This document summarizes an experimental study on the production of biodiesel from palm oil and ghee (clarified butter) via transesterification. Key factors affecting the yield of biodiesel such as methanol to oil ratio, catalyst concentration, and operating temperature were investigated. The results showed that a methanol to oil ratio of 0.25v/v, catalyst concentration of 0.5 wt%, and temperature of 60°C provided optimal conditions for biodiesel yield. Under these conditions, palm oil produced a higher biodiesel yield of over 90% compared to ghee which had a lower yield. The biodiesel produced from both feedstocks met biodiesel standards according to analysis.
Esterification Bio-oil using Acid Catalyst and EthanolDr. Amarjeet Singh
Fuel energy sources are limited. It is necessary to
obtain alternative energy that can be reached. Bio-oil is one
of the promising renewable energy that production of bio-oil
derived from agricultural wastes and industrial wastes by fast
pyrolysis process but the quality bio-oil is not good as bio-fuel
it needs upgrading method. One of the methods to upgrading
bio-oil is using esterification. Esterfication method reduces
viscosity, density, and ash. The purpose of this research was
to increasing bio-oil quality by type of acid catalyst. Catalyst
used was H2SO4, HCl and citric acid, concentration catalyst
was used according to free fatty acid (FFA) and free fatty
acid was 5.09 before esterification. The bio-oil after
esterification show FFA lower than 2.00 and indicate it
worked. Esterification with acid catalyst shows some critical
change like acid number, viscosity kinematic, density, pH,
and ash. The result found acid number 0.64, 1.02 and 3.39 Mg
of KOH/g, viscosity kinematic 11.61, 11.83, and 13.64 cSt
@40oC, density 1.11, 1.12 and 1.21 kg/dm3 @20oC, pH values
2.05, 2.33 and 3.06, ash 0.0003, 0 and 0.004. The
concentration catalyst according to FFA with esterification
process has a good impact on bio-oil characteristics according
to standards and its high activity.
Esterification Bio-oil using Acid Catalyst and EthanolDr. Amarjeet Singh
Fuel energy sources are limited. It is necessary to
obtain alternative energy that can be reached. Bio-oil is one
of the promising renewable energy that production of bio-oil
derived from agricultural wastes and industrial wastes by fast
pyrolysis process but the quality bio-oil is not good as bio-fuel
it needs upgrading method. One of the methods to upgrading
bio-oil is using esterification. Esterfication method reduces
viscosity, density, and ash. The purpose of this research was
to increasing bio-oil quality by type of acid catalyst. Catalyst
used was H2SO4, HCl and citric acid, concentration catalyst
was used according to free fatty acid (FFA) and free fatty
acid was 5.09 before esterification. The bio-oil after
esterification show FFA lower than 2.00 and indicate it
worked. Esterification with acid catalyst shows some critical
change like acid number, viscosity kinematic, density, pH,
and ash. The result found acid number 0.64, 1.02 and 3.39 Mg
of KOH/g, viscosity kinematic 11.61, 11.83, and 13.64 cSt
@40oC, density 1.11, 1.12 and 1.21 kg/dm3 @20oC, pH values
2.05, 2.33 and 3.06, ash 0.0003, 0 and 0.004. The
concentration catalyst according to FFA with esterification
process has a good impact on bio-oil characteristics according
to standards and its high activity.
Jatropha curcas oil (JCO) and karanja oil have been identified for the comparative study of production of renewable energy sources i.e. biodiesel as well as physico-chemical properties of biodiesel for its potentiality. Enzyme Novozyme 435 (Candida antarctica) is used as biocatalyst (8%) for the conversion in both the cases with 5:1 molar ratio of alcohol to oil for 8 hours with mixing intensity of 600 rpm at 550C. JCO shows higher conversion efficiency at these parameters than karanja oil. Biodiesels obtained from JCO and karanja oil are analysed based on physico-chemical properties like specific gravity, kinematic viscosity, density, calorific value, cetane number, flash point, cloud point and acid number. With regard to specific gravity, kinematic viscosity, density, calorific value and cetane number, the JCO biodiesel shows higher values than karanja biodiesel whereas flash point and cloud point of karanja biodiesel are higher than JCO biodiesel. With respect to the compositional analysis, JCO biodiesel contains 95.67% methyl ester but karanja biodiesel contains 92.57% methyl ester. Apart from this, triglycerides (TG), diglycerides (DG) and monoglycerides (MG) content of JCO and karanja oil biodiesel are 1.68%, 1.08%, 2.68% and 1.89%, 2.75% and 3.69% respectively.
Presentation of Jacques Niederberger for the "Workshop Virtual Sugarcane Biorefinery"
Apresentação de Jacques Niederberger realizada no "Workshop Virtual Sugarcane Biorefinery "
Date / Data : Aug 13 - 14th 2009/
13 e 14 de agosto de 2009
Place / Local: ABTLus, Campinas, Brazil
Event Website / Website do evento: http://www.bioetanol.org.br/workshop4
Lignin isolation from coconut coir, characterization and depolymerization usi...Richa Chaudhary
Lignin isolation from coconut coir using Klason, organosolv, and soda methods and the depolymerization of isolated lignin to value-added chemicals using a solid base catalyst.
Crimson Publishers-Temperature Assessment and Process Optimization of Alkali ...CrimsonPublishersRDMS
Temperature Assessment and Process Optimization of Alkali Catalyzed Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil Using Microwave Flow System by Hamed Nayebzadeh in Research & Development in Material Science
Experimental investigation and optimization study of combustion chamber geome...IJERD Editor
An experimental investigation and optimization study of various piston geometries was conducted
on Greaves single cylinder direct injection compression ignition engine using straight diesel and blends of rice
bran biodiesel. The three combustion chamber geometries used in this study were Standard toroidal piston
(STP), hemispherical bowl piston (HBP) and Shallow toroidal re-entrant piston (STRP) at compression ratios of
18:1, 19.04:1 and 16.4:1 respectively. Rice bran biodiesel was derived by two step trans-esterification process
with an optimum yield of 86% with molar ratio 1:6, 06% of catalyst (KOH), 90 min reaction time and 65oC
reaction temperature. The performance parameters like brake specific energy consumption, brake thermal
efficiency and the emission parameters like carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen
were analysed in detail. It was noticed that the BSEC of STRP was 12.1% with diesel and 14.02% with B100
biodiesel blend. The brake thermal efficiency was also found to be improved with biodiesel blend with STRP on
comparison with STP and HBP. The carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emission was found to decrease with
STRP geometry were as HBP exhibited negative improvement. NOx emission was also found to increase with
STRP.
Experimental Investigation on Performance, Emission and Combustion Characteri...ijsrd.com
Continuous rise in the conventional fuel prices and shortage of its supply have increased the interest in the field of the alternative sources for petroleum fuels. In this present work, experimentation was carried out to study the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of desert date biodiesel and its blends. For this experiment a single cylinder, four strokes, naturally aspired, direct injection, water cooled, eddy current dynamometer Kirloskar diesel engine at 1500 rpm for variable loads. Initially, desert date biodiesel and its blends were chosen. The physical and chemical properties of desert date biodiesel were determined. The tests were carried out over entire range of engine operation at varying conditions of load. The engine performance parameters studied were brake horse power, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, exhaust temperature and mechanical efficiency. The emission characteristics studied are CO, HC, NOx and smoke opacity. These results are compared to those of pure diesel. These results are again compared to the other results of neat oils available in the literature for validation. By analyzing the graphs, it was observed that performance characteristics are reduced and emission characteristics are lowered compare to the diesel. This is mainly due to lower calorific value, higher viscosity and delayed combustion process. From the analysis of graphs it is observed that B10 and B20 blends are best suited for diesel engine. The present experimental results show that fish oil biodiesel and its blends can be used as an alternative fuel in diesel engine.
Synthesis of Oxygenated Fuel Additives via Acetylation of Bio-Glycerol over H...DanesBlake
Abstract
Growing global biodiesel production demands valorization of bio-glycerol derived from biodiesel, which is crucial to make biorefinery process economical. Hence, a series of H2SO4 modified sulfonated Montmorillonite K10 catalysts were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for acetylation of bio- glycerol with acetic acid to produce mono acetin (MAG), di acetin (DAG), tri acetin (TAG), and di-glycerol tri-acetate (DGTA), which are the oxygenated fuel additives and facilitate the economic viability of biodiesel production so the biorefinery. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by a compressive suite of characterization techniques such as powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), low temperature N2 physisorption, temperature-programmed ammonia desorption (TPAD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The glycerol conversion and product distribution results were found to correlate with the acidity and textural properties of the catalyst. 20% (w/w) SO4/K10 was revealed to be a promising catalyst for glycerol acetylation with 99% glycerol conversion and with respective yield towards MAG, DAG, TGA and DGTA of 23%, 59%, 15%, and 2%. Moreover, 20% (w/w) SO4/K10 catalyst
was found to maintain the stable catalytic activity for three reaction cycles. However, the partial catalyst deactivation was observed after third reaction cycle, partly due to deposition of coke and loss of active sites during the reaction. https://crimsonpublishers.com/pps/fulltext/PPS.000501.php
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Jatropha curcas oil (JCO) and karanja oil have been identified for the comparative study of production of renewable energy sources i.e. biodiesel as well as physico-chemical properties of biodiesel for its potentiality. Enzyme Novozyme 435 (Candida antarctica) is used as biocatalyst (8%) for the conversion in both the cases with 5:1 molar ratio of alcohol to oil for 8 hours with mixing intensity of 600 rpm at 550C. JCO shows higher conversion efficiency at these parameters than karanja oil. Biodiesels obtained from JCO and karanja oil are analysed based on physico-chemical properties like specific gravity, kinematic viscosity, density, calorific value, cetane number, flash point, cloud point and acid number. With regard to specific gravity, kinematic viscosity, density, calorific value and cetane number, the JCO biodiesel shows higher values than karanja biodiesel whereas flash point and cloud point of karanja biodiesel are higher than JCO biodiesel. With respect to the compositional analysis, JCO biodiesel contains 95.67% methyl ester but karanja biodiesel contains 92.57% methyl ester. Apart from this, triglycerides (TG), diglycerides (DG) and monoglycerides (MG) content of JCO and karanja oil biodiesel are 1.68%, 1.08%, 2.68% and 1.89%, 2.75% and 3.69% respectively.
Presentation of Jacques Niederberger for the "Workshop Virtual Sugarcane Biorefinery"
Apresentação de Jacques Niederberger realizada no "Workshop Virtual Sugarcane Biorefinery "
Date / Data : Aug 13 - 14th 2009/
13 e 14 de agosto de 2009
Place / Local: ABTLus, Campinas, Brazil
Event Website / Website do evento: http://www.bioetanol.org.br/workshop4
Lignin isolation from coconut coir, characterization and depolymerization usi...Richa Chaudhary
Lignin isolation from coconut coir using Klason, organosolv, and soda methods and the depolymerization of isolated lignin to value-added chemicals using a solid base catalyst.
Crimson Publishers-Temperature Assessment and Process Optimization of Alkali ...CrimsonPublishersRDMS
Temperature Assessment and Process Optimization of Alkali Catalyzed Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil Using Microwave Flow System by Hamed Nayebzadeh in Research & Development in Material Science
Experimental investigation and optimization study of combustion chamber geome...IJERD Editor
An experimental investigation and optimization study of various piston geometries was conducted
on Greaves single cylinder direct injection compression ignition engine using straight diesel and blends of rice
bran biodiesel. The three combustion chamber geometries used in this study were Standard toroidal piston
(STP), hemispherical bowl piston (HBP) and Shallow toroidal re-entrant piston (STRP) at compression ratios of
18:1, 19.04:1 and 16.4:1 respectively. Rice bran biodiesel was derived by two step trans-esterification process
with an optimum yield of 86% with molar ratio 1:6, 06% of catalyst (KOH), 90 min reaction time and 65oC
reaction temperature. The performance parameters like brake specific energy consumption, brake thermal
efficiency and the emission parameters like carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen
were analysed in detail. It was noticed that the BSEC of STRP was 12.1% with diesel and 14.02% with B100
biodiesel blend. The brake thermal efficiency was also found to be improved with biodiesel blend with STRP on
comparison with STP and HBP. The carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emission was found to decrease with
STRP geometry were as HBP exhibited negative improvement. NOx emission was also found to increase with
STRP.
Experimental Investigation on Performance, Emission and Combustion Characteri...ijsrd.com
Continuous rise in the conventional fuel prices and shortage of its supply have increased the interest in the field of the alternative sources for petroleum fuels. In this present work, experimentation was carried out to study the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of desert date biodiesel and its blends. For this experiment a single cylinder, four strokes, naturally aspired, direct injection, water cooled, eddy current dynamometer Kirloskar diesel engine at 1500 rpm for variable loads. Initially, desert date biodiesel and its blends were chosen. The physical and chemical properties of desert date biodiesel were determined. The tests were carried out over entire range of engine operation at varying conditions of load. The engine performance parameters studied were brake horse power, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, exhaust temperature and mechanical efficiency. The emission characteristics studied are CO, HC, NOx and smoke opacity. These results are compared to those of pure diesel. These results are again compared to the other results of neat oils available in the literature for validation. By analyzing the graphs, it was observed that performance characteristics are reduced and emission characteristics are lowered compare to the diesel. This is mainly due to lower calorific value, higher viscosity and delayed combustion process. From the analysis of graphs it is observed that B10 and B20 blends are best suited for diesel engine. The present experimental results show that fish oil biodiesel and its blends can be used as an alternative fuel in diesel engine.
Synthesis of Oxygenated Fuel Additives via Acetylation of Bio-Glycerol over H...DanesBlake
Abstract
Growing global biodiesel production demands valorization of bio-glycerol derived from biodiesel, which is crucial to make biorefinery process economical. Hence, a series of H2SO4 modified sulfonated Montmorillonite K10 catalysts were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for acetylation of bio- glycerol with acetic acid to produce mono acetin (MAG), di acetin (DAG), tri acetin (TAG), and di-glycerol tri-acetate (DGTA), which are the oxygenated fuel additives and facilitate the economic viability of biodiesel production so the biorefinery. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by a compressive suite of characterization techniques such as powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), low temperature N2 physisorption, temperature-programmed ammonia desorption (TPAD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The glycerol conversion and product distribution results were found to correlate with the acidity and textural properties of the catalyst. 20% (w/w) SO4/K10 was revealed to be a promising catalyst for glycerol acetylation with 99% glycerol conversion and with respective yield towards MAG, DAG, TGA and DGTA of 23%, 59%, 15%, and 2%. Moreover, 20% (w/w) SO4/K10 catalyst
was found to maintain the stable catalytic activity for three reaction cycles. However, the partial catalyst deactivation was observed after third reaction cycle, partly due to deposition of coke and loss of active sites during the reaction. https://crimsonpublishers.com/pps/fulltext/PPS.000501.php
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF MAHUA BIODIESEL IN A DI- DIESEL E...IAEME Publication
This work is focused to determine the performance and emissions characteristics of a naturally aspirated direct ignition diesel engine fueled with diesel fuel (DF), mahua biodiesel (MBD) and preheated mahua biodiesel (MBD-PH). The fatty acid composition of MBD is determined and its properties like density, viscosity, cetane number, calorific value and iodine value are also determined. Engine performance tests showed that brake specific fuel consumption of MBD is higher than that of DF.
Production and Application of Bio-diesel in Compression Ignition Engineijsrd.com
The continuous increasing demand for energy and diminishing tendency of petroleum resources has led to the search for alternative renewable and sustainable fuel. Biodiesel seems to be a solution for future and being viewed as a substitute of Diesel. The vegetable oil, fats, grease are source of feedstock for the production of biodiesel. Out of four methods viz. dilution, micro emulsion, thermal cracking and Transesterification, the last one is used to produce biodiesel and reduce viscosity. Biodiesel is more suitable for use as an engine fuel rather than straight vegetable oils for a number of reasons; the more notably is its low viscosity. The aim of the paper at hand is towards the production of biodiesel from vegetable oils viz. Karanja, Jatropha by Transesterification process. Fuels were manufactured by direct blending 5% of biodiesels, namely, Karanja and Jatropha and Rice Bran vegetable oil using Magnetic stirrer. The physical properties of the fuels were also found out. Later, these fuels were run in Compression Ignition engines to test and compare the performance and pollution characteristics of fuels.
Evaluation of Biodiesel as an Alternate Fuel to Compression Ignition Engine a...IJMER
To meet increasing energy requirements, there has been growing interest in alternate fuels like biodiesel to provide a suitable diesel oil substitute for internal combustion engines. Biodiesel offer a very promising alternate to diesel oil since they are renewable and have similar properties. Further it can be used with/without any modifications to the engine. It is an oxygenated fuel and emissions of carbon monoxide are less unlike fossil fuels, the use of biodiesel does not contribute to global warming as CO2 emitted is once again absorbed by the plants grown for vegetable oil/biodiesel production, thus CO2 balance is maintained. In the present work the Honge and Jatropha Curcas oil (Biodiesel) at various blends is used with pure diesel to study its effect on performance and emission characteristics of the engine. The performance of the engine under different operating conditions and blends are compared by calculating the brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption by using pure diesel and adding various blends of Honge and Jatropha Curcas oil to diesel. The exhaust gas analyzers and smoke meters are used to find the percentage of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), Hydrocarbons (HC) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions.
The Investigation Of Utilizing Rapeseed Flowers Oil As A Reliable Feedstock T...IJERA Editor
The world demand for energy in recent decade has been dramatic. Indeed, several hydrocarbons reservoirs are depleted around the world. Moreover, the using of fossil fuels for example, natural gas and coal is emitted high quantities of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases to the environment that contributed in global worming phenomenon. Hence, many researchers and energy companies are attended and investigated to find out a new and reliable renewable energy source for example, biogas and biodiesel. Indeed, biodiesel can consider a reliable fuel due to many advantages for instance, reduce the global worming phenomenon, reduces carbon dioxide emissions and sustainable energy source. In fact, biodiesel can be produced from several resources for example, vegetable oil and animal fats. Rapeseed oil may consider a quite reliable and cheap source to produce biodiesel. Indeed, it has been observed that during the spring session in Iraqi Kurdistan region, wild rapeseed flowers are growing naturally in many cities of Iraqi Kurdistan for example, Sulaymaniyah, Ranya and Koya. The observed wild rapeseed flowers are produced considerable amounts of rape seed that can be invested to produced rapeseed oil and biodiesel. Therefore, this study is aimed to produce a reliable biodiesel from rapeseed flower oil by adopting transesterification reaction. Furthermore, this study has also applied process production parameters to find out the optimum operating conditions to produce biodiesel form the rapeseed oil for instance, amount of catalyst 1.25 % KOH and amount of methanol on biodiesel production yield about 7:1.Moreover, several laboratory tests for example, density, cloud point, pour point and cetane value have been applied for the produced biodiesel.
Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil By Co-Solvent Method.IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:- Biodiesel is a mixture of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from a renewable lipid feedstock. It can be used as an alternative fuel as the fossil fuels are getting depleted day by day. Moreover the use of biodiesel leads to the substantial reduction in the pollution caused by PM, HC, CO etc. This paper consists of the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using alkaline catalysts NAOH and KOH and cosolvent acetone in the presence of methanol. Waste cooking oil is used because of its high oil content and abundant availability. This method used is co-solvent method.
Notable improvement of fuel properties of waste tire pyrolysis oil by blendin...Adib Bin Rashid
A comprehensive fuel property using neat diesel, neat tire (100% tire oil after distillation of crude tire oil from pyrolysis
process) oil, diesel–tire oil blend and diesel–tire oil–biodiesel blends were investigated in this study. The tire oil was derived
from waste tire by pyrolysis process at a temperature of 450 ◦C. The tire oil was upgraded by the fractional distillation
process. Different proportions (10 vol% and 20 vol%) of waste tire oil were mixed with a reference diesel fuel. Various ratios, including 10 vol% and 20 vol% biodiesel was blended with waste tire oil and waste tire oil–diesel blends to examine the fuel properties with a target to use the different fuel blends as compression ignition (CI) engine’s fuel. A novel pumpkin seed oil (Cucurbita pepo) biodiesel was chosen due to its abundant availability and renewable nature. The reason for blending pumpkin
seed oil–biodiesel is to improve the waste tire oil fuel properties and investigate the influence of fuel oxygen on different fuel
properties. Binary blends, including tire oil–diesel, tire oil–biodiesel, and ternary blends, including diesel–tire oil–biodiesel, were prepared for the tests. The properties tested in this investigation were density, viscosity, higher and lower heating value, smoke limit, flash point, fire point, aniline point, pour point, cloud point, cetane number, sulphur and carbon residue, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy and elemental analysis (CHONS). The comprehensive fuel property results showed that all binary and ternary blends show similar properties compared to reference diesel. Although the binary blends of tire oil and biodiesel indicate a little inferior property than reference diesel fuel, they can be used as fuels for compression ignition engines.
Similar to Production and evaluation of biodiesel from palm oil and ghee (clarified butter) (20)
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
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Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
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Production and evaluation of biodiesel from palm oil and ghee (clarified butter)
1. Chemical and Process Engineering Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-7467 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0913 (Online)
Vol 2, 2012
Production and Evaluation of Biodiesel from Palm Oil and
Ghee (Clarified Butter)
Padmarag Deshpande1 *, Kavita Kulkarni2
1. M.Tech Student, Department of Chemical Engineering, BVDU, Pune, India
2. Associate Professor, BVDU College of Engineering, Pune, India
Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, College of Engineering, Pune, 411043, India
* E-mail- padmarag_26@yahoo.co.in
E-mail- kskulkarni@bvucoep.edu.in
Abstract
The scarcity of conventional fossil fuels, growing emissions of combustion-generated pollutants, and their
increasing costs will make biomass sources more attractive. Biodiesel has become more attractive recently
because of its environmental benefits and the fact that it is made from renewable resources. The finite
nature of fossil fuels necessitates consideration of alternative fuels from renewable sources. This article
reports experimental work on the production of biodiesel by Transesterification from two biofeeds, having
less Iodine Value; Palm oil and Ghee (known as Clarified Butter) using alkaline catalyst. The variables
affecting the yield and characteristics of the biodiesel produced from these biofeed were studied. The
biodiesel samples were physiochemically characterized according to ASTM standards. From results it was
clear that the biodiesel fuel produced from Palm oil and Ghee (Clarified Butter) was within the
recommended standards of biodiesel fuel and shows promising alternative.
Keywords: Biodiesel, Transesterification, Palm oil, Ghee (Clarified Butter), Optimum condition
1. Introduction
Biodiesel is a notable alternative to the widely used petroleum-derived diesel fuel since it can be
generated by domestic natural sources such as soybeans, palm, coconuts, and even recycled cooking oil and
thus reduces dependence on diminishing petroleum fuel from foreign sources. The injection and
atomization characteristics of the vegetable oils are significantly different than those of petroleum derived
diesel fuels, mainly as the result of their high viscosities. Modern diesel engines have fuel-injection system
that is sensitive to viscosity change. One way to avoid these problems is to reduce fuel viscosity of
vegetable oil in order to improve its performance. The conversion of vegetable oils into biodiesel is an
effective way to overcome all the problems associated with the vegetable oils. Dilution, micro-
emulsification, pyrolysis, and transesterification are the four techniques applied to solve the problems
encountered with the high fuel viscosity [1, 2]. Transesterification is the most common method and leads to
monoalkyl esters of vegetable oils and fats, now called biodiesel when used for fuel purposes. The methyl
ester produced by transesterification of vegetable oil has a high cetane number, low viscosity and improved
heating value compared to those of pure vegetable oil which results in shorter ignition delay and longer
combustion duration and hence low particulate emissions. [3, 4].
Biodiesel is a cleaner burning alternative to petroleum-based diesel fuel. Just like petroleum-based
diesel fuel, biodiesel operates in the compression ignition (diesel) engines. The successful introduction and
commercialization of biodiesel in many countries around the world has been accompanied by the
development of standards to ensure high product quality and user confidence [5]. Some biodiesel standards
are ASTM D6751 (ASTM = American Society for Testing and Materials) and the European standard EN
14214. The biodiesel is characterized by determining its physical and fuel properties including density,
viscosity, iodine value, acid value, cloud point, pure point, gross heat of combustion and volatility. In
general, biodiesel compares well to petroleum-based diesel [6, 7].
Elemental composition and relative amounts of compounds present in biodiesel and diesel fuel are given
in Tables 1 and 2. Due to presence of electronegative element oxygen, biodiesel is slightly more polar than
diesel fuel as a result viscosity of biodiesel is higher than diesel fuel. Presence of elemental oxygen lowers
the heating value of biodiesel when compared the diesel fuel. The lower heating value (LHV) is the most
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common value used for engine applications [8].
Table. 1. Elemental analysis of biodiesel and diesel fuels [8]
Elements Composition (%)
Biodiesel Diesel fuel
Carbon (C) 79.6 86.4
Hydrogen (H) 10.5 13.6
Oxygen (O) 8.6 -
Nitrogen (N) 1.3 -
C/H 7.6 6.5
Table. 2. Composition of biodiesel and diesel fuels [8]
Type of compounds Biodiesel Diesel fuel
n-Aliphatic 15.2 67.4
olefinic 84.7 3.4
Aromatics - 20.1
Naphthenes - 9.1
Transesterification:
Transesterification is a most common [9] and well established chemical reaction in which a primary alcohol
reacts with the triglycerides of fatty acids (vegetable oil) in presence of a catalyst to form glycerol and
esters [10, 11-13].
Fig.1. Transesterification of Triglycerides with alcohol
Where R1, R2, R3 are long-chain hydrocarbons, sometimes called fatty acid chains [11]. For an alkali
catalyzed transesterification, the triglycerides should have lower free fatty acid (FFA) content, and the
alcohol must be anhydrous to render soap formation. Soap formation lowers the yield of esters and renders
the separation of esters and glycerol [14, 15, 16]. Up to about 5% FFA, the reaction can be catalyzed using
an alkali catalyst [17]. The extent of transesterification and side reactions depends upon the type of
feedstock, catalyst formulation, catalyst concentration, alcohol-to-oil ratio, reaction temperature and
reaction time [18, 19].
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Table 3. Biodiesel, B100, specifications (ASTM D 6751 – 02 requirements)
Properties Limits Units
0
Flash point 130 min. C
0
Kinematic viscosity at 40 C 1.9 – 6.0 mm2/s
Water and sediment 0.050 max % volume
Specific gravity 0.86-0.89 -
0
Cloud point report C
0
Pour point -10 to 12 C
Acid value 0.80 max mg KOH/g
0
Distillation temperature,90% 327 max. C
recovered
This experimental work was focused on the production of biodiesel from Palm oil and Ghee (Clarified
Butter) using transesterification with sodium hydroxide as alkaline catalyst and methanol as alcohol to
react with Triglyceride. The reason for taking this as a Bio-Feedstock is these biofeed shows low iodine
number and less degree of unsaturation [20]. High Iodine value of any vegetable oil sample shows high
degree of unsaturation. When heating unsaturated fatty acids, polymerization of glycerides occur, this may
lead to the gum formation. Some physical properties of the vegetable oils are shown in Table 4. [21, 22,
23].
Table 4. Some physical properties of the biofeed
Properties Palm oil Ghee(Clarified butter)[24]
Specific gravity 0.9072 0.9390
Kinematic viscosity, at 400C 42.5 mm2/sec 54.6 mm2/sec
Acid value,mg KOH/g 0.437 0.374
Iodine value 40 36.7
Pour point,0C 22 35
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Materials
In this study two commercially biofeeds: Palm oil and Ghee (Clarified Butter) were used in the
methyl ester production. Pure sodium hydroxide as alkaline catalyst and methyl alcohol (Methanol) of
99.5% purity (density: 0.791–0.792 kg/l) were used in the transesterification process.
2.2. Experimental procedures
The transesterification was carried out in 2 l reaction flask equipped with stirrer, thermometer and
heating mantle. The transesterification process was studied at three catalyst loadings (0.15%, 0.5% and
1.5% NaOH wt/wt), and three alcohol-to-oil ratios (0.15, 0.25 and 0.45 v/v) at a reaction time (0.5–3 h) at
60 ± 2 OC. Also, transesterification reaction was studied at different operating temperature in the range (40-
70 OC) keeping other parameter constant. Care was taken to make biofeed free from water, as any water or
moisture in the system will consume some of catalyst and slowdown the transesterification reaction. Hence;
Feed (Palm oil) was preheated at 110 0C in order to ensure complete removal of water; if present.
The catalyst was dissolved into methanol by stirring. 1000 ml of the oil was introduced into the reaction
flask. After the appropriate temperature was reached, NaOH previously dissolved in methanol was added
and the mixture was continuously stirred at 400-600 rpm by means of a stirrer. After the preestablished
the mixture was carefully transferred to a separating funnel and allowed to stand there overnight. Lower
value of the specific gravity of the final product is an indication of completion of reaction and removal of
heavy glycerin [25].The lower layer (mainly glycerol, some methanol and catalyst) was drained out. The
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upper layer (methyl esters, some methanol and traces of the catalyst) was then cleaned thoroughly by
washing with warm (500C) distilled water in order to remove the impurities like uncreated methanol,
uncreated oil and catalyst and again mixture was settled to give methyl ester as top layer; water phase from
bottom was drained out. Once the phases had been separated, the excess alcohol and water traces were
removed and biodiesel was dried with flash evaporation.
Same procedure as mentioned above was repeated using Ghee (Clarified Butter) as a biofeed for the
production of Biodiesel (Methyl ester) and studied at different operating variables such as catalyst loading
in the range (0.15-2% NaOH wt/wt) and methanol to oil ratio v/v in the range (0.15- 0.55v/v) at operating
temperature 60 ± 2 OC.The effect of reaction time was also studied on methyl ester yield.
3. Result and Discussion
Alkaline catalyst transesterification of Palm oil and Ghee (Clarified Butter) was carried out taking
consideration to achieve maximum yield of biodiesel methyl ester, so factors affecting the yield of the
methyl ester were studied.
3.1 Factors affecting the yield of methyl ester
3.1.1 Effect of alcohol
100
90
80
Methyl ester yield
70
60
palm methyl ester
50
Ghee methyl ester
40
%
30
20
10
0
0.15 0.25 0.45 0.55
Methanol amount 0.5 wt%, temperature 600C, reaction time
Fig.2. Effect of methanol to oil ratio on methyl ester yield (NaOH (v/v)
1.5 h)
The important parameter affecting the yield of methyl ester is ratio of methanol to oil (biofeed) (v/v)
basis. The above graph shows that the yield increases with increase in methanol/oil(biofeed) ratio in
reaction,whereas,for ghee, the yield is comparatively low with same amount of methanol/ghee ratio[Fig.2].
Most researchers found that excess alcohol was required to drive the reaction close to completion.
Higher molar ratios result in greater ester production in a shorter time [25].
In the present research, methanol was used. The effect of methanol in the range of 0.25 to 0.55 (v/v ratio)
at 60 ± 1 0C was investigated, keeping other process parameters fixed. Presence of sufficient amount of
methanol during transesterification is essential to break glycerin, fatty acid linkages. But when the ratio
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increased to 0.45, high methanol amounts interfere with the separation of glycerin because of an increase in
solubility; the glycerin remaining in the solution drives the equilibrium back to the left side of reaction,
resulting in the lower yield of esters. This means that the maximum conversion (optimum condition) to the
methyl ester is achieved at a ratio (methanol/biofeed) of 0.25(v/v).
3.1.2. Effect of catalyst concentration
The effect of catalyst loading (NaOH) on methyl ester conversion was studied for two different biofeed
i.e. ,Palm oil and Ghee(Clarified Butter) in the range of 0.15-1.5 wt/wt % at 60 ± 2 OC and 0.25 v/v ratio
[Fig.3].
100
90
80
70
Methyl ester yield %
60
50 palm methyl ester
40 Ghee methyl ester
30
20
10
0
0.15 0.5 1.5 2.5
Catalyst concentration (wt (methanol/oil 0.25, temperature 600C, reaction
Fig.3. Effect of catalyst concentration on methyl ester yield%)
time 1.5 h)
It was observed that the yield of the methyl esters was small at lower catalyst concentration due to
incomplete reaction, and then increased as the catalyst concentration was increased. The optimal yield was
observed at 0.5 wt%. However, using higher catalyst concentrations than 0.5 wt%, the yield decreased and
resulted in no clear separation during settling, while during washing with warm de-ionized water more soap
was observed, due to the excess catalyst favoring the process of saponification.
Therefore the optimum catalyst concentration was found to be 0.5 wt/wt% for sufficient methyl ester
production. Also, it was observed that the yield of Palm oil methyl ester is comparatively high (more than
90%) than Ghee methyl ester.
3.1.3 Effect of Operating Temperature
The effect of operating temperature was observed at 40, 60, and 70 0C keeping other parameters fixed.
[Fig.4]. It was found that near boiling point of methanol (methanol B.P:64.2 0C)[26] at 60 0C,methyl ester
yield is maximum with shorter reaction time time(1 hr),whereas at 40 0C yield was low and reaction time
was more.
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It was observed that increase in temperature favors the influence on methyl ester conversion, but the
operating temperature higher than boiling point of methanol, will evaporate the alcohol and thus resulted in
less yield.
120
100
80
Methyl ester yield %
60 Palm methyl ester
Ghee methyl ester
40
20
0
40 60 70
Operating Temperature, 0C
Fig.4. Effect of operating temperature on methyl ester yield (catalyst concentration 0.5 wt%, methanol/oil
0.25v/v)
3.1.4 Effect of Reaction time
120
100
80
Methyl ester yield %
60 Palm methyl ester
Ghee methyl ester
40
20
0
0.5 1 2 3
Reaction time, h
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Fig.5. Effect of reaction time on methyl ester yield (methanol/oil, 0.25 v/v, catalyst concentration 0.5 wt%,
temperature 600C)
Reaction time in this study was investigated using the optimal parameters obtained in the experimental
work. Several investigators found that the transesterification reaction starts very fast and almost 80% of the
conversion takes place in the first 30 min and after 1 h, almost 93–98% conversion of the triglycerides into
ester takes place [27, 28].
In the present work, the effect of reaction time from 0.5–3 h on the reaction yield was investigated [Fig.
5]. It was clear that the conversion was lower for shorter times and increased as the time was increased to 1
h. Increasing the reaction time to beyond 1 h no noticeable change in the yield was detected, the ester yield
change slightly. But for Ghee methyl ester yield was lower than palm oil methyl ester and reaction time was
much higher than palm oil methyl ester conversion.
3.2 Properties of fatty acid methyl ester (Biodiesel)
The physical properties of biodiesel derived from Palm oil and Ghee (Clarified Butter) were evaluated
in laboratory using specific gravity, API Gravity, Kinematic viscosity, Flash point, Pour point, Heat of
combustion, ASTM Distillation, Refractive Index [29,30]. The physical properties of methyl ester
(biodiesel) were similar to those of diesel fuel. The results are tabulated below:
Table.5. Results
Properties Biodiesel Standard Diesel
Palm methyl ester Ghee methyl ester Fuel
Specific gravity 0.866 0.876 0.858
API gravity 31.9 28.20 34.97
Kinematic Viscosity at 40 4.1 5.2 3.4
0
C,cSt
Flash Point,0C 140 164 55
Pour Point, 0C 9 2 -6
Cloud point, 0C 12 5 -3
Heating Value, MJ/Kg 40.01 37.06 43.8
Distillation temperature, at 320 max 312 max 327 max
90% recovery, 0C
Acid value, mg KOH/g 0.27 0.32 0.12
Refractive index, at 30 0C 1.430 1.431 1.425
3.2.1. Specific Gravity, API Gravity and Diesel Index
Specific gravity represents the ratio of weight of experimental solution with distilled water at
constant standard temperature. The specific gravity of palm oil is 0.9072 and of ghee is 0.9390, where as
the specific gravity of biodiesel is 0.866 and 0.876 respectively, thus there is decrease in specific gravity of
biodiesel. This indicates that the product obtained is lighter than the feed. The specific gravity of Diesel
fuel is 0.858, which is just matching the specific gravity of biodiesel. Hence the biodiesel can be used in
diesel engine as an alternative as per the gravity is concern.
As API gravity is inversely proportional to the specific gravity hence palm oil biodiesel have high
API gravity than that of ghee biodiesel and less than standard diesel fuel.
3.2.2. Viscosity
Viscosity is the most important property of biodiesels since it affects the operation of fuel injection
equipment, particularly at low temperatures when an increase in viscosity affects the fluidity of the fuel.
High viscosity leads to poorer atomization of the fuel spray and less accurate operation of the fuel injectors.
The lower the viscosity of the biodiesel, the easier it is to pump and atomize and achieve finer droplets
The conversion of triglycerides into methyl or ethyl esters through the transesterification process reduces
the molecular weight to one third that of the triglyceride and reduces the viscosity by a factor of about
Biodiesels have a viscosity close to that of diesel fuels. As the oil temperature increases its viscosity
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decreases [32]. Vegetable oils can be used as fuel for combustion engines, but their viscosity is much higher
than that of common diesel fuel and requires modifications to the engines. The major problem associated
with the use of pure vegetable oils as fuels for diesel engines is high fuel viscosity in the compression
ignition. Therefore, vegetable oils are converted into their methyl esters (biodiesel) by transesterification.
The viscosity values of vegetable oils are between 27.2 and 53.6 mm2/s, whereas those of vegetable oil
methyl esters are between 3.6 and 4.6 mm2/s. The viscosity values of vegetable oil methyl esters decrease
sharply following the transesterification process.
Here kinematic viscosity of Palm methyl ester and Ghee (Clarified butter) methyl ester were found to
be 4.1 and 5.2 mm2/s (cSt) respectively.
3.2.3. Flash point
Flash point of palm and Ghee methyl ester are much lower than pure vegetable oil and higher than
diesel. The flash point of Palm and Ghee Biodiesel are 1400C and 1640C respectively, i.e; higher than
conventional diesel fuel (55 0C). Liquid fuel with a higher flash point can prevent auto ignition and fire
hazard at high temperature during transportation and storage periods. Hence, once the higher the flash
point, for instance, the higher is the safety during handling, transportation, and storage.
3.2.4. Pour point and cloud point
Two important parameters for low-temperature applications of a fuel are cloud point (CP) and pour point
(PP). The CP is the temperature at which wax first becomes visible when the fuel is cooled. The PP is the
temperature at which the amount of wax from a solution is sufficient to gel the fuel; thus it is the lowest
temperature at which the fuel can flow. Biodiesel has a higher CP and PP compared to conventional diesel.
3.2.5. Heat of Combustion
It measures the energy content in a fuel. It is an important property of Biodiesel that determines the
suitability of these materials as alternative to diesel fuel. The heat of combustion (heating value) of
biodiesel from Palm oil and Ghee are 40.01MJ/Kg and 37.6MJ/Kg respectively.Since, the esters were
denser, the energy content of a full tank biodiesel fuel would be only 4-9% less than diesel fuel.
The esters were found to be considerably less volatile than diesel fuel. However, compression ignition
(diesel) engine generate a nonfiring temperature of about 8000C as air is compressed inside the combustion
chamber [33]. Therefore compression ignition of the esters as an alternative fuel should not be a problem.
3.2.6. Acid value
The acid value is defined as the milligrams of potassium hydroxide necessary to neutralize the free
acids in 1 g of sample. The ASTM standard for pure biodiesel sets the maximum acid value (acid number)
at 0.8 mg KOH/g.The evaluated acid value of palm oil biodiesel and ghee biodiesel is 0.27 and 0.32,thus
within the recommended range.Convntional diesel fuel possessed a very low acid value of less than o.12
3.2.6. Refractive Index
Refractive Index is the method of quick evaluation of petroleum liquid samples. The petroleum has
the refractive index in between 1.38 to 1.49. The refractive index for mineral diesel is found to be 1.425.
From observations, biodiesel has refractive index 1.430 and 1.431. These values indicate that heavier
molecules get converted into lighter one during transesterification process.
4. Conclusion
Biodiesel is a notable alternative to the widely used petroleum-derived diesel fuel since it can be
generated by domestic natural sources such as Palm oil, Ghee (Clarified Butter) and thus reduces
dependence on diminishing petroleum fuel from foreign sources. A variety of biolipids can be used to
produce biodiesel. With recent increases in petroleum prices and uncertainties concerning petroleum
availability, there is renewed interest in vegetable oil fuels and other biolipids as source for diesel engines.
Vegetable oils and fats have the potential to substitute a fraction of petroleum distillates and diesel fuel in
the near future.
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Transesterification is a chemical reaction between triglyceride and alcohol in the presence of catalyst.
The purpose of the transesterification process is to lower the viscosity of the oil. Methanol being cheaper is
the commonly used alcohol during transesterification reaction. The alkaline transesterification of vegetable
oils and clarified butter by methanol has proved to be the most promising process. Also this process proved
to be useful and technically feasible.
Alkaline catalysts have the advantages, e.g. short reaction time and relatively low temperature can be
used with only a small amount of catalyst and with little or no darkening of color of the oil. The main
advantages of biodiesel derived from the article include its domestic origin, its potential for reducing a
given economy’s dependency on imported petroleum. The biodiesel policy will help reducing of petroleum
imports and saving of foreign exchange. The biodiesel high flash point makes it possible for its easy storage
and transportation. A Biodiesel fuel as alternative to petrodiesel is technically feasible, economically
competitive, environmentally acceptable, and easily available; since it is renewable, biodegradable, non-
toxic, and essentially free of sulfur and aromatics; thus, Biodiesel seems to be a realistic fuel for future.
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