Dental casting investment: A material consisting primarily of an allotrope of silica and a bonding agent. The bonding substance may be gypsum (for use in lower casting temperatures) or phosphates and silica (for use in higher casting temperatures). (GPT 8)
Introduction
CERAMICS : An inorganic compound with non-metallic prosthesis typically consisting of oxygen and one or more metallic or semi-metallic elements that is formulated to produce the whole part of a ceramic based dental prosthesis. – GPT 7.
The word Ceramic is derived from the Greek word “keramos”, which literally means ‘burnt stuff’, but which has come to mean more specifically a material produced by burning or firing.
A comprehensive lecture by Dr Rashid Hassan covering all the aspects of different types of model and die materials. Easy ti understand ans recall.
For video lectures on different topics of Dental Materials visit and follow Dr Rashid Lectures on Dental Materials (dmbydrrashid) on Facebook.
Dental casting investment: A material consisting primarily of an allotrope of silica and a bonding agent. The bonding substance may be gypsum (for use in lower casting temperatures) or phosphates and silica (for use in higher casting temperatures). (GPT 8)
Introduction
CERAMICS : An inorganic compound with non-metallic prosthesis typically consisting of oxygen and one or more metallic or semi-metallic elements that is formulated to produce the whole part of a ceramic based dental prosthesis. – GPT 7.
The word Ceramic is derived from the Greek word “keramos”, which literally means ‘burnt stuff’, but which has come to mean more specifically a material produced by burning or firing.
A comprehensive lecture by Dr Rashid Hassan covering all the aspects of different types of model and die materials. Easy ti understand ans recall.
For video lectures on different topics of Dental Materials visit and follow Dr Rashid Lectures on Dental Materials (dmbydrrashid) on Facebook.
Geology and Stratigraphy of Hazara,Mansehra and Oghi Khaki Road PakistanHammad Ahmad Sheikh
A detail field report on Stratigraphy of the the Hazara Basin,Mansehra and Oghi Khaki Road.
Beside this there is a detailed description on the Drilling Rig and working and One day visit to Tarbela Dam.
Climate Change:
Definitions: USA EPA!
Climate change refers to any significant change in the measures of climate lasting for an extended period of time. In other words, climate change includes major changes in temperature, precipitation, or wind patterns, among other effects, that occur over several decades or longer.
History:
20 hottest years in the last and present century occurred after 1980.
KYOTO PROTOCOL
On February 2005 KYOTO PROTOCOL came into force in most of the 169 countries of the world.
It was decided that by 2010 GHG emissions would be reduced by 5.2% below 1990 level.
Causes:
Constantly emitting GHGs are the prime cause of it.
1.Water vapor (H. 2O)
2.Carbon dioxide (CO2)
3.Methane (CH4)
4.Nitrous oxide (N2O)
5.Ozone (O3)
6.Chloro-fluorocarbons (CFCs)
Effects:
Ill health of mother earth.
Future:
A darker future awaits for us if we don't take rationale steps right now.
Topic: Talc
Contents
Introduction
Names of Talc
Occurrence
Physical Properties
Deposits
Formation Of Talc
Reserves In Pakistan
Uses of Talc (Soap Stone)
Health Effects
References
A STEP IN CASTING OF CAST PARTIAL DENTURE, a precious duplication process and proper wax up of refractory cast results in accurate fitting of the framework of the prosthesis.
dental Investment materials/ orthodontic course by indian dental academyIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Investment materials developed in the first half of the twentieth century, to give clinically acceptable dental castings. But
Wrongly, many assume that dental casting investment materials have reached a level of development that makes them completely fit for purpose and that the technology is stable.
This is not the case. Casting titanium and it’s requirement for increased precision have given new challenges
Silica exists in 22 different condensed phases. Five of these are amorphous, and 17 are crystalline; the latter are the polymorphs of silica.
Of this group, only one phase, low-temperature quartz, is thermodynamically stable at normal temperature and pressure. Two more, tridymite and low-temperature cristobalite, exist under normal atmospheric conditions as metastable (but actually long-lived) phases
In the investment powder, the binder is calcium sulfate hemihydrate. When the investment sets, the silica is unaffected; the hemihydrate binder combines with water to form dihydrate (gypsum).The set investment consists of fine particles of silica embedded in gypsum crystals.
When this material is heated to the temperatures required for complete dehydration and sufficiently high to ensure complete castings, it shrinks
considerably and occasionally fractures.
The thermal expansion curves of the three common forms of gypsum products are shown in Figure. All forms shrink considerably after dehydration between 200" C and 400" C . A slight expansion takes place between 400" C and approximately 700, and a large contraction then occurs This shrinkage is most likely caused by decomposition and the release of sulfur gases, such as sulfur dioxide. This decomposition not only causes shrinkage but also contaminates the castings with the sulfides of the non-noble alloying elements, such as silver and copper.
Thus it is imperative that gypsum investments not be heated above 700" C (1292" F). However, for gypsum products containing carbon, the maximum temperature should be 650" C (1202" F). In this way, proper fit and uncontaminated alloys are obtained.
dental Investments 1/ orthodontic course by indian dental academyIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training
center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental
professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified
courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry,
Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
dental Investment material/ orthodontic course by indian dental academyIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Dental Investments / orthodontic course by indian dental academyIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
An investment is a refractory material that is used to form a mould around a wax pattern.
Following the production of a wax pattern either by direct or indirect method; the next stage in many dental procedures involves the investment of the pattern to form a mould.
A sprue is attached to the pattern and the assembly is located in a casting ring. Investment material is poured around the wax pattern while still in a fluid state.
When the investment sets hard, the wax and sprue former are removed by burning out to leave a mould which can be filled with an alloy or ceramic using a casting technique.
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
3. INVESTMENT
MATERIALS
IT IS RECOMMENDED TO FOLLOW MCCABE APPLIED DENTAL MATERIALS ALONG WITH
THIS LECTURE PERSENTATION
REFERENCES FOR THIS LECTURE:
RESTORATIVE DENTAL MATERIALS, CRAIG
NOTES ON DENTAL MATERIALS, COMBE’S
DENTAL MATERIALS, PHILLIPS
4. WHAT IS AN INVESTMENT MATERIAL
•A MATERIAL SUITABLE FOR FORMING A
MOLD INTO WHICH A METAL OR ALLOY IS
CAST
• WAX PATTERNS (OF APPLIANCES OR RESTORATIONS) ARE INVESTED
IN INVESTMENT MATERIAL...
• ASSEMBLY IS HEATED TO REMOVE WAX...
• THE MOLD SPACE FORMED IS THEN OCCUPIED BY THE MATERIAL
OF WHICH THE RESTORATION OR APPLIANCE IS TO BE MADE
5.
6. REQUIREMENTS FOR INVESTMENT MATERIALS
• EASILY MANIPULATED
• SUFFICIENT STRENGTH AT ROOM TEMP.
• STABILITY AT HIGH TEMPERATURE
• SUFFICIENT EXPANSION TO COMPENSATE FOR WAX PATTERN SHRINKAGE AND CASTING SHRINKAGE
OF METAL
• POROUS ENOUGH TO PERMIT AIR AND GASSES TO ESCAPE MOLD CAVITY
• SMOOTH SURFACE
• EASE OF DIVESTMENT
• SUITABLE SETTING TIME
• INEXPENSIVE
7. COMPOSITION OF INVESTMENT MATERIALS
1. A REFRACTORY MATERIAL – A MATERIAL THAT CAN WITHSTAND HIGH TEMPERATURES
AND WILL NOT DISINTEGRATE ON HEATING. E.G. QUARTZ, TRIDYMITE, CRYSTOBALITE
2. A BINDER – A MATERIAL THAT WILL SET AND BIND THE REFRACTORY MATERIAL TOGETHER.
E.G. GYPSUM (ALPHA HEMIHYDRATE), PHOSPHATE, ETHYL SILICATE
3. OTHER CONSTITUENTS:
1. SODIUM CHLORIDE
2. BORIC ACID
3. POTASSIUM SULPHATE
4. MAGNESIUM OXIDE
5. GRAPHITE
9. GYPSUM BONDED I.M
SUPPLIED AS POWDERS WHICH ARE MIXED WITH WATER
• COMPOSITION:
Binder Calcium sulphate
alpha-hemihydrate
25% - 45%
Binds the components
together and provide
rigidity and strength
Refractory material Silica (quartz and
cristobalite)
Regulate thermal and
inversion expansion
Other minor
components
Powdered
graphite/carbon or
powdered copper and
various modifiers
Control setting time, act
as reducing agent
11. • USES: USED AS INVESTMENT MATERIAL TO FORM
CAST GOLD ALLOY INLAYS, ONLAYS, CROWN AND
BRIDGE
12. GYPSUM (BINDER)
• CALCIUM SULPHATE ALPHA HEMI HYDRATE AS BINDER USED FOR INVESTMENT
USED IN CASTING GOLD ALLOYS WITH MELTING RANGES BELOW 1000°C OR
1800°F
• THERMAL EXPANSIONS AND CONTRACTIONS
BETWEEN 200°C AND 400°C – ALL FORMS SHRINK BECAUSE OF DEHYDRATION
BETWEEN 400°C AND 700°C – SLIGHT EXPANSION
AFTER 700°C – LARGE SHRINKAGE BECAUSE OF DECOMPOSITION AND RELEASE OF
SULFUR DIOXIDE GAS. (SOME TEXTS SAY ABOVE 1200’C)
13. SILICA (REFRACTORY MATERIAL)
• PROVIDE REFRACTORY COMPONENT DURING HEATING OF INVESTMENT AND
REGULATE THERMAL EXPANSION
• INVERSION EXPANSION:
WHEN HEATED QUARTZ CHANGES FROM LOW ALPHA FORM TO HIGH BETA FORM
AT 575°C AND EXPANSION OCCURS
SIMILARLY, CRISTOBALITE CHANGES FROM LOW ALPHA FORM TO HIGH BETA FORM
AT 200°C – 270°C AND EXPANSION OCCURS
14. OVERALL EXPANSIONS IN GYPSUM BONDED
I.M
TO COMPENSATE FOR CASTING SHRINKAGE. MOLTEN ALLOYS SHRINK ON
SOLIDIFICATION/COOLING. MOLD MUST BE MADE CORRESPONDINGLY LARGER THAN
ORIGINAL WAX PATTERN
1. NORMAL SETTING EXPANSION- OCCURS AS INVESTMENT HARDENS IN AIR
• SILICA PARTICLES INTERFERE WITH THE INTERLOCKING OF CRYSTALS, THE OUTWARD
THRUST OF THE CRYSTALS INCREASES THE EXPANSION OF INVESTMENT. MAXIMUM
EXPANSION IN AIR 0.6%
• FACTORS EFFECTING: ACCELERATORS AND RETARDERS, MANIPULATIVE CONDITIONS LIKE
LOW W/P RATIO
2. HYGROSCOPIC EXPANSION- OCCURS AS INVESTMENT HARDENS WHILE IMMERSED
IN WATER
• A CONTINUATION OF NORMAL SETTING EXPANSION B/C IMMERSION IN WATER
ENCOURAGES CONTINUED GROWTH OF CRYSTALS. EXPANSION RANGE 1.2-2.2%
• FACTORS EFFECTING: COMPOSITION, W/P RATIO, SPATULATION, TIME OF IMMERSION, LIFE
OF INVESTMENT, CONFINEMENT, AMOUNT OF ADDED WATER
3. THERMAL AND INVERSION EXPANSION- OCCURS WHEN INVESTMENT IS HEATED
• THERMAL EXPANSION: 1% - 1.6%
15. HYGROSCOPIC EXPANSION
1. INVESTMENT MOULD IS PLACED INTO WATER AT THE INITIAL SET STAGE.
KNOWN AS THE WATER IMMERSION TECHNIQUE AND CAN RESULT IN AN
EXPANSION OF FIVE TIMES THE NORMAL SETTING EXPANSION.
2. THE WATER ADDED TECHNIQUE IN WHICH A MEASURED VOLUME OF WATER
IS PLACED ON THE UPPER SURFACE OF THE INVESTMENT MATERIAL WITHIN
THE CASTING RING. THIS PRODUCES A MORE READILY CONTROLLED
EXPANSION.
3. LINING THE CASTING RING WITH A LAYER OF DAMP ASBESTOS WHICH IS
ABLE TO FEED WATER TO A LARGE SURFACE AREA OF THE INVESTMENT
MOULD.
16. DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS ON HEATING
• GYPSUM-BONDED INVESTMENTS DECOMPOSE ABOVE 1200ºC BY INTERACTION OF
SILICA WITH CALCIUM SULPHATE TO LIBERATE SULFUR TRIOXIDE GAS.
CASO4 + SIO2 → CASIO3 + SO3
• ANOTHER REACTION WHICH MAY TAKE PLACE ON HEATING GYPSUM-BONDED
INVESTMENTS ABOVE 700ºC IS THAT BETWEEN CALCIUM SULPHATE AND CARBON:
CASO4 + 4C → CAS + 4CO
• THE CARBON MAY BE DERIVED FROM THE RESIDUE LEFT AFTER BURNING OUT OF THE
WAX PATTERN OR MAY BE PRESENT AS GRAPHITE IN THE INVESTMENT. FURTHER
REACTION CAN OCCUR LIBERATING SULPHUR DIOXIDE:
3CASO4 + CAS → 4CAO + 4SO2
18. PHOSPHATE BONDED I.M
• AVAILABLE AS POWDER THAT IS MIXED WITH WATER OR COLLOIDAL SILICA
• COMPOSITION OF POWDER:
• USES:
• INVESTMENT FOR BASE METAL AND GOLD CASTING ALLOYS USED TO MAKE COPINGS AND
FRAMEWORKS FOR METAL-CERAMIC PROSTHESIS
• FOR CAST CERAMICS
• REFRACTORY DIE FOR CERAMIC BUILD-UP
Refractory material Silica (quartz or
cristobalite or
combination)
80%
High thermal shock
resistance and thermal
expansion
Binder Magnesium oxide and
Ammonium phosphate.
others carbon Too produce clean
casting and ease
divesting
19. SETTING REACTION
• ON MIXING THE POWDER WITH WATER, FOLLOWING REACTION TAKES PLACE:
NH4·H2PO4 + MGO + 5H2O → + MG·NH4·PO4·6H2O
• THIS BINDS THE SILICA TOGETHER TO FORM THE SET INVESTMENT MOULD.
• AT A TEMPERATURE OF ABOUT 300ºC AMMONIA AND WATER ARE LIBERATED BY THE
REACTION:
2(MG·NH4·PO4·6H2O) → MG2·P2O7 + 2NH3 + 13H2O
20. EXPANSIONS IN PHOSPHATE BONDED I.M
• SETTING EXPANSION (MORE WHEN COLLOIDAL SILICA IS USED INSTEAD OF
WATER)
• INVERSION EXPANSION AND THERMAL EXPANSION
• HYGROSCOPIC EXPANSION
THERMAL CONTRACTIONS
22. SILICA BONDED I.M
• COMPOSITION
BINDER: SILICA GEL THAT REVERTS TO SILICA (CRISTOBALITE) ON HEATING
REFRACTORY: QUARTZ OR CRISTOBALITE POWDER
THE BINDER SOLUTION IS GENERALLY PREPARED BY MIXING ETHYL SILICATE WITH A
MIXTURE OF DILUTE HCL AND INDUSTRIAL SPIRIT. A SLOW HYDROLYSIS OF ETHYL
SILICATE OCCURS PRODUCING A SOL OF SILICIC ACID WITH THE LIBERATION OF ETHYL
ALCOHOL AS A BYPRODUCT.
(C2H5O)4SI + 4H2O → SI(OH)4 + 4C2H5OH
THE SILICIC ACID SOL FORMS SILICA GEL ON MIXING WITH QUARTZ OR CRISTOBALITE
POWDER UNDER ALKALINE CONDITIONS WHICH SHRINKS ON SETTING.
• USES:
CASTING HIGH FUSING METAL PARTIAL DENTURE ALLOYS
23. GREEN SHRINKAGE
• SILICIC ACID SOL IS MIXED WITH QUARTZ OR CRISTOBALITE AND A GEL OF
POLYSILICIC ACID IS FORMED WHICH SHRINKS ON SETTING.
• THIS GEL IS DRIED AT TEMP BELOW 168’C
• DURING THIS DRYING, GEL LOSES ALCOHOL AND WATER AND FORMS CONC.
HARD GEL AND VOLUMETRIC CONTRACTION OCCURS WHICH REDUCES SIZE OF
MOLD.
• THIS IS GREEN SHRINKAGE THAT OCCURS IN ADDITION TO SETTING SHRINKAGE
24. THERMAL EXPANSION IN SILICA BONDED I.M
• CONTINUED HEATING CAUSES CONSIDERABLE EXPANSION DUE TO THE CLOSE
PACKED NATURE OF THE SILICA PARTICLES. A MAXIMUM LINEAR EXPANSION OF
APPROXIMATELY 1.6% IS REACHED AT A TEMPERATURE OF ABOUT 600ºC.
• NO HYGROSCOPIC OR SETTING EXPANSION TAKES PLACE.
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