Carl Rogers developed humanistic psychology and person-centered therapy. He believed people are essentially good and have the capacity for self-actualization. The key aspects of his theory are: unconditional positive regard from the therapist, empathy, and congruence in the therapeutic relationship to help clients reduce incongruence between their actual and ideal selves. When these conditions are met, clients can tap into their inherent potential for growth and resolve problems without direct intervention from the therapist.

1. CARL ROGERS
NIKHIL ZEBUKUMAR
AHALYA SASI
FATHIMATH SWALIHA

2. HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY
• Humanism is referred to as the third force in
Psychology.
• Felt human beings were capable of incredible
acts of creativity, selflessness, and high levels of
spirituality.
• Believed humans basically good and worthy of
respect.
• Human beings all have a natural mechanism
inside of them if environmental conditions are
good.

3. Humanistic Psychology
• “People are essentially trustworthy that they
have a vast potential for understanding
themselves and resolving their own problems
without direct intervention on the therapist’s
part and that they are capable of self-directed
growth if they are involved in a specific kind of
therapeutic relationship.”

4. Carl Rogers

5. • According to Rogers (1957), in order for constructive personality change to
occur, it is necessary and sufficient that the following conditions exist and
continue over a period of time:
• 1. Two persons are in psychological contact.
• 2. The first, whom we shall term the client, is in a state of incongruence,
being vulnerable or anxious.
• 3. The second person, whom we shall term the therapist, is congruent or
integrated in the relationship.
• 4. The therapist experiences unconditional positive regard for the client.
• 5. The therapist experiences an empathic understanding of the client’s
internal frame of reference and endeavors to communicate this experience
to the client.
• 6. The communication to the client of the therapist’s empathic CARL
ROGERS ON PERSON-CENTERED THERAPY understanding and
unconditional positive regard is to a minimal degree achieved.

6. • Rogers (1986) described the foundation of his
person-centered approach this way: It is that the
individual has within himself or herself vast
resources for self-understanding, for altering his
or her self-concept, attitudes and self-directed
behavior—and that these resources can be
tapped if only a definable climate of facilitative
psychological attitudes can be provided.

7. • Roger developed his theory not from his experimental laboratory
research but from his experiences working with clients.
• Formulation on structure and dynamics of personality derive from
his therapeutic approach.
• To change one’s personality is centered within the person.
• Roger believed that we are rational beings ruled by a consious
perception of our selves and our experiential world.
• No importance to Freudian principles or unconscious.
• He insisted on current feelings and emotions have better impact
than past experiences or childhood experiences.
• Inborn tendency to actualize the self and to become fully
functioning personality.

8. ROGER-CORE IDEAS
• The self
• Self-actualization
• Organismic valuing process
• Conditional versus unconditional positive
regard.
• The fully functional person.

9. The self
• Rogers believed that when a child comes into this
world, the concept of ‘self’ is presentin him just like
a tiny dot and it grows and develops as the age of
child increases. Self-concept is defined as the
totality of a complex, organized, and dynamic
system of learned beliefs, attitudes and opinions
that each person holds to be true about his or her
personalexistence. Rogers described the self
as a social product, developing out of
interpersonalrelationships and striving for
consistency

11. Self actualization
• “The organism has one basic tendency and striving to
actualize , maintain, and enhance the experience
organism .” ( Rogers, 1951)
• Carl Rogers (1959) believed have one basic motive ,that
is the tendency to self-actualize –to fulfill one’s potential
and achieve the highest level of “human-beingness” we
can.
• Carl Rogers believed that for a person to achieve self –
actualization they must be in a state of
congruence.This means that self-actualization occurs
when a person’s “ideal self” is congruent with their
actual behaviour (self image)

12. Congruence
• A person’s ideal self may not be consistent with
what actually happens in life and experiences of the
person. Hence, a difference may exist between a
person’s ideal self and actual experience. This is
called incongruence.
• Where a person’s ideal self and actual experience are
consistent or very similar, a state of congruence
exists. The development of congruence is dependent
on unconditional positive regard. Carl Rogers
believed that for a person to achieve self-
actualization they must be in a state of congruence.

14. Organismic Valuing Process
• People who experienced a caring, supportive ,and loving environment
during childhood were more able and likely to trust themselves and their
internal feelings in regards to decision making and goal achievement.
• The organismic valuing process includes many variables such as
• Authenticity
• Autonomy
• An internal locus of evaluation
• Unconditional positive regard

15. Unconditional positive regard
• Unconditional positive regard is an essential component
of person-centered or Rogerian therapy, a therapeutic
approach developed by psychologist Carl Rogers.
• In Rogerian therapy, a therapist listens and allows
clients to decide for themselves what to discuss.
• The therapist’s role is to develop a better understanding
of the client (or, in Rogerian terms, to cultivate empathic
understanding), to be authentic and genuine in their
interactions with clients, and to accept the client in a
nonjudgmental, compassionate way. That
nonjudgmental, compassionate acceptance is what
Rogers termed unconditional positive regard.

17. Fully functioning personality
• Fully functioning people tend to possess certain traits and
characteristics that help them stay in tune with their own emotions
and embrace their need to grow as an individual. Some of the key
characteristics of a fully functioning person include:
• Openness to experience
• Lack of defensiveness
• The ability to interpret experiences accurately
• A flexible self-concept and the ability to change through experience
• The ability to trust one's experiences and form values based on
those experiences
• Unconditional self-regard
• The tendency to be open to new experiences
• Does not feel the need to distort or deny experiences
• Open to feedback and willing to make realistic changes
• Lives in harmony with other people

18. Actualization tendency
The basic human motivation to actualize, maintain and enhance the
self.

19. PERSON CENTERED THERAPY
• Person-centered psychotherapy (also known as client-
centered or Rogerian therapy) is a form of talk therapy
developed by Carl Rogers in the 1940s and 1950s.
• The purpose of this form of therapy is to increase a
person’s feelings of self-worth, reduce the level of
incongruence between the ideal and actual self, and help
a person become more fully functioning.
• Rogers’s strong belief in the positive nature of human
beings is based on his many years of clinical counseling.
He suggests that all clients, no matter what the problem,
can improve without being taught anything specific by a
counselor, once they accept and respect
themselves.

20. THERAPEUTIC PROCESS
 Therapeutic goals
 Therapeutic function and role
 Client’s Experience in therapy
 Relationship between therapist and clients

21. GOALS OF THERAPY
• Work through distortions that create
incongruence
• Lessen the impact of conditions of worth.
• Become more “here and now”
• Become more actualized .
• Open to experience
• Trust themselves
• Realistic self evaluation
• continue growing

22. Therapeutic function and role
• Therapist attitude and belief in the inner resources creates the
therapeutic climate for growth.
• Therapist makes a healthy relationship and to focus on their
immediate experience.
• Therapist acts like a catalyst, being congruent ,accepting, empathic.
• Instead of viewing clients them in a preconceived diagnostic categories,
the therapist meets them on a moment-moment experiential basis and
enters their world.
• Clients are able to loose their defenses and rigid perceptions and
move to a higher level of personal functioning with the therapist
attitude of genuine caring , respect, acceptance, support and
understanding.
• On pleasant attitude of therapist ,clients feel freedom to explore
areas of their life that are denied.

23. CLIENT’S EXPERIENCE IN THERAPY
• Therapeutic change depends on client’s perception both of their own experience in
therapy and of the counselor’s basic attitudes.
• Clients have the opportunity to explore the full range of their experience : feelings,
beliefs, behavior when therapist gives them amble opportunity.
• Client come to therapist in state of incongruence.
• Clients seek therapist when they feel helplessness, powerlessness , inability to take
decisions. Clients learns to be more free by using the relationship to gain greater
self-understanding.
• Their experience in therapy is like throwing off the sel-imposed shackles that kept
them in a psychological prison.
• With increased freedom they tend to become more mature psychologically and move
towards increased self-actualization.
• Therapy relationship provides a supportive measure within which client’s self healing
capacities are actiavted.

24. REALTIONSHIP B/W THERAPIST AND
CLIENT
• According to Roger,
1. two persons are in psychological contact.
2. Client is in a state of incongruence being vulnerable or anxious.
3. Therapist is incongruent in relationship.
4. Therapist experiences unconditional positive regard for client.
5. The therapist experiences an empathic understanding of the clients’
internal frame of reference and endeavors to communicate this experience
to the client.
6. Communication to the client of the therapist’s empathic understanding
and unconditional positive regard is to a minimal degree achieved.

25. Conclusion
Rogers maintained that three therapist attributes create a growth-promoting
climate :
 Congruence
 Unconditional positive regard
 Empathy
 Person centered approach rejects the role of therapist as the authority who
knows best of client.
 Therapy is rooted in clients’ ability for awareness and self-directed change
in attitude and behavior.
 By exercising self concept and self-awareness in clients they gets the power
of choice.

26. Reference
Corey,G.(1996).Theory and Practice of Counselling and Psychotherapy.
Cole Publishing Company.
Hall , C.S(1978).Theories of Personality. John Wiley Publishing Company.
Schultz(2013).Theories of Personality (10th edition).Cengage Learning
Publishers.