza virus vaccines. It describes the ideal characteristics of avian influenza vaccines and factors that can limit vaccine protection in the field. Common vaccine types include inactivated whole virus vaccines and attenuated live vaccines, with various limitations discussed. Newer vaccine approaches explored include vector vaccines using viruses like fowlpox virus or infectious laryngotracheitis virus to deliver avian influenza antigens, as well as replication-competent vaccines using these virus vectors. The development of reverse genetics has enabled generation of recombinant attenuated vaccines, though live H5/H7 vaccines still carry risks and limitations.
Avian influenza is usually an inapparent or nonclinical
viral infection of wild birds that is caused by a group of
viruses known as type A influenzas. These viruses are maintained in wild birds by fecal-oral routes of transmission. This virus changes rapidly in nature by mixing of its genetic components to form slightly different virus subtypes. Avian influenza is caused by this collection of slightly different viruses rather than by a single virus type. The virus subtypes are identified and classified on the basis of two broad types of antigens, hemagglutinan (H) and neuraminidase (N); 15 H and 9 N antigens have been identified among all of the known type A influenzas.
In 2007, USAID launched a worldwide program to battle outbreaks of Avian Influenza under the name STOP AI: Stamping Out Pandemic & Avian Influenza.
This program was one of the largest Training of trainer programs on Avian Influenza of its kind, with training programs conducted in more than 40 countries.
The training manual contains valuable training materials, presentations, background information and references on various subjects:
Module 1 – Overview of Avian Influenza
Module 2 – National Preparedness & Response Plans for HPAI
Module 3 – OIE Avian Influenza Standards and FAO Emergency Prevention System
Module 4 – Public Health and Occupational Safety
Module 5 – Animal Surveillance
Module 6 – Sample Collection and Transport
Module 7 – GIS and Outbreak Mapping
Module 8 – Biosecurity
Module 9 – Introduction to Outbreak Response
Module 10 – Depopulation, Disposal, and Decontamination
Module 11 – Recovery Options.
This training course was intended for animal and human health experts who have limited experience with avian influenza, but who do have field experience with other animal, zoonotic, or infectious diseases. This course includes modules on avian influenza virology, epidemiology, response, and recovery.
The document discusses avian influenza (H5N1) and pandemic influenza. It provides details on clinical features of H5N1 influenza in humans, including persistent fever and lymphopenia. It notes most human cases of H5N1 have occurred in children exposed to sick or dead poultry. Early treatment with oseltamivir is associated with improved survival. The document also discusses strategies for containing a potential influenza pandemic through rapid detection of cases and use of antiviral prophylaxis.
The document summarizes experiments evaluating the efficacy of an inactivated H5N2 avian influenza vaccine against H5N1 challenge viruses. Experiment 1 found the vaccine reduced deaths and shedding in chickens challenged with H5N1 when given a single dose. Experiment 2 found a booster dose further reduced deaths and shedding against a higher H5N1 challenge dose. Experiment 3 showed no deaths or shedding when vaccinated chickens were exposed to H5N1-infected birds. However, the vaccine did not fully prevent virus shedding, transmission, or protect against high H5N1 challenge doses. The conclusion questioned if this was due to genetic differences between the vaccine and challenge viruses.
Avian encephalomyelitis is a viral disease that infects the central nervous system of young chickens and other birds. It is caused by an RNA virus from the family Picornaviridae. Clinical signs include ataxia, leg weakness, and tremors. Diagnosis is based on history, clinical signs, and detection of viral antigen in tissues. Prevention relies on vaccination of breeders to provide maternal immunity to offspring.
Influenza is caused by RNA viruses of the Orthomyxoviridae family that come in three main types: A, B, and C. Influenza A is the most common cause of epidemics and pandemics as it has multiple subtypes that can reassort. Wild aquatic birds are the natural reservoir for all influenza A subtypes. Seasonal epidemics are caused by antigenic drift while pandemics arise due to antigenic shift involving genetic reassortment between human and avian viruses. The prerequisites for an influenza pandemic are a new virus that humans have little immunity to which can spread efficiently between people. Egypt has reported increased human infections of avian influenza A(H5N1) virus
The document discusses chicken (poultry) as an animal model for studying human diseases like coronaviruses. It notes that the first coronavirus discovered was the avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in chickens in the 1930s. Drawing from decades of experience with IBV, the poultry industry can provide insights into zoonotic coronaviruses like SARS-CoV-2 that cause COVID-19. The document outlines similarities between IBV and human coronaviruses in terms of structure, genome and replication mechanisms.
Avian influenza, or bird flu, is a highly contagious viral disease affecting poultry caused by influenza A viruses. The document discusses the causative virus, clinical signs and gross lesions, diagnosis, and prevention and control methods. It notes that avian influenza virus has two subtypes - low pathogenic (LPAI) and high pathogenic (HPAI) viruses capable of causing severe disease and 100% mortality. HPAI outbreaks tend to be self-limiting as few birds survive to act as carriers. Diagnosis involves hemagglutination inhibition and immunodiffusion tests. Prevention focuses on vaccination and treating flocks with antibiotics to control secondary infections.
The document summarizes information about COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, including their development, clinical trials, efficacy, safety considerations, and side effects. Some key points:
- The Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines were the first mRNA vaccines approved for emergency use. Clinical trials found them to be over 94% effective with common side effects being pain, swelling at the injection site, fever, and fatigue.
- mRNA vaccines work by providing genetic instructions for cells to make the spike protein found on the COVID-19 virus, training the immune system without exposing the body to the live virus.
- Reported safety data found most side effects to be mild-to-moderate and resolve
Newcastle disease is a highly contagious and often fatal viral disease of birds. It is caused by avian paramyxovirus-1 and primarily affects poultry like chickens, but can also infect many other bird species. The disease ranges from mild to severe depending on the strain, with highly virulent strains causing mortality rates near 100% in chickens. It is considered one of the most important poultry diseases and can have significant economic impacts during outbreaks.
- Traditional stamping-out programs have not eliminated highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5 Gs/GD) globally due to its persistence in reservoir countries. Vaccination can help control disease but also complicates diagnosis and surveillance.
- Factors limiting elimination include low biosecurity practices in small holder farms and live poultry markets, lapses in commercial farm biosecurity, lack of compensation programs, and inadequate veterinary services. Improving production systems, vaccination programs, and increasing resources for control are needed.
- Recent improvements have enhanced rapid diagnosis, depopulation, and disposal methods, strengthened veterinary infrastructure, and improved partnerships and surveillance. However, eliminating H5 Gs/GD globally remains challenging without coordinated long
This document provides an overview of avian influenza, including its history, types, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, vaccination, and prevention/control. Some key points include:
- Avian influenza was first recorded in Italy in 1878 and there have been several global pandemics, including the deadly 1918 Spanish Flu.
- It is caused by influenza A viruses that can infect multiple species like birds, pigs, and humans. The H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 subtypes pose the greatest risk to humans.
- Humans usually get infected through direct contact with infected birds or contaminated environments. Signs can range from mild to severe pneumonia and
The document discusses the threat of a potential bird flu pandemic. It notes that the H5N1 avian influenza virus has caused human deaths in Asia and has a high mortality rate. Experts fear it could mutate and spread efficiently between humans, causing a global pandemic. Key risks include asymptomatic infection, limited immunity, and potential for the virus to reassort genes allowing human-to-human transmission. Proper management requires vaccines, social distancing, antiviral drugs, and pandemic preparedness. However, it remains unknown whether or when the virus may gain efficient human transmission.
Everything you should know about Influenza virus!ankitvkc
Influenza viruses belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family and have an enveloped structure containing proteins like hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. They contain a single-stranded RNA genome composed of 8 segments that encode 11 proteins. Influenza spreads through aerosols or contaminated surfaces and causes flu epidemics annually, as well as occasional pandemics arising from antigenic shift. The virus enters cells by binding hemagglutinin to sialic acid receptors and uncoating inside endosomes. Vaccination and antiviral drugs can help prevent and treat flu, while hand washing and masks can reduce transmission.
"Preparation of suspension of Microorganism: Influenza Vaccine"
This is a presentation which is about the preparation of vaccine from microorganism and is prepared from influenza virus. Hope the information in this presentation will help you.
Thanks
Influenza vaccines or flu shots protect against influenza. A new version of the vaccine is developed twice a year as the influenza virus rapidly changes. Their effectiveness varies from year to year, most provide modest to high protection against influenza.
This document provides an overview of Newcastle disease in birds. It begins with an introduction defining Newcastle disease as a viral infection caused by avian paramyxovirus 1. The document then covers the etiology, epidemiology, transmission, clinical signs, and post mortem lesions of the disease. Key points include that the virus is shed in feces and respiratory secretions and transmitted through direct or indirect contact, and that clinical signs can include neurological issues while post mortem lesions are not specific.
1. Avian influenza, or bird flu, is a zoonotic disease caused by influenza A viruses that infect various bird species as well as humans on rare occasions.
2. The H5N1 strain of avian influenza has caused severe economic losses to poultry industries worldwide and poses a pandemic risk to humans due to a lack of immunity.
3. While vaccination and culling of infected flocks are used to control outbreaks, the spread of the disease is difficult to prevent due to migratory bird movements and lack of rapid detection in some countries including India.
This document summarizes different strategies for developing an HIV vaccine, outlining the challenges and current state of different vaccine types. It discusses how vaccines could potentially prevent or treat HIV infection, and highlights the obstacles like HIV's ability to mutate and target immune cells. Different vaccine types currently in clinical trials are described, including peptides, DNA, live vectors, and recombinant proteins. The largest vaccine trial to date, AIDSVAX, is summarized as stimulating antibodies but not proving effective against HIV.
This document summarizes information about bird flu (H5N1 avian influenza). It discusses the history of bird flu, including the first known cases of transmission from birds to humans in 1997. It provides details on the spread of bird flu to over 10 countries in Asia in 2004. While human-to-human transmission has been documented, it is usually between family members or caregivers. The document also outlines the symptoms of bird flu and treatment options, as well as strategies for disaster planning and prevention.
Review article infectious bronchitis virus variants a review of the history c...mngoher
This document reviews the history of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) variants worldwide, the current situation, and control measures. It discusses how IBV exists as many different antigenic and genetic types called variants. Variants emerge through mutation and recombination, and some spread widely while others remain localized. The history of variants is reviewed for the USA, Europe, Asia, and Brazil. Vaccination is an important control measure, but the existence of many variants makes vaccination more challenging due to poor cross-protection between variants.
This document discusses Gumboro disease (Infectious Bursal Disease, IBD) and IBD vaccines. It provides information on when to apply field vaccination, the benefits of CEVAC IBD L vaccine, and comparisons of CEVAC IBD L to other vaccines. CEVAC IBD L uses the original Winterfield 2512 vaccine strain and has benefits such as quick immune response, spreading ability to unvaccinated birds, and guaranteed immunocompetence. Field trials found CEVAC IBD L provided better performance, lower mortality, and higher profits compared to competitor vaccines.
There are several main types of vaccines, each designed to teach the immune system to fight specific germs and diseases. These include inactivated vaccines using killed germs; live attenuated vaccines using weakened live germs; mRNA vaccines that trigger immune responses by producing proteins; subunit/recombinant vaccines using specific germ parts; toxoid vaccines using toxin proteins from germs; and viral vector vaccines that deliver protection using modified viruses. The different vaccine types provide varying levels of strength and duration of immunity, and some require booster shots over time for ongoing protection.
Dr. Carmen Alonso - Airborne Transmission Of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenz...John Blue
Airborne Transmission Of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) And Lessons For Pigs - Dr. Carmen Alonso, from the 2015 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 19-22, 2015, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2015-leman-swine-conference-material
Avian influenza, also known as bird flu, is caused by viruses that normally infect birds but can infect other animals and humans. It is a contagious disease spread through contact with infected birds or surfaces contaminated with bird droppings or secretions. The document discusses the causative agent, reservoirs, transmission, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of avian influenza. It emphasizes the importance of surveillance in poultry, culling infected birds, maintaining biosecurity, and using personal protective equipment to control the spread of this zoonotic disease at the source, transmission and host levels.
The document discusses emerging diseases in layer chickens, focusing on avian influenza. It defines emerging diseases as new infections spreading to new areas or populations. The poultry industry's intensification and changes have caused new diseases to emerge recently. Avian influenza and other diseases threaten the industry. Influenza A has multiple subtypes that infect various animals. Highly pathogenic avian influenza causes high mortality in poultry. India has experienced repeated outbreaks of HPAI across states since 2006. Clinical signs of HPAI include depression, respiratory signs, and gross lesions like hemorrhages. Low pathogenic avian influenza can evolve into HPAI and commonly causes mild illness in poultry.
Influenza types A and B are responsible for annual epidemics and can cause illness ranging from mild to severe or deadly. Each year, the WHO recommends updated influenza vaccine strains to protect against the viruses likely to circulate that season, based on global surveillance. Although the recommended strains remained the same from 2010-2012, annual vaccination is still recommended since immunity declines over time.
Avian Flu H5N1 Pandemic Type Public Health & Integrative Medical Carebrighteyes
The document discusses the growing threat of an H5N1 avian flu pandemic based on factors over the past two years. It notes that newer H5N1 strains have increased pathogenicity and spread to wild birds. Public health measures and antiviral/immune-supporting nutraceuticals are recommended to help reduce the risk and impact of a potential pandemic. The inevitable nature of a pandemic is discussed given the virus's ability to undergo genetic recombination in various animal reservoirs in Asia.
The document discusses chicken (poultry) as an animal model for studying human diseases like coronaviruses. It notes that the first coronavirus discovered was the avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in chickens in the 1930s. Drawing from decades of experience with IBV, the poultry industry can provide insights into zoonotic coronaviruses like SARS-CoV-2 that cause COVID-19. The document outlines similarities between IBV and human coronaviruses in terms of structure, genome and replication mechanisms.
Avian influenza, or bird flu, is a highly contagious viral disease affecting poultry caused by influenza A viruses. The document discusses the causative virus, clinical signs and gross lesions, diagnosis, and prevention and control methods. It notes that avian influenza virus has two subtypes - low pathogenic (LPAI) and high pathogenic (HPAI) viruses capable of causing severe disease and 100% mortality. HPAI outbreaks tend to be self-limiting as few birds survive to act as carriers. Diagnosis involves hemagglutination inhibition and immunodiffusion tests. Prevention focuses on vaccination and treating flocks with antibiotics to control secondary infections.
The document summarizes information about COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, including their development, clinical trials, efficacy, safety considerations, and side effects. Some key points:
- The Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines were the first mRNA vaccines approved for emergency use. Clinical trials found them to be over 94% effective with common side effects being pain, swelling at the injection site, fever, and fatigue.
- mRNA vaccines work by providing genetic instructions for cells to make the spike protein found on the COVID-19 virus, training the immune system without exposing the body to the live virus.
- Reported safety data found most side effects to be mild-to-moderate and resolve
Newcastle disease is a highly contagious and often fatal viral disease of birds. It is caused by avian paramyxovirus-1 and primarily affects poultry like chickens, but can also infect many other bird species. The disease ranges from mild to severe depending on the strain, with highly virulent strains causing mortality rates near 100% in chickens. It is considered one of the most important poultry diseases and can have significant economic impacts during outbreaks.
- Traditional stamping-out programs have not eliminated highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5 Gs/GD) globally due to its persistence in reservoir countries. Vaccination can help control disease but also complicates diagnosis and surveillance.
- Factors limiting elimination include low biosecurity practices in small holder farms and live poultry markets, lapses in commercial farm biosecurity, lack of compensation programs, and inadequate veterinary services. Improving production systems, vaccination programs, and increasing resources for control are needed.
- Recent improvements have enhanced rapid diagnosis, depopulation, and disposal methods, strengthened veterinary infrastructure, and improved partnerships and surveillance. However, eliminating H5 Gs/GD globally remains challenging without coordinated long
This document provides an overview of avian influenza, including its history, types, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, vaccination, and prevention/control. Some key points include:
- Avian influenza was first recorded in Italy in 1878 and there have been several global pandemics, including the deadly 1918 Spanish Flu.
- It is caused by influenza A viruses that can infect multiple species like birds, pigs, and humans. The H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 subtypes pose the greatest risk to humans.
- Humans usually get infected through direct contact with infected birds or contaminated environments. Signs can range from mild to severe pneumonia and
The document discusses the threat of a potential bird flu pandemic. It notes that the H5N1 avian influenza virus has caused human deaths in Asia and has a high mortality rate. Experts fear it could mutate and spread efficiently between humans, causing a global pandemic. Key risks include asymptomatic infection, limited immunity, and potential for the virus to reassort genes allowing human-to-human transmission. Proper management requires vaccines, social distancing, antiviral drugs, and pandemic preparedness. However, it remains unknown whether or when the virus may gain efficient human transmission.
Everything you should know about Influenza virus!ankitvkc
Influenza viruses belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family and have an enveloped structure containing proteins like hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. They contain a single-stranded RNA genome composed of 8 segments that encode 11 proteins. Influenza spreads through aerosols or contaminated surfaces and causes flu epidemics annually, as well as occasional pandemics arising from antigenic shift. The virus enters cells by binding hemagglutinin to sialic acid receptors and uncoating inside endosomes. Vaccination and antiviral drugs can help prevent and treat flu, while hand washing and masks can reduce transmission.
"Preparation of suspension of Microorganism: Influenza Vaccine"
This is a presentation which is about the preparation of vaccine from microorganism and is prepared from influenza virus. Hope the information in this presentation will help you.
Thanks
Influenza vaccines or flu shots protect against influenza. A new version of the vaccine is developed twice a year as the influenza virus rapidly changes. Their effectiveness varies from year to year, most provide modest to high protection against influenza.
This document provides an overview of Newcastle disease in birds. It begins with an introduction defining Newcastle disease as a viral infection caused by avian paramyxovirus 1. The document then covers the etiology, epidemiology, transmission, clinical signs, and post mortem lesions of the disease. Key points include that the virus is shed in feces and respiratory secretions and transmitted through direct or indirect contact, and that clinical signs can include neurological issues while post mortem lesions are not specific.
1. Avian influenza, or bird flu, is a zoonotic disease caused by influenza A viruses that infect various bird species as well as humans on rare occasions.
2. The H5N1 strain of avian influenza has caused severe economic losses to poultry industries worldwide and poses a pandemic risk to humans due to a lack of immunity.
3. While vaccination and culling of infected flocks are used to control outbreaks, the spread of the disease is difficult to prevent due to migratory bird movements and lack of rapid detection in some countries including India.
This document summarizes different strategies for developing an HIV vaccine, outlining the challenges and current state of different vaccine types. It discusses how vaccines could potentially prevent or treat HIV infection, and highlights the obstacles like HIV's ability to mutate and target immune cells. Different vaccine types currently in clinical trials are described, including peptides, DNA, live vectors, and recombinant proteins. The largest vaccine trial to date, AIDSVAX, is summarized as stimulating antibodies but not proving effective against HIV.
This document summarizes information about bird flu (H5N1 avian influenza). It discusses the history of bird flu, including the first known cases of transmission from birds to humans in 1997. It provides details on the spread of bird flu to over 10 countries in Asia in 2004. While human-to-human transmission has been documented, it is usually between family members or caregivers. The document also outlines the symptoms of bird flu and treatment options, as well as strategies for disaster planning and prevention.
Review article infectious bronchitis virus variants a review of the history c...mngoher
This document reviews the history of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) variants worldwide, the current situation, and control measures. It discusses how IBV exists as many different antigenic and genetic types called variants. Variants emerge through mutation and recombination, and some spread widely while others remain localized. The history of variants is reviewed for the USA, Europe, Asia, and Brazil. Vaccination is an important control measure, but the existence of many variants makes vaccination more challenging due to poor cross-protection between variants.
This document discusses Gumboro disease (Infectious Bursal Disease, IBD) and IBD vaccines. It provides information on when to apply field vaccination, the benefits of CEVAC IBD L vaccine, and comparisons of CEVAC IBD L to other vaccines. CEVAC IBD L uses the original Winterfield 2512 vaccine strain and has benefits such as quick immune response, spreading ability to unvaccinated birds, and guaranteed immunocompetence. Field trials found CEVAC IBD L provided better performance, lower mortality, and higher profits compared to competitor vaccines.
There are several main types of vaccines, each designed to teach the immune system to fight specific germs and diseases. These include inactivated vaccines using killed germs; live attenuated vaccines using weakened live germs; mRNA vaccines that trigger immune responses by producing proteins; subunit/recombinant vaccines using specific germ parts; toxoid vaccines using toxin proteins from germs; and viral vector vaccines that deliver protection using modified viruses. The different vaccine types provide varying levels of strength and duration of immunity, and some require booster shots over time for ongoing protection.
Dr. Carmen Alonso - Airborne Transmission Of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenz...John Blue
Airborne Transmission Of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) And Lessons For Pigs - Dr. Carmen Alonso, from the 2015 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 19-22, 2015, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2015-leman-swine-conference-material
Avian influenza, also known as bird flu, is caused by viruses that normally infect birds but can infect other animals and humans. It is a contagious disease spread through contact with infected birds or surfaces contaminated with bird droppings or secretions. The document discusses the causative agent, reservoirs, transmission, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of avian influenza. It emphasizes the importance of surveillance in poultry, culling infected birds, maintaining biosecurity, and using personal protective equipment to control the spread of this zoonotic disease at the source, transmission and host levels.
The document discusses emerging diseases in layer chickens, focusing on avian influenza. It defines emerging diseases as new infections spreading to new areas or populations. The poultry industry's intensification and changes have caused new diseases to emerge recently. Avian influenza and other diseases threaten the industry. Influenza A has multiple subtypes that infect various animals. Highly pathogenic avian influenza causes high mortality in poultry. India has experienced repeated outbreaks of HPAI across states since 2006. Clinical signs of HPAI include depression, respiratory signs, and gross lesions like hemorrhages. Low pathogenic avian influenza can evolve into HPAI and commonly causes mild illness in poultry.
Influenza types A and B are responsible for annual epidemics and can cause illness ranging from mild to severe or deadly. Each year, the WHO recommends updated influenza vaccine strains to protect against the viruses likely to circulate that season, based on global surveillance. Although the recommended strains remained the same from 2010-2012, annual vaccination is still recommended since immunity declines over time.
Avian Flu H5N1 Pandemic Type Public Health & Integrative Medical Carebrighteyes
The document discusses the growing threat of an H5N1 avian flu pandemic based on factors over the past two years. It notes that newer H5N1 strains have increased pathogenicity and spread to wild birds. Public health measures and antiviral/immune-supporting nutraceuticals are recommended to help reduce the risk and impact of a potential pandemic. The inevitable nature of a pandemic is discussed given the virus's ability to undergo genetic recombination in various animal reservoirs in Asia.
This document summarizes information about avian influenza, including its epidemiology, transmission, clinical features, diagnosis, and prevention/control measures. It discusses the recent outbreak in Kerala, India in 2014 where around 200,000 birds were culled. Surveillance efforts in Kerala examined over 900,000 people from 256,575 houses but found no human cases, demonstrating effective control measures in response to the avian influenza outbreak.
Bird flu, or avian influenza, is caused by influenza viruses that infect birds. While it primarily affects domestic poultry like chickens and turkeys, some strains can infect humans through close contact with infected birds. The H5N1 strain is currently a concern as it can be fatal in humans. Health organizations are working to prevent its spread and have treatment plans in place using antiviral drugs like Tamiflu. With proper food handling and thorough cooking of poultry, the risk of transmission to humans is low.
This document discusses avian influenza viruses and their role in inter-species transmission. It notes that influenza A viruses can infect multiple species including humans, birds, pigs, and other animals. These viruses are classified into subtypes based on their surface glycoproteins HA and NA. The virus is transmitted through contact with infected bird secretions or contaminated surfaces. It also discusses how low pathogenic avian influenza viruses can mutate into highly pathogenic forms, and how pigs may serve as an intermediate host for genetic reassortment between avian and human viruses, increasing pandemic potential in humans.
This document provides information about trivalent inactivated seasonal influenza vaccine (TIV) for 2015-2016. It discusses the types and subtypes of influenza viruses, how they change and cause annual epidemics, as well as pandemics. The global burden of influenza is estimated at 1 billion cases annually with 3-500,000 deaths. Vaccination is recommended for everyone over 6 months of age as the best way to prevent influenza. The vaccine contains inactivated influenza A and B viruses and must be administered via intramuscular injection annually due to antigenic drift.
From Discovery to Delivery: Benchwork to Global Health: Shiu-Lok HuUWGlobalHealth
Explores relationships and discrepancies between important research-based medical advancements and subsequent real world implementation. Advancements in the management and potential elimination of infectious diseases such as HIV and TB will be addressed, as related to development and implementation of effective diagnostics, vaccines, or treatments.
Peste des-ruminants-is-a-rinderpest.doc pdfGudyne Wafubwa
Peste des petits ruminant virus (PPRV) is a disease mostly affecting goats and sheep. Since its first discovery, it has caused massive economic loss to most small pastoralists in Africa and other developing countries. It is the integral role of all stakeholders to join hands so as to eradicate the disease.
This document discusses rotavirus prevention and control. It begins with an introduction stating that rotavirus is the leading cause of severe diarrhea in children under 5 globally, resulting in over 500,000 child deaths annually. The majority of these deaths occur in low-income countries.
It then covers the epidemiology and disease burden, describing rotavirus as the top cause of death in children under 5 worldwide. Clinical presentation is discussed, outlining the typical timeline and symptoms of rotavirus infection.
Prevention and control methods are summarized as infection control practices and vaccination. Two oral rotavirus vaccines currently available are described and their efficacy and safety are discussed. WHO recommendations for rotavirus vaccination through national immunization
PERTUSSIS PROTECTION - CURRENT SCHEDULES IN EUROPEWAidid
Slide set by Professor Susanna Esposito, president WAidid, presented at the 3rd ESCMID Conference on Vaccines, held in Lisbon (Portugal), 6- 8 March 2015. Learn more: http://goo.gl/8GUwwL
HPV Vaccination & Ca. Cervix Screening Update Dr. Sharda Jain Dr. Jyoti A...Lifecare Centre
The document discusses the disease burden of cervical cancer in India, providing statistics showing that India accounts for approximately 25-27% of new cervical cancer cases and deaths worldwide despite having a smaller population than other parts of the world. It then discusses the role of HPV in causing cervical cancer, noting that HPV types 16 and 18 cause over 70% of cases. The document recommends HPV vaccination between ages 9-13 when immune response is strongest, and suggests it can provide benefits even for some sexually active women who have not been exposed to all HPV types covered by the vaccine. Long-term follow-up studies show the vaccine continues to provide nearly 100% effectiveness against HPV 16/18-related cervical diseases for many years.
Hep a Live & Inactivated vaccines in IndiaGaurav Gupta
dIAP presentation for GSK - Havrix and comparison of Live and inactivated Hepatitis A vaccines in Dec 2020.. Online discussion about the various Hep A vaccines available and their pros and cons
This document discusses influenza in humans and pigs, comparing their epidemiology and control. It covers topics like antigenic drift vs shift, annual impacts of seasonal influenza, goals for influenza vaccination, recommendations for vaccine strain changes, and the human-animal interface of influenza. Sanofi Pasteur is highlighted as a global leader in human vaccines with a vision of protecting health worldwide through superior vaccines.
The 3 P’s of avian influenza Prevent, Plan, PracticeHarm Kiezebrink
Avian Influenza has become endemic in many parts of the word. In it's current form it has been around since 1997 and although thy virus types have changed, emergency response, management & control are still a hot issue. In this article published in 2006 in the US magazine Poultry Perspectives, the subject what to do during crisis situations is presented. The conclusions are still valid today and may help to prevent large-scale outbreaks
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serve as an important vehicle in assisting the doctor in decision making & providing the best treatment options for her patients.
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Vaccination Against Avian Influenza Marcelo PANIAGO
1. Yannick GARDIN & Marcelo PANIAGO
Ceva Santé Animale
Libourne - France
3rd GRF One Health Summit 2015
Davos, Switzerland – Oct 04-06, 2015
2. How to look at Avian Influenza ?
…until 2004
Avian Influenza was an Avian disease
3. How to look at Avian Influenza ?
From 2004 onwards…
4. How to look at Avian Influenza ?
From 2004 onwards…
Human Doctors & Scientists
Veterinary Scientists
…relayed and amplified by the Media
Avian Influenza became a Human drama…
5. How to look at Avian Influenza ?
The expected source of a pandemia
From drama to dogmas…
6. The dogmas
« the question was not if, but when ? »
All H5 and H7 AIVs (LP & HP) are dangerous
LPAIV HPAIV (H5 & H7)
More fatalities higher risk of human to human transmission
Human to human transmission Pandemia
Close contact between bird and humans fatalities
7. The dogmas
But some countries decided to vaccinate…
Any poultry positive for H5 or H7, LP or HP, must be destroyed
All imports from an AI+ country should be banned
Only bio-security is efficacious
Old style farming and live bird markets must disappear
« And when it came to controlling the disease,
dogmas were still there »
Vaccination is not an option !
9. Vaccination against Avian Influenza
HPAIV
Challenge
INFECTION
DISEASE
SHEDDING
SPREADING
With vaccination
Increased resistance
Protection
against
clinical
losses
Reduction of
oral & cloacal
shedding
Reducing / prevention of spreading
10. Vaccination against Avian Influenza
Some countries decided to vaccinate…
and ten years after, they are still vaccinating.
11. Why is vaccination not an option?
Vaccine must be constantly updated to keep its efficacy
Vaccine take is impaired in MDA+ birds
Vaccination must be at farm = poor coverage
Immunity is short lasting and boosting is necessary
DIVA cannot be applied to vaccinated populations
Vaccination doesn’t lead to eradication (Mexico, China, etc.)
With classical inactivated vaccines
12. Why is vaccination not an option?
Vaccine must be constantly updated to keep its efficacy
Vaccine take is impaired in MDA+ birds
Vaccination must be at farm = poor coverage
Immunity is short lasting and boosting is necessary
DIVA cannot be applied to vaccinated populations
Vaccination doesn’t lead to eradication (Mexico, China, etc.)
With rHVT-H5 vaccine
Why
not ?
Cross-clade protection
Breaks through MDA
Hatchery vaccination
1 injection – life long protection
DIVA can be applied
13. Performances of rHVT-H5 vaccine
MDA Status
% protection / challenge H5N1 (cl. 2.2) HPAIV
Controls rHVT-H5 Vaccinated
Challenge at 14 days
MDA - 0 % 100 %
MDA + 20 % 100 %
Challenge at 21 days
MDA + 0 % 100 %
(J. De Vriese et al. AI Symposium, Athens GA, USA, April 5-7, 2009)
Onset of Immunity
14. Performances of rHVT-H5 vaccine
Broad spectrum of protection (H5)
Vaccine
regimen
% protection / challenge
with Egyptian H5N1 HPAIV
2007 (cl. 2.2.1)
No vaccine
Inactivated H5N2
rHVT-H5
(J Rauw et al. Vaccine, 29: 2590-2600, 2011)
15. Performances of rHVT-H5 vaccine
Broad spectrum of protection (H5)
Vaccine
regimen
% protection / challenge
with Egyptian H5N1 HPAIV
2007 (cl. 2.2.1)
No vaccine 0%
Inactivated H5N2 100%
rHVT-H5 100%
(J Rauw et al. Vaccine, 29: 2590-2600, 2011)
16. Performances of rHVT-H5 vaccine
Broad spectrum of protection (H5)
Vaccine
regimen
% protection / challenge
with Egyptian H5N1 HPAIV
2007 (cl. 2.2.1) 2008 (cl. 2.2.1.1)
No vaccine 0%
Inactivated H5N2 100%
rHVT-H5 100%
(J Rauw et al. Vaccine, 29: 2590-2600, 2011)
17. Performances of rHVT-H5 vaccine
Broad spectrum of protection (H5)
Vaccine
regimen
% protection / challenge
with Egyptian H5N1 HPAIV
2007 (cl. 2.2.1) 2008 (cl. 2.2.1.1)
No vaccine 0% 0%
Inactivated H5N2 100% 0%
rHVT-H5 100% 100%
(J Rauw et al. Vaccine, 29: 2590-2600, 2011)
18. Performances of rHVT-H5 vaccine
« Cross-clade » efficacy
(Gardin et al. 9th ISAI, Athens, GA, USA, 2015)
HVT AIV Strain S.type Clade Vaccinated Not vaccinated Reference
SPF CK No No A/CK/Viet Nam/1203/2004 H5N1 1 4 woa 85% 0% Perez D. 2012
COM BR Yes No A/Duck/Hungary/11804/2006 H5N1 2.2 2 woa 90% 0% De Vriese J. et al. 2009
COM BR Yes Yes (H5N2) A/Duck/Hungary/11804/2006 H5N1 2.2 2 woa 100% 20% De Vriese J. et al. 2009
COM BR Yes Yes (H5N2) A/Duck/Hungary/11804/2006 H5N1 2.2 3 woa 90% 0% De Vriese J. et al. 2009
SPF CK No No A/CK/Egypt/1709-1 VIR08/2007 H5N1 2.2.1 3 woa 100% 0% Rauw F. et al. 2011
SPF CK No No A/CK/Egypt/1709-6/2008 H5N1 2.2.1 3 woa 100% 0% Rauw F. et al. 2011
COM BR Yes No A/CK/Egypt/1709-6/2008 H5N1 2.2.1 4 woa 90% 0% Rauw F. et al. 2012
COM BR Yes Yes (H5N1) A/CK/Egypt/1709-6/2008 H5N1 2.2.1 4 woa 100% 0% Rauw F. et al. 2012
COM BR Yes Yes (H5N1) A/CK/Egypt/1709-1 VIR08/2007 H5N1 2.2.1 4 woa 90% 0% Rauw F. et al. 2012
COM BR Yes Yes (H5N1) A/CK/Egypt/1709-6/2008 H5N1 2.2.1 4 woa 70% 0% Rauw F. et al. 2012
COM BR Yes Yes (H5N1) A/CK/West Java Subang/29/2007 H5N1 2.1.3 4 woa 80% 0% Soejoedono R. D. et al. 2012
COM BR Yes Yes (H5N1) A/CK/Puwakarta-Cilingga/142/2010 H5N1 2.1.3 4 woa 95% 0% Soejoedono R. D. et al. 2012
SPF CK No No A/Whooper Swan/Mongolia/3/2005 H5N1 2.2 6 woa 100% 0% Kapczynski D.R. et al. 2015
SPF CK No No A/CK/West Java Subang/29/2007 H5N1 2.1.3 4 woa 80% 0% Kapczynski D.R. et al. 2015
SPF CK No No A/CK/Queretaro/14588/1995 H5N2 - 4 woa 95% 0% Kapczynski D.R. et al. 2015
SPF CK No No A/CK/Egypt/1709-6/2008 H5N1 2.2.1 4 woa 100% 0% Rauw F. et al. 2012
SPF CK No No A/CK/Egypt/1709-6/2008 H5N1 2.2.1 8 woa 100% 0% Rauw F. et al. 2012
COM BR Yes Yes (H5N1) A/CK/Egypt/1709-6/2008 H5N1 2.2.1 4 woa 93% 0% Kilany W. H. et al. 2012
COM BR Yes Yes (H5N1) A/CK/Egypt-63/2010 "variant" H5N1 2.2.1.1 5 woa 80% 0% Kilany W. H. et al. 2012
SPF CK No No A/CK/Germany/2014 H5N8 2.3.4.4 4 woa 100% 0% Steensels M. et al. 2015
SPF CK No No A/CK/Bangladesh/11RS1 984-33/2011 H5N1 2.3.2.1 4 woa 100% 0% Bonfante F. et al. 2013
COM LY Yes Yes (H5N1) A/CK/Egypt/128s/2012 H5N1 2.2.1 19 woa 73% 0% Kilany W. H. et al. 2014
COM LY Yes Yes (H5N1) A/CK/Egypt/128s/2012 H5N1 2.2.1 19 woa 60% 0% Kilany W. H. et al. 2014
SPF TK No No A/WS/Mongolia/2005 H5N1 2.2 4 woa 96% 0% Kapczynski et al. 2012
Challenge
at:
HPAIV used for challengeType of
bird
with MDA against: % Protection
19. Performances of rHVT-H5 vaccine
+H5N2 1994 Mexico
Protection ≥ 80%
Significant
reduction of
shedding
Cross clade
efficacy
of
rHVT-H5
Vietnam 2004
Mongolia 2005
Egypt 2008
Indonesia 2007
Bangladesh 2011
Hungary 2006
Egypt 2010
Indonesia 2010
Egypt 2008
Egypt 2011
Germany 2014
20. 3rd GRF One Health Summit 2015
Davos, Switzerland – Oct 04-06, 2015
21. Conclusions
As of today, the attitude is “wait and see”. If there is
a break, we must:
- Detect it very fast
- And stamp out everything.
But doing so:
- we accept the initial explosion
- we take the risk of slow detection, spreading
over to other units, getting the situation uncontrolled
22. Conclusions
If we vaccinate, this contamination may also happen
but:
- the probability is lower
- the amount of virus released into the
environment will be much lower
- the risk of spreading to other units will be less
- and risk of contact to humans will be reduced
23. Conclusions
So in brief, there are two options:
- do not vaccinate, let the nature do what it
wants, wait and see, and take high risks.
- vaccinate, implement systematic lab
monitoring, detect and stamp out when something
happen. The risk of break will be lower as well as the
consequences and risks for animals and humans as
well.
24. Food for thoughts
Any proposal to change the status
quo or to overcome old dogmas may
be initially seen as "unwise”, but in
the face of Avian Influenza’s current
situation, it is absolutely needed to
discuss with open minds some
alternatives to fight this disease.
25. 3rd GRF One Health Summit 2015
Davos, Switzerland – Oct 04-06, 2015
marcelo.paniago@ceva.com