This document provides an overview of the global oil industry, including:
- The upstream and downstream segments of the oil value chain.
- Economics of the US oil value chain, including margins in different segments.
- Factors that influence petrol pricing in India such as crude oil costs, taxes, and refinery margins.
- Top global oil producers and the largest oil and gas companies.
- An overview of the Indian oil scenario including production and refining capacity.
- The refinery process and products produced.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Tabel ini menunjukan penghematan biaya oli dan BBM dengan menggunakan OIL BOOSTER.
This table shows the oil & fuel cost saving amount by using OIL BOOSTER.
TERCOSCO This newly developed procedure is based on a twofold exchange chemical reaction between the crude oil organic Sulphur components and TERCOSCO additive, which results in the annihilation of C-S chemical link, releasing the various Sulphur compounds. Once released, those Sulphur compounds, using the heavy metals already present in the sour crude oil, will form Metallic Sulphur Salts which are later (10 min.) washed out by adding 5% water. Full process takes place at low temperature (50°C) and atmospheric pressure.
Tabel ini menunjukan penghematan biaya oli dan BBM dengan menggunakan OIL BOOSTER.
This table shows the oil & fuel cost saving amount by using OIL BOOSTER.
TERCOSCO This newly developed procedure is based on a twofold exchange chemical reaction between the crude oil organic Sulphur components and TERCOSCO additive, which results in the annihilation of C-S chemical link, releasing the various Sulphur compounds. Once released, those Sulphur compounds, using the heavy metals already present in the sour crude oil, will form Metallic Sulphur Salts which are later (10 min.) washed out by adding 5% water. Full process takes place at low temperature (50°C) and atmospheric pressure.
Experimental investigation of four stroke single cylinder rope brake dynamome...Premier Publishers
The present work is focused on the effects of waste cooking oil based methyl ester and its blends with petrodiesel on a single cylinder, 4 stroke, naturally aspirated, direct injection, water cooled, rope brake dynamometer assisted CI engine at varying loads. The physical and chemical properties of WCO based methyl ester were determined using standard ASTM methods. The suitability of WCO based methyl ester and its blends were evaluated through determining the performance and emission characteristics of CI engine. These results were compared to petrodiesel for validation. By analyzing these results, it was observed that the performance and emission characteristics were shown both satisfactory and unsatisfactory results. This was due to lower calorific value and high viscosity of waste cooking oil methyl ester resulted delay in combustion. From the critical analysis, it was observed that B20 of WCO based methyl ester reserved 32.2% brake thermal efficiency slightly greater than petrodiesel i.e. 32% without any engine modifications. It is concluded that B20 of WCO based methyl ester is suitable with no modification in engine.
Notable improvement of fuel properties of waste tire pyrolysis oil by blendin...Adib Bin Rashid
A comprehensive fuel property using neat diesel, neat tire (100% tire oil after distillation of crude tire oil from pyrolysis
process) oil, diesel–tire oil blend and diesel–tire oil–biodiesel blends were investigated in this study. The tire oil was derived
from waste tire by pyrolysis process at a temperature of 450 ◦C. The tire oil was upgraded by the fractional distillation
process. Different proportions (10 vol% and 20 vol%) of waste tire oil were mixed with a reference diesel fuel. Various ratios, including 10 vol% and 20 vol% biodiesel was blended with waste tire oil and waste tire oil–diesel blends to examine the fuel properties with a target to use the different fuel blends as compression ignition (CI) engine’s fuel. A novel pumpkin seed oil (Cucurbita pepo) biodiesel was chosen due to its abundant availability and renewable nature. The reason for blending pumpkin
seed oil–biodiesel is to improve the waste tire oil fuel properties and investigate the influence of fuel oxygen on different fuel
properties. Binary blends, including tire oil–diesel, tire oil–biodiesel, and ternary blends, including diesel–tire oil–biodiesel, were prepared for the tests. The properties tested in this investigation were density, viscosity, higher and lower heating value, smoke limit, flash point, fire point, aniline point, pour point, cloud point, cetane number, sulphur and carbon residue, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy and elemental analysis (CHONS). The comprehensive fuel property results showed that all binary and ternary blends show similar properties compared to reference diesel. Although the binary blends of tire oil and biodiesel indicate a little inferior property than reference diesel fuel, they can be used as fuels for compression ignition engines.
(تحليل أداء وإنبعاثات محرك ديزل يستخدم خليط وقود الديزل و زيت الجاتروفا )بحث ...محمد قصص فتوتة
مستخلص
الهدف من هذا البحث هو التحقق من أداء وأنبعاثات محرك ديزل يستخدم خليط وقود زيت الجاتروفا والديزل.
خواص خليط زيت الجاتروفا (10%، 15% و20% ) والديزل (90%،85، و80%) فحصت وقورنت مع خواص وقود الديزل.فحصت خواص أداء وانبعاثات عينات خليط الوقود علي محرك ديزل (رباعي الأشواط ، رباعي الأسطوانات ، نظام حقن غير مباشر ).
أختبارات خواص الوقود أظهرت زياده في كثافة خليط الوقود بنسب (3.68%، 4.16% و 4.62%) علي التوالي بالمقارنه مع كثافة الديزل (0.829 كلجم / للتر). لزوجة خليط الوقود زادت بنسب (62.5%، 88.6% و 110.8%) علي التوالي بالمقارنه مع لزوجة الديزل.القيمه الحراريه لخليط الوقود أنخفضت بالنسب (1.72%، 1.85% و 1.98) علي التوالي بالمقارنه مع القيمه الحراريه لوقود الديزل التي تعادل (46,000كيلو جول/ كلجم).
نقطة وميض خليط الوقود زادت بالنسب (17.5%، 45%، و 77.5%) علي التوالي بالمقارنه مع نقطة وميض الديزل الدنيا (40 درجه مئويه). نقطة تسحب خليط الوقود زادت بنسبه ثابته للثلاث عينات هي 67.65% بالمقارنه مع نقطة تسحب الديزل.
القدره والعزم الناتجان من المحرك عند أستخدام خليط الوقود زادتا عند السرعه الدنيا للمحرك 1600 لفه في الدقيقه ونقصتا عند السرعه العليا 2200 لفه في الدقيقه. أستهلاك الوقود زاد قليلاً عند أستخدام خليط الوقود عند السرعتين. الكفاءه الحراريه الفرمليه لخليط الوقود زادت عند السرعه العليا للمحرك 2200 لفه في الدقيقه ونقصت عند السرعه الدنيا 1600 لفه في الدقيقه بالمقارنه مع وقود الديزل. مكونات غازات العادم (أول أكسيد النتروجين، ثاني أكسيد النتروجين، أكاسيد النتروجين الأخري، ثاني أكسيد الكبريت) زادت قليلاً عند السرعات الدنيا ونقصت عند السرعات المتوسطه والعليا مقارنتاً مع انبعاثات وقود الديزل.
Enhancement in viscosity of diesel by adding vegetable oilIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
2. Agenda
• Oil Value Chain
• Oil Value Chain Economics (US)
• Petrol Pricing in India
• Petrol Prices across the world
• Global Oil Scenario
• Top 10 Proven Oil Reserves
• World’s Largest Oil & Gas Companies
• Indian Oil Scenario
• Refinery Process Overview
• Nelson Complexity Index
• Refinery Products
• How a Refinery looks like??
3. Oil Value Chain
UPSTREAM
Exploration Production
DOWNSTREAM
Refining Petrochemicals Distribution
4. Oil Value Chain Economics (US)
• Over 75% of an integrated oil company's net
margins are in the upstream.
• Crude oil costs contribute nearly 60% to pump
prices.
• Severance and gasoline taxes cost consumers
nearly 26% of pump prices.
• Company net margins for refining and
marketing are 10% of pump price.
5. Petrol Pricing in India
% of Pump
Components of Pump Price Price
Actual Crude Oil E&P Cost 15.57 Rs/litre 23.28
E&P Margin 16.98 Rs/litre 25.39
Crude Price 32.55 Rs/litre 115 $/barrel 48.67
GRM 2.26 Rs/litre 8 $/barrel 3.39
Petrol Basic Price 34.81 Rs/litre 52.05
Excise Duty (Fixed) 14.35 Rs/litre 21.46
Edu Cess (3% of Excise) 0.43 Rs/litre 0.64
Dealer commission 1.05 Rs/litre 1.57
VAT (15% of Basic+Excise) 7.60 Rs/litre 11.36
Crude Oil Custom duty 1.10 Rs/litre 1.64
Petrol Custom 1.54 Rs/litre 2.30
Transportation Charge 6.00 Rs/litre 8.97
Pump Price 66.88 Rs/litre 100.00
Assumptions:
1 barrel = 158.99 litres
INR USD Rate 45.00
E&P Margin is 75% of Full Margins of integrated company
9. Global Oil Scenario
(in (in (in
(in MMT) Prodn Capacity as a % (in MMTPA) Plant
MMTPA) MMTPA) MMTPA)
% of Oil
Proven Oil Oil Refining of Domestic Crude
reserv Efficency Consumpti
Reserves Prodn capacity Production Throughput
es on
World 171000 3929 2.30 4414 89.01 3744 84.82 3928
OPEC 130000 1758 1.35
India 775 34 4.39 180 18.89 160 88.89 130
Source: Basic Statistics of Indian Petroleum & Natural Gas 2008-09