The document investigates cotton seed oil and neem methyl esters as biodiesel fuels in a CI engine. Cotton seed oil and neem oil were converted to methyl esters through a transesterification process. Various blends of the cotton seed and neem methyl esters with diesel were tested in a single cylinder diesel engine. Test results showed that the C20 blend, which is 20% cotton seed methyl ester and 80% diesel, had performance closest to diesel. Emissions and smoke were also lower for the biodiesel blends compared to pure diesel. Overall, the study found that cotton seed methyl ester provided better engine performance than neem methyl ester and that the C20 blend is a
Experimental Investigation of Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteri...ijsrd.com
The use of methyl esters of vegetable oil known as biodiesel are increasingly popular because of their low impact on environment, green alternate fuel and most interestingly it’s use in engines does not require major modification in the engine hardware. Use of biodiesel as sole fuel in conventional direct injection diesel engine results in combustion problems, hence it is proposed to use the biodiesel in low heat rejection (LHR) diesel engines with its significance characteristics of higher operating temperature, maximum heat release, higher brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and ability to handle the lower calorific value (CV) fuel. In this work biodiesel from Neem kernel oil was used as sole fuel in LHR direct injection (DI) diesel engine. The low heat rejection engine was developed with uniform metal matrix composites (MMC) coating of cylinder head. The experimental investigation was carried out in a single cylinder water-cooled LHR direct injection diesel engine. In this investigation, the combustion, performance and emission analysis were carried out in a diesel and biodiesel fueled LHR engine under identical operating conditions. The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of LHR engine with biodiesel is decreased marginally than LHR engine operated with diesel. Carbon monoxide (CO) and Hydrocarbon (HC) emission levels are decreased but in contrast the Oxide of Nitrogen (NOx) emission level was increased due to the higher peak temperature. In the final analysis, it was found that, the results are quite satisfactory.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Performance, Combustion and Emission Evaluation of Fish and Corn Oil as subst...IDES Editor
The indiscriminate usage of fossil fuels in many
countries has led to an increased interest in the search for
suitable alternative fuels. Methyl Esters of Vegetable oils and
Animal fats are found to be good alternative, renewable and
environmental friendly fuels for C.I. engines.
This paper presents the results of investigation carried
out in studying the properties and behavior of methyl esters
of corn seed oil, fish oil and its blends with diesel fuel in a C
I Engine. Engine tests have been carried out to determine the
performance, emission and combustion characteristics of the
above mentioned fuels.
The tests have been carried out in a 4-stroke,
computerized, single cylinder, constant speed, direct injection
diesel engine at different loads. The loads were varied from
0% to 100% of the maximum load in steps of 25%. The Methyl
Ester blends of 10%, 20% and 30% by volume with diesel were
used. The engine test parameters were recorded with the help
of engine analysis software and were studied with the help of
graphs.
The results showed that the properties of the above mentioned
oils are comparable with conventional diesel. The 20% blend
performed well in running a diesel engine at a constant speed
of 1500 rpm. It substantially reduced the emissions with
acceptable efficiency. Hence the oils can be used as suitable
additives for diesel in compression ignition engine.
Experimental Investigation on Use of Honge(Pongamia) Biodiesel on Multi-cylin...ijsrd.com
Biodiesel is a fatty acid alkyl ester which is renewable, biodegradable and non toxic fuel which can be derived from any vegetable oil by transesterifiaction process. Biodiesel has become a key source as a substitution fuel and is making its place as a key future renewable energy source. Biodiesel derived from vegetable oils are quite promising alternative fuels for diesel engines. Use of vegetable oils in diesel engines leads to slightly inferior performance and higher smoke emissions due to their high viscosity. The performance of vegetable oils can be improved by modifying them through the Transesterification process. In the present work, the performance of single cylinder direct injection diesel engine using honge as fuel was evaluated for its performance, emission and combustion characteristics. The properties of honge thus obtained are comparable with ASTM biodiesel standards. The produced honge biodiesel was tested for their use as a substitute fuel for diesel engine. Tests have been conducted at different varying load of biodiesel, at 60% throttle. The performance parameters elucidated includes brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, torque, also emission characteristics against varying Brake Power (BP) and combustion characteristics against crank angle.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This was a group work (which involve me)-----of one day walk through investigation.......and my group was selected 1st among all other country's presentation
Investigation of Effects of impact loads on Framed StructuresIJMER
This research work consists of a general overview of numerical analysis and dynamic
response of framed structures under impact loading. The purpose of the work is to introduce the Finite
Element Method which is difficult while analyzing dynamic response to framed structures. Also to
introduce the Ansys software and it will also explain and discuss particular model cases subjected to
various impact loadings. With these models there will be understanding of the behavior of framed
structures showing the clear results of stress, strain and deformation developed throughout the
structures.
Experimental Investigation of Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteri...ijsrd.com
The use of methyl esters of vegetable oil known as biodiesel are increasingly popular because of their low impact on environment, green alternate fuel and most interestingly it’s use in engines does not require major modification in the engine hardware. Use of biodiesel as sole fuel in conventional direct injection diesel engine results in combustion problems, hence it is proposed to use the biodiesel in low heat rejection (LHR) diesel engines with its significance characteristics of higher operating temperature, maximum heat release, higher brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and ability to handle the lower calorific value (CV) fuel. In this work biodiesel from Neem kernel oil was used as sole fuel in LHR direct injection (DI) diesel engine. The low heat rejection engine was developed with uniform metal matrix composites (MMC) coating of cylinder head. The experimental investigation was carried out in a single cylinder water-cooled LHR direct injection diesel engine. In this investigation, the combustion, performance and emission analysis were carried out in a diesel and biodiesel fueled LHR engine under identical operating conditions. The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of LHR engine with biodiesel is decreased marginally than LHR engine operated with diesel. Carbon monoxide (CO) and Hydrocarbon (HC) emission levels are decreased but in contrast the Oxide of Nitrogen (NOx) emission level was increased due to the higher peak temperature. In the final analysis, it was found that, the results are quite satisfactory.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Performance, Combustion and Emission Evaluation of Fish and Corn Oil as subst...IDES Editor
The indiscriminate usage of fossil fuels in many
countries has led to an increased interest in the search for
suitable alternative fuels. Methyl Esters of Vegetable oils and
Animal fats are found to be good alternative, renewable and
environmental friendly fuels for C.I. engines.
This paper presents the results of investigation carried
out in studying the properties and behavior of methyl esters
of corn seed oil, fish oil and its blends with diesel fuel in a C
I Engine. Engine tests have been carried out to determine the
performance, emission and combustion characteristics of the
above mentioned fuels.
The tests have been carried out in a 4-stroke,
computerized, single cylinder, constant speed, direct injection
diesel engine at different loads. The loads were varied from
0% to 100% of the maximum load in steps of 25%. The Methyl
Ester blends of 10%, 20% and 30% by volume with diesel were
used. The engine test parameters were recorded with the help
of engine analysis software and were studied with the help of
graphs.
The results showed that the properties of the above mentioned
oils are comparable with conventional diesel. The 20% blend
performed well in running a diesel engine at a constant speed
of 1500 rpm. It substantially reduced the emissions with
acceptable efficiency. Hence the oils can be used as suitable
additives for diesel in compression ignition engine.
Experimental Investigation on Use of Honge(Pongamia) Biodiesel on Multi-cylin...ijsrd.com
Biodiesel is a fatty acid alkyl ester which is renewable, biodegradable and non toxic fuel which can be derived from any vegetable oil by transesterifiaction process. Biodiesel has become a key source as a substitution fuel and is making its place as a key future renewable energy source. Biodiesel derived from vegetable oils are quite promising alternative fuels for diesel engines. Use of vegetable oils in diesel engines leads to slightly inferior performance and higher smoke emissions due to their high viscosity. The performance of vegetable oils can be improved by modifying them through the Transesterification process. In the present work, the performance of single cylinder direct injection diesel engine using honge as fuel was evaluated for its performance, emission and combustion characteristics. The properties of honge thus obtained are comparable with ASTM biodiesel standards. The produced honge biodiesel was tested for their use as a substitute fuel for diesel engine. Tests have been conducted at different varying load of biodiesel, at 60% throttle. The performance parameters elucidated includes brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, torque, also emission characteristics against varying Brake Power (BP) and combustion characteristics against crank angle.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This was a group work (which involve me)-----of one day walk through investigation.......and my group was selected 1st among all other country's presentation
Investigation of Effects of impact loads on Framed StructuresIJMER
This research work consists of a general overview of numerical analysis and dynamic
response of framed structures under impact loading. The purpose of the work is to introduce the Finite
Element Method which is difficult while analyzing dynamic response to framed structures. Also to
introduce the Ansys software and it will also explain and discuss particular model cases subjected to
various impact loadings. With these models there will be understanding of the behavior of framed
structures showing the clear results of stress, strain and deformation developed throughout the
structures.
Online Bus Arrival Time Prediction Using Hybrid Neural Network and Kalman fil...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Potential Use of LPG in A Medium Capacity Stationary HCCI EngineIJMER
Internal combustion engines are extensively used in every field of life in today’s world.
Diesel engines being more efficient are preferred in the industrial and transportation sector in
comparison to spark ignition engines for their higher efficiency, versatility and ruggedness. The major
emissions of diesel engines are oxides of nitrogen (NOx), particulate matter (PM), carbon dioxide
(CO2), carbon monoxide (CO). Among these emissions, oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and the particulate
matter are the reasons of serious concern. For reduction of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate
matter simultaneously, the use of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) have provided a
sustainable solution in the present scenario.
This paper presents the findings of an experimental investigation into the operation of a
compression ignition (CI) engine in homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) mode using LPG
as the main fuel and diesel as pilot injection. Factors that were investigated include engine performance
and emission characteristics and based on the results, LPG was found to be a possible fuel for operation
of a CI engine in HCCI mode.
A methodology using a small pilot quantity of diesel fuel injected during the compression stroke
to improve the power density and operation control is carried out for an HCCI engine based on a
stationary, constant RPM, water cooled diesel engine. The objective of this study is to investigate the
performance and emission characteristics of HCCI engine fuelled with LPG and help understand the
viability of LPG as an alternative fuel in diesel engines for use in the automotive industry.
Incremental change and release often is the new mantra. A team of one may handle the operability implementation for an application. Work arounds are done to get things out the door “on time” to meet the agile requirements. This person is in the center of changes ensuring that monitoring, configuration, and service expectations are coordinated. As the velocity of change increases, this single point of failure leads to slow downs. The operations engineer is viewed as the “hero” due to working late nights or weekends to keep the service running as needed. This false hero role is not sustainable and creates a rigid environment of change aversion.
In this talk, I will describe paths to supporting complex project deployment and configuration from manual heroics to minimal intervention. I will describe tools but the concepts will be applicable regardless of environment. This is not a one size fit all solution but guidelines presented should help shape direction towards success.
High End Solution for Advanced Civil Engineering ProjectsIJMER
Civil FEM performs the best customization of the well-known Finite Element Program ANSYS.
The combination of both programs, totally integrated, provides the Construction and Civil Engineering
fields with the possibility of applying high-end technology to a wide range of projects. Using the same
windows graphic user interface and sharing input data and results, makes it very easy for the user to
apply them for solving difficult Civil Engineering problems. The ability to generate finite element models
of any complex three-dimensional civil structure with non-linear behaviour and construction process
simulation means a new and efficient approach to run advanced analysis on PC’s.
We shall state and prove a characterization for the Bloch space and obtain analogous characterization for the little Bloch space of analytic functions on the unit disk in the complex plane. We shall also state and prove three containment results related to Bloch space and Little Bloch space
Theoretical Analysis for Energy Consumption of a Circulation-Type Superheate...IJMER
Recycled waste material has recently become of interest because of the huge amount of
natural resource consumption worldwide. It is necessary to introduce a material recycle system in
municipal and industrial waste management. Quality improvement of oily metal waste disposed from
metalworking factories as recycling materials is one of the issues. Here, the degreasing system plays an
important role. In this paper, energy consumption of a circulation-type superheated steam degreasing
system was applied to oily metal waste disposed from a metalworking factory. This system was
compared to a once-through type superheated steam degreasing system. Flow rates of materials
applicable to the degreasing system were estimated based on preliminary experiments, and heat and
energy balances from the system were theoretically evaluated and compared between once-through and
circulation type systems. As a result, a circulation-type superheated steam waste degreasing system
that can process oily metal waste provides a promising energy-saving waste metal recycle system.
Mislaid character analysis using 2-dimensional discrete wavelet transform for...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
A Technology Review of Electricity Generation from Nuclear Fusion Reaction in...IJMER
In this review paper, we have tried to revisit the basic concept of nuclear fusion and the recent
thrust that has been witnessed in the recent times towards power generation from it . In fusion we get the
energy when two atoms fused together to form one atoms. With current technology the reaction most
readily feasible is between the nuclei of the deuterium (D) and tritium (T). Each D-T releases 17.6 MeV of
energy. The use of nuclear fusion plant will substantially will reduce the environmental impacts of
increasing world electricity demands. Fusion power offers the prospect of an almost inexhaustible source of
energy for future generation but it also presents so far insurmountable scientific and engineering
challenges.
Modeling and Reduction of Root Fillet Stress in Spur Gear Using Stress Relie...IJMER
A gear is a component within a transmission device that transmits rotational forces. Gears
are commonly used for transmitting power. Gear teeth failure due to fatigue is a common fact
observed. Even a small reduction in the root tensile stress results in great raise in the fatigue life of a
gear. They develop high stress concentration at the root and the point of contact. The repeated
stressing on the fillets causes the fatigue failure of gear tooth. For many years, gear design has been
improved by using better material, hardening surfaces with carburization and heat treatment, and shot
penning to improve surface finish etc. Few more hard work have been made to improve the durability
and strength by changing the pressure angle, using the asymmetric teeth, varying the geometry of root
fillet curve and so on. The majority of the above systems don't ensure the compatibility of the current
rigging frameworks. This work presents the possibilities of utilizing the stress redistribution techniques
by introducing the Stress relieving features in the stressed zone to the advantage of reduction of root
fillet stress in spur gear
Bit Error Rate Analysis in WiMAX Communication at Vehicular Speeds using mod...IJMER
At high vehicular speeds, rapid changes in surrounding environments, cause severe fading at
the receiver, resulting a drastic fall in throughput and unless any proactive measure is taken to combat
this problem, throughput becomes insufficient to support many applications, particularly those with
multimedia contents. Bit Error Rate (BER) estimation is an integral part of any proactive measure and
recent studies suggest that Nakagami-m model performs better for modelling channel fading in wireless
communications at high vehicular speeds. No work has been reported in literature that estimates BER
at high vehicular speeds in WiMAX communication using Nakagami-m model. In this thesis, we develop
and present an analytical model to estimate BER in WiMAX at vehicular speeds using Nakagami-m
fading model. The proposed model is adaptive and can be used with resource management schemes
designed for fixed, nomadic, and mobile WiMAX communications.
Investigate the Route of Chaos Induced Instabilities in Power System NetworkIJMER
In this paper possible causes of various instability and chances of system break down in a
power system network are investigated based on theory of nonlinear dynamics applied to a Power system
network. Here a simple three bus power system model is used for the analysis. First the routes to chaotic
oscillation through various oscillatory modes are completely determined. Then it is shown that chaotic
oscillation eventually leads to system break-down characterized by collapse of system voltage and large
deviation in Generator rotor angle (angle divergence), also known as chaos induced instability. It has
been shown that chaos and chaos induced instability in Power system take place due to the variation in
system parameters and the inherent nonlinear nature of the power system network. The relation between
chaotic oscillation and various system instabilities are discussed here. Using the simple power system
model, here it is shown that how chaos leads to voltage collapse and angle divergence, taken place
simultaneously when the stability condition of the chaotic oscillation are broken. All nonlinear analysis
is implemented using MATLAB. It is indicated that there is a maximum lodability point after which the
system enters into instability modes. All these studies are helpful to understand the mechanism of various
instability modes and to find out effective anti-chaos strategies to prevent power system instability.
Performance characteristics-of-single-cylinder-c-i-engine-by-using-tamarind-o...Abu Sufyan Malik
Biodiesel has become one of the most versatile alternative fuel options for diesel engine applications. The recent biodiesel research in India receives its attention towards tamarind oil based biodiesel. In the present work, biodiesel derived from the tamarind oils extracted from tamarind seeds was used as fuel in diesel engine to investigate its performance. This project presents the results of investigation carried out in studying the properties and behavior of methyl ester of tamarind oil and its blends with diesel fuel in C.I engine. Engine test have been carried out to determine the performance characteristics of tamarind oil. The tests have been carried out in a 4- stroke single cylinder, direct injection diesel engine at different loads. The loads were varied 0% to 90% of the maximum load in steps of 20%. The various blends of tamarind oil biodiesel with diesel, B20, B40, B50, B60 were used in the experiments and the results indicate that brake specific fuel consumption and break thermal efficiency were higher with B60 fuel than that of diesel. The performance parameter like brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, volumetric ratio, mechanical efficiency and air fuel ratio were found for above blends. The results showed that the properties of the above mentioned oils are comparable with conventional diesel. The 60% blends performed well in running a diesel engine at a constant speed of 1500 rpm. Keywords: TOME:-Tamarind Oil Methyl Ester, BSFC:- Break Specific Fuel Consumption, BSEC:- Break Specific Energy Consumption, BTE:- Break Thermal Efficiency,B20:- 20% BDF+80%DF,B40:-40%BDF+60%DF,B50:- 50% BDF+50%DF, B60:- 60% BDF+40%DFThe increasing industrialization and motorization there is a scarcity of petroleum products. So, there is need for suitable alternative fuels for diesel engines. In the present study, Tamarind seed oil methyl esters (TSOME) were prepared through Transesterification and the properties of oil were found within acceptable limits. A compression ignition engine was fuelled with three blends of TSOME (10,20 &30) with diesel on basis of volume and the performance and emission results are evaluated and compared with base line data of diesel. The performance results are shows that there is an increase in BTE and decrease in BSFC, The emission parameters are HC and smoke opacity are lower compared to the diesel. This may be accredited to improve the combustion for TSOME blends. The oxides of nitrogen emissions are almost all nearer for blends compared to the diesel fuel. Addition of DMC (Di-methyl carbonate) fuel additive as 5%, 10% and 15% volume ratios to the optimum blend as TSOME20 for evaluating the engine performance and emission parameters the main intention is to use fuel additives as improve the combustion process and reduce the emissions. Finally the results are concluded that the potentiality of the Tamarind seed methyl ester as alternative fuel for compression ignition engines.
Study of Performance of Different Blends of Biodiesel Prepared From Waste Co...IJMER
The use of biodiesel is rapidly expanding around the world, making it imperative to fully
understand the impacts of biodiesel on the diesel engine combustion process and pollutant formation.
Biodiesel was made by the well-known transesterification process. Waste cottonseed oil was selected for
biodiesel production. Three different blends of biodiesel were prepared i.e. B10, B20 and B30. These three
blends were fuelled in a compression ignition (C.I.) engine. A maximum of 77% biodiesel was produced
with 20% methanol in presence of 0.5% sodium hydroxide. Different parameters for the optimization of
biodiesel production were investigated in the first phase of this study, while in the next phase of the study
performance test of a diesel engine with neat diesel fuel and biodiesel mixtures are to be carried out. The
performance characteristics like brake power (B.P.), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and brake
thermal efficiency. This performance was then compared with that of petro diesel.
Performance and Emissions Characteristics of a C.I. Engine Fuelled with Diffe...idescitation
In this research work, waste mustard biodiesel-diesel fuel blends as alternative
fuels for diesel engines were studied. An experimental investigation has been carried out to
evaluate the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with waste
mustard biodiesel-diesel blends (10%, 15% and 20%) and important fuel properties have
also been determined. The performance parameters analyzed include brake power, brake
thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, and exhaust gas temperature whereas
exhaust emissions include unburnt hydrocarbons (UHC), carbon monoxide (CO) and oxides
of nitrogen (NO x). The results of the experiment in each case were compared with baseline
data of diesel fuel. Significant improvements have been observed in the performance
parameters of the engine as well as exhaust emissions. The waste mustard biodiesel-diesel
fuel blends were tested in a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine. Engine
performance and exhaust emissions were measured while the engine running at no, part and
full load condition. This paper investigates the scope of utilizing waste mustard oil blends
with diesel fuel. It concluded that B10 blend of waste mustard biodiesel act as best
alternative fuel among all tested fuel at full load condition. The objective of the present
research was to explore technical feasibility of waste mustard oil in direct injection C.I.
engine without any substantial modifications in the engine design..
PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF MAHUA BIODIESEL IN A DI- DIESEL E...IAEME Publication
This work is focused to determine the performance and emissions characteristics of a naturally aspirated direct ignition diesel engine fueled with diesel fuel (DF), mahua biodiesel (MBD) and preheated mahua biodiesel (MBD-PH). The fatty acid composition of MBD is determined and its properties like density, viscosity, cetane number, calorific value and iodine value are also determined. Engine performance tests showed that brake specific fuel consumption of MBD is higher than that of DF.
A Study on Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical F...IJMER
- Translucent concrete is a concrete based material with light-transferring properties,
obtained due to embedded light optical elements like Optical fibers used in concrete. Light is conducted
through the concrete from one end to the other. This results into a certain light pattern on the other
surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
translucent or transparent concrete blocks and panel and their usage and also the advantages it brings
in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an
architectural purpose of the building
Developing Cost Effective Automation for Cotton Seed DelintingIJMER
A low cost automation system for removal of lint from cottonseed is to be designed and
developed. The setup consists of stainless steel drum with stirrer in which cottonseeds having lint is mixed
with concentrated sulphuric acid. So lint will get burn. This lint free cottonseed treated with lime water to
neutralize acidic nature. After water washing this cottonseeds are used for agriculter purpose
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Hybrid Engine (Stirling Engine + IC Engine + Electric Motor)IJMER
Hybrid engine is a combination of Stirling engine, IC engine and Electric motor. All these 3 are
connected together to a single shaft. The power source of the Stirling engine will be a Solar Panel. The aim of
this is to run the automobile using a Hybrid engine
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
The present day technology demands eco-friendly developments. In this era the
composite material are playing a vital roal in different field of Engineering .The composite materials
are using as a principle materials. Nowaday the composite materials are utilizing as a important
component of engineering field .Where as the importance of the applications of composites is well
known, but thrust on the use of natural fibres in it for reinforcement has been given priority for some
times. But changing from synthetic fibres to natural fibres provides only half green-composites. A
partial green composite will be achieved if the matrix component is also eco-friendly. Keeping this in
view, a detailed literature surveyed has been carried out through various issues of the Journals
related to this field. The material systems used are sunnhemp fibres. Some epoxy and hardener has
been also added for stability and drying of the bio-composites. Various graphs and bar-charts are
super-imposed on each other for comparison among themselves and Graphs is plotted on MAT LAB
and ORIGIN 6.0 software. To determining tensile strengths, Various properties for different biocomposites
have been compared among themselves. Comparison of the behaviour of bio-composites of
this work has been also compare with other works. The bio-composites developed in this work are
likely to get applications in fall ceilings, partitions, bio-degradable packagings, automotive interiors,
sports things (e.g. rackets, nets, etc.), toys etc.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Study of the Carbon Steel C45 in...IJMER
In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
Non linear analysis of Robot Gun Support Structure using Equivalent Dynamic A...IJMER
Robot guns are being increasingly employed in automotive manufacturing to replace
risky jobs and also to increase productivity. Using a single robot for a single operation proves to be
expensive. Hence for cost optimization, multiple guns are mounted on a single robot and multiple
operations are performed. Robot Gun structure is an efficient way in which multiple welds can be done
simultaneously. However mounting several weld guns on a single structure induces a variety of
dynamic loads, especially during movement of the robot arm as it maneuvers to reach the weld
locations. The primary idea employed in this paper, is to model those dynamic loads as equivalent G
force loads in FEA. This approach will be on the conservative side, and will be saving time and
subsequently cost efficient. The approach of the paper is towards creating a standard operating
procedure when it comes to analysis of such structures, with emphasis on deploying various technical
aspects of FEA such as Non Linear Geometry, Multipoint Constraint Contact Algorithm, Multizone
meshing .
Static Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis by Analytical and Solid Works SimulationIJMER
This paper aims to do modelling, simulation and performing the static analysis of a go
kart chassis consisting of Circular beams. Modelling, simulations and analysis are performed using 3-D
modelling software i.e. Solid Works and ANSYS according to the rulebook provided by Indian Society of
New Era Engineers (ISNEE) for National Go Kart Championship (NGKC-14).The maximum deflection is
determined by performing static analysis. Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation,
where it is found that the location of maximum deflection agrees well with theoretical approximation but
varies on magnitude aspect.
In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
environnent pollution over few year There is need to decrease dependancy on fuel vehicle.
bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
pedal assembly and variable speed gearbox such as planetary gear optimise speed of vehicle
with variable speed ratio.To increase the efficiency of bicycle for confortable drive and to
reduce torque appli éd on bicycle. we introduced epicyclic gear box in which transmission done
throgh Chain Drive (i.e. Sprocket )to rear wheel with help of Epicyclical gear Box to give
number of différent Speed during driving.To reduce torque requirent in the cycle with change in
the pedal mechanism
Integration of Struts & Spring & Hibernate for Enterprise ApplicationsIJMER
The proposal of this paper is to present Spring Framework which is widely used in
developing enterprise applications. Considering the current state where applications are developed using
the EJB model, Spring Framework assert that ordinary java beans(POJO) can be utilize with minimal
modifications. This modular framework can be used to develop the application faster and can reduce
complexity. This paper will highlight the design overview of Spring Framework along with its features that
have made the framework useful. The integration of multiple frameworks for an E-commerce system has
also been addressed in this paper. This paper also proposes structure for a website based on integration of
Spring, Hibernate and Struts Framework.
Microcontroller Based Automatic Sprinkler Irrigation SystemIJMER
Microcontroller based Automatic Sprinkler System is a new concept of using
intelligence power of embedded technology in the sprinkler irrigation work. Designed system replaces
the conventional manual work involved in sprinkler irrigation to automatic process. Using this system a
farmer is protected against adverse inhuman weather conditions, tedious work of changing over of
sprinkler water pipe lines & risk of accident due to high pressure in the water pipe line. Overall
sprinkler irrigation work is transformed in to a comfortableautomatic work. This system provides
flexibility & accuracy in respect of time set for the operation of a sprinkler water pipe lines. In present
work the author has designed and developed an automatic sprinkler irrigation system which is
controlled and monitored by a microcontroller interfaced with solenoid valves.
On some locally closed sets and spaces in Ideal Topological SpacesIJMER
In this paper we introduce and characterize some new generalized locally closed sets
known as
δ
ˆ
s-locally closed sets and spaces are known as
δ
ˆ
s-normal space and
δ
ˆ
s-connected space and
discussed some of their properties
Intrusion Detection and Forensics based on decision tree and Association rule...IJMER
This paper present an approach based on the combination of, two techniques using
decision tree and Association rule mining for Probe attack detection. This approach proves to be
better than the traditional approach of generating rules for fuzzy expert system by clustering methods.
Association rule mining for selecting the best attributes together and decision tree for identifying the
best parameters together to create the rules for fuzzy expert system. After that rules for fuzzy expert
system are generated using association rule mining and decision trees. Decision trees is generated for
dataset and to find the basic parameters for creating the membership functions of fuzzy inference
system. Membership functions are generated for the probe attack. Based on these rules we have
created the fuzzy inference system that is used as an input to neuro-fuzzy system. Fuzzy inference
system is loaded to neuro-fuzzy toolbox as an input and the final ANFIS structure is generated for
outcome of neuro-fuzzy approach. The experiments and evaluations of the proposed method were
done with NSL-KDD intrusion detection dataset. As the experimental results, the proposed approach
based on the combination of, two techniques using decision tree and Association rule mining
efficiently detected probe attacks. Experimental results shows better results for detecting intrusions as
compared to others existing methods
Natural Language Ambiguity and its Effect on Machine LearningIJMER
"Natural language processing" here refers to the use and ability of systems to process
sentences in a natural language such as English, rather than in a specialized artificial computer
language such as C++. The systems of real interest here are digital computers of the type we think of as
personal computers and mainframes. Of course humans can process natural languages, but for us the
question is whether digital computers can or ever will process natural languages. We have tried to
explore in depth and break down the types of ambiguities persistent throughout the natural languages
and provide an answer to the question “How it affects the machine translation process and thereby
machine learning as whole?” .
Today in era of software industry there is no perfect software framework available for
analysis and software development. Currently there are enormous number of software development
process exists which can be implemented to stabilize the process of developing a software system. But no
perfect system is recognized till yet which can help software developers for opting of best software
development process. This paper present the framework of skillful system combined with Likert scale. With
the help of Likert scale we define a rule based model and delegate some mass score to every process and
develop one tool name as MuxSet which will help the software developers to select an appropriate
development process that may enhance the probability of system success.
Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded CylindersIJMER
The present study investigates the creep in a thick-walled composite cylinders made
up of aluminum/aluminum alloy matrix and reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The distribution
of SiCp is assumed to be either uniform or decreasing linearly from the inner to the outer radius of
the cylinder. The creep behavior of the cylinder has been described by threshold stress based creep
law with a stress exponent of 5. The composite cylinders are subjected to internal pressure which is
applied gradually and steady state condition of stress is assumed. The creep parameters required to
be used in creep law, are extracted by conducting regression analysis on the available experimental
results. The mathematical models have been developed to describe steady state creep in the composite
cylinder by using von-Mises criterion. Regression analysis is used to obtain the creep parameters
required in the study. The basic equilibrium equation of the cylinder and other constitutive equations
have been solved to obtain creep stresses in the cylinder. The effect of varying particle size, particle
content and temperature on the stresses in the composite cylinder has been analyzed. The study
revealed that the stress distributions in the cylinder do not vary significantly for various combinations
of particle size, particle content and operating temperature except for slight variation observed for
varying particle content. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) emerged and led to the development
of superior heat resistant materials.
Energy Audit is the systematic process for finding out the energy conservation
opportunities in industrial processes. The project carried out studies on various energy conservation
measures application in areas like lighting, motors, compressors, transformer, ventilation system etc.
In this investigation, studied the technical aspects of the various measures along with its cost benefit
analysis.
Investigation found that major areas of energy conservation are-
1. Energy efficient lighting schemes.
2. Use of electronic ballast instead of copper ballast.
3. Use of wind ventilators for ventilation.
4. Use of VFD for compressor.
5. Transparent roofing sheets to reduce energy consumption.
So Energy Audit is the only perfect & analyzed way of meeting the Industrial Energy Conservation.
An Implementation of I2C Slave Interface using Verilog HDLIJMER
The focus of this paper is on implementation of Inter Integrated Circuit (I2C) protocol
following slave module for no data loss. In this paper, the principle and the operation of I2C bus protocol
will be introduced. It follows the I2C specification to provide device addressing, read/write operation and
an acknowledgement. The programmable nature of device provide users with the flexibility of configuring
the I2C slave device to any legal slave address to avoid the slave address collision on an I2C bus with
multiple slave devices. This paper demonstrates how I2C Master controller transmits and receives data to
and from the Slave with proper synchronization.
The module is designed in Verilog and simulated in ModelSim. The design is also synthesized in Xilinx
XST 14.1. This module acts as a slave for the microprocessor which can be customized for no data loss.
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One PreyIJMER
This paper investigates the dynamical behavior of a discrete model of one prey two
predator systems. The equilibrium points and their stability are analyzed. Time series plots are obtained
for different sets of parameter values. Also bifurcation diagrams are plotted to show dynamical behavior
of the system in selected range of growth parameter
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One Prey
Ab02417411746
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Experimental Investigation of Cotton Seed Oil and Neem Methyl
Esters as Biodiesel On Ci Engine
K.Dilip Kumar1 P.Ravindra Kumar2
1,2
Dept.of Mechanical Engineering,
L.B.Reddy College of Engineering, Mylavaram-521230,JNTU, KAKINADA
A.P, India
Abstract: In a modern day world alternative source of energy are given importance due to gradual depletion of fossil fuels
reserves vegetable oils can be used as an alternative to diesel in CI engines. The use of vegetable oils in CI engine results in
low CO and HC emissions compared to conventional diesel fuel. The present study covers the various aspects of biodiesels
fuel derived from cottonseed oil. Cottonseed oil is converted to cottonseed oil methyl esters by transesterification process
An experimental investigations were carried out on C.I.engine with Bio Diesel blends of cotton seed Methyl
Esters and Neem Oil Methyl Esters .The engine used for the experiments was single cylinder Four Stroke water cooled,
constant speed diesel engine . cotton seed Methyl ester (CSOME) and Neem oil methyl ester (NOME) are derived through
transesterification process and parameters of transesterification were optimized. The blends of various proportions of the
CSOME & NOME with diesel were prepared, analyzed and compared with diesel fuel, and comparison was made to suggest
the better option among the bio diesel.
Various Tests have been carried out to examine properties, performance of different blends (C05, C10, C15, and
C20) of CSOME and NOME in comparison to diesel. From the experimental Results it is indicated that C20 have closer
performance to diesel. However, its diesel blends showed reasonable efficiencies. From the experimental results it is
observed that cotton seed methyl ester gives better performance compared to Neem methyl esters and also the emissions and
smoke for these diesel blends are less as compare to the pure diesel.
Keywords: Bio-diesel, Properties, Transesterification, Optimization, cottonseed oil methyl Ester (CSOME),
Neem oil methyl ester (NOME)
I. Introduction
Energy is key input for technological, industrial, social and economical development of a nation. Five generations (125
years) ago, wood supplied up to 90% of our energy needs. Due to the convenience and low prices of fossil fuels wood use
has fallen globally. The present energy scenario now is heavily biased towards the conventional energy sources such as
petroleum products, coal, atomic energy etc, which are finite in nature besides causing environmental pollution. Of the
available energy, the present energy utilization pattern is heavily biased for meeting the high energy requirement in urban
and metropolitan cities. There are different types of BioDiesels are available such as Sunflower, Soyabean, Cottonseed,
Linseed, Mahua, Jatropha, Pongamia, etc .[3]. The vegetable oils can be used in Diesel engines by various techniques such as
fuel modifications by Transesterification , Diesel Vegetable blends and Vegetable oil heating etc.[4]. The present work was
to investigate the evolution of Cotton seed and Neem seed oils with Diesel. Experiments were carried out at constant speed
1500 rpm and at different loads with different blends.
1.1 Fuel Modification
The alternative diesel fuels must be technically and environmentally acceptable and economically competitive.
From the view point s of requirements, triglycerides (vegetable oils or animal fats) and their derivatives may be considered
as viable alternative for diesel fuels [5]. The problems with substituting triglycerides for diesel fuels are mostly associated
with high viscosity, low volatility and poly un-saturated character. The problems have been mitigated by developing
vegetable oil derivatives that approximate the properties and performance and make them compatible with the hydro carbon
based diesel fuels by following methods: Dilution (blending), Pyrolysis (cracking), Micro-emulsification [7] and
Transesterification.
1.1.1 Transesterification:
Transesterification is the reaction of vegetable oil or animal fat with an alcohol, in most cases methanol, to form
esters and glycerol. The transesterification reaction is affected by alcohol type, molar ratio of glycerides to alcohol, type and
amount of catalyst, reaction temperature, reaction time and free fatty acids and water content of vegetable oils or animal fats.
The transesterification reaction proceeds with or without a catalyst by using primary or secondary monohydric aliphatic
alcohols having 1–8 carbon atoms as follows:
Triglycerides + Alcohol Glycerin + Mono-alkyl esters
Generally, the reaction temperature near the boiling point of the alcohol is recommended. Nevertheless, the reaction
may be carried out at room temperature. The reactions take place at low temperatures (~65°C) and at modest pressures (2
atm, 1 atm = 101.325 kPa). Bio-diesel is further purified by washing and evaporation to remove any remaining methanol.
The oil (87%), alcohol (9%), and catalyst (1%) are the inputs in the production of bio-diesel (86%), the main output . Pre-
treatment is not required if the reaction is carried out under high pressure (9000 kPa) and high temperature (~240°C), where
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simultaneous esterification and transesterification take place with maximum yield obtained at temperatures ranging from 60
to 80°C at a molar ratio of 6:1. The alcohols employed in the transesterification are generally short chain alcohols such as
methanol, ethanol, propanol, and butanol. It was reported that when transesterification of soybean oil using methanol,
ethanol and butanol was performed, 96–98% of ester could be obtained after 1 h of reaction.
Table 1. Properties of Diesel and Crude Oils
S.NO PROPERTY DIESEL COTTONSEED NEEMSEED
Calorific
1 43,000 kJ/kg 39,648kJ/kg 35,125 kJ/kg
Value
2 Flash Point 440 C 2340C 1780C
3 Fire Point 490 C 1920 C 2090 C
4 Viscosity 0.278 poise 2.52 poise 1.864 poise
5 Density 835 kg/m3 850 kg/m3 928 kg/m3
,
Table 1.1 Blending percentage of fuel
FUEL BIO-DIESEL DIESEL
NOTATION QUANTITY QUANTITY QUANTITY
(Liters) (ml) (ml)
C10 1 100 900
C20 1 200 800
C30 1 300 700
Table 1.2 Properties of Pure Diesel, Cottonseed oil With Neem oil
Cottonseed
Property Diesel C10 C20 C30
Methyl Ester
Heating value
43000 39648 42308 42116 41834
(kJ/kg)
Carbon
residue (% by <0.35 0.42 0.39 0.38 0.36
weight)
Density (g/cc)
0.815 0.850 0.830 0.852 0.862
Kinematic
3.5 6.0 4.68 4.87 5.05
Viscosity(cSt)
3
VISCOSITY
2
COTTON
1
NEEM
0
DIESEL
CRUDE C5 C10 C15 C20 C100
BLENDS
Fig. 1.Variation of viscosity of biodiesel blends and diesel
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II. Experimental set up
The experimental set up used in this investigation is shown in Fig. 2. It consists of a single cylinder, four stroke,
constant speed, water cooled, variable compression ratio, direct injection compression ignition engine with hemispherical
open combustion chamber. The fuel injection system of the engine comprised of a plunger type pump with an injector having
three spray holes, each 0.28 mm diameter. The injector needle lift pressure and fuel injection timing of the engine are 210
bar and 270 before TDC respectively. The specifications of the engine are shown in Table 2.
A single cylinder four stroke water cooled diesel engine was coupled to an eddy current dynamometer with a load cell. The
In-cylinder pressure was measured by piezoelectric pressure transducer (Kistler) fitted on the engine cylinder head. A crank
angle encoder was used to sense the crank position. Exhaust gas analysis was performed using five gas exhaust analyzer
(Netel Make).A Hartridge smoke meter was attached to exhaust pipe to measure smoke levels.
3.1 FUEL PROPERTY MEASUREMENT
The improvement in the performance of the CI engines, over the past century, has resulted from the complimentary
refinement of the engine design and fuel properties. Calculate the fuel properties like flash point, fire point, specific gravity,
calorific value for different oils for different blends using the suitable equipment. Some of the fuel properties include are
Flash point
Fire point
Specific gravity
Calorific value
Viscosity
Carbon residue
Fig. 2: Four Stroke Single Cylinder Diesel Engine setup
Table 2: Engine specifications
Manufacturer Kirloskar engines Ltd, Pune, India
Four stroke, single cylinder, constant speed, compression
Engine Type
ignition engine
Rated power 3.7 kW at 1500 RPM
Bore 80 mm
Stroke 110 mm
Swept volume 553 cc
Compression Ratio 12.5 to 21.5
Mode of injection Direct injection
Cooling system Water
Dynamometer Eddy current dynamometer
Table 3: Properties of diesel fuel
Cetane number 53
Density at 30 0C 836 kg/m3
Viscosity at 400C 2.68 mm2/ s
Calorific value 42500 KJ/ Kg
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(a) (b)
Fig;3(a) 4- Stroke diesel engine (b) Dynamometer
III. PERFORMANCE
The performance test was conducted on Single cylinder 4-stroke Diesel Engine with water cooling, constant speed
which is coupled to Rope brake dynamometer. Initially the engine was tested with Pure Diesel and later on with different
blends of the LSOME and NOME with Diesel were prepared, analyzed and compared with Diesel Fuel, and comparison was
made to suggest the better option among Bio Diesel blend, however its Diesel blends showed reasonable efficiencies.
Different engine performance parameters like Brake Power, Brake Thermal Efficiency, bsfc, IP, CV, Mechanical Efficiency
etc were determined and results were plotted with respect to load.
1
CSOME B20 -BSFC,ISFC vs BP
BSFC, ISFC (Kg/Kwh)
0.8
0.6
0.4 BSFC
0.2 ISFC
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Brake Power (KW)
Fig. 3: Variations of CSOME C20-BSFC, ISFC Vs BP
CSOME C20-Efficiencies vs BP
100
90
Efficiencies(%)
80 Indicated Thermal
70
60 Efficiency
50
40
30 Mechanical
20
10 Efficiency
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 Brake Thermal
Efficiency
Brake Power(KW)
Fig 4: Variations of CSOME B20-EFFICIENCIES Vs BP
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IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
From the results obtained from experiments of Diesel and its blends the graphs were plotted with respect to load.
5.1 FUEL CONSUMPTION
The fuel consumption characteristics of an engine are generally expressed in terms of specific fuel consumption in
kilograms of fuel per kilowatt-hour. It is an important parameter that reflects how good the engine performance is. It is
inversely proportional to the thermal efficiency of the engine.
Sfc = Specific fuel consumption per unit time/power
1.5
BSFC(Kg/Kwh)
1 Diesel
CSOME-C20
0.5
NOME-B20
0 CSOME-C10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 NOME-B10
Load(Kg)
Fig 5: Variations of BSFC vs Load of CSOME & NOME blends with Diesel
From the above plot, it is observed that the brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc) for CSOME and NOME with
Diesel are decreasing and these blends were giving better values as compared to the diesel fuel.
40
BRAKE THERMAL
EFFICIENCY(%)
30 CSOME C20
20 NOME B20
10 CSOME C10
0 NOME B10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 DIESEL
LOAD(Kg)
Fig 6: Variations of Brake Thermal Efficiency vs Load of CSOME & NOME with Diesel
From the plot, it is indicated that the Brake Thermal efficiencies of CSOME and NOME are slightly higher values as
compared the Diesel because of complete combustion.
80
MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY(%)
60
CSOME C20
40 NOME B20
20 CSOME C10
NOME B10
0
DIESEL
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
LOAD(Kg)
Fig 7: Variations of Mechanical Efficiency vs. Load of LSOME & NOME with Diesel
From the plot it is observed that Mechanical efficiency in case of Diesel with CSOME & NOME blends has
been found that the mechanical efficiency is on par when compared to Diesel but a slight drop of efficiency was found with
methyl esters (bio-diesel) when compared with diesel. This drop in thermal efficiency must be attributed to the poor
combustion characteristics of methyl esters due to high viscosity. It was observed that the brake thermal efficiency of C10
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and C20 are very close to brake thermal efficiency of diesel. C20 methyl ester had equal efficiency with diesel. So C20 can
be suggested as best blend for bio-diesel preparation.
V. CONCLUSION
In the current investigation, it has confirmed that COTTONSEED and NEEM oil may be used as resource to obtain
the bio diesel. The methyl esters of Cottonseed and Neem seed along with diesel may reduce the environmental impacts of
transportation and also reduce the dependency on crude oil imports, and also provide employments in agricultural field. The
conclusions are summarized as follows.
1. There was increase in Brake Thermal Efficiency of CSOME –C20 as compared to Pure Diesel because of complete
combustion.
2. It was observed that the smoke and emissions for the blends of CSOME and NOME are less as compared to Pure Diesel.
3. Properties of the 20% blend of LSOME are nearer to the Diesel Fuel.
4. Thus the above investigations suggest that blend of CSOME – C20 is the optimum blend which can produce better
values with Pure Diesel for Diesel engines as far as performance and emissions were considered.
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