Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
FINAL SUBMITTED PAPER-TRENDS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURES AND THEIR APPLICATIONSNavneet Agarwal
This document discusses trends in renewable energy resources and their applications, specifically in developing countries. It provides an overview of various renewable resources like hydroelectric, biomass, wind, solar, and geothermal energy. The current dominance of fossil fuels is described along with projections that they will be depleted. Renewable resources are gaining importance due to benefits like energy price stability, reduced air pollution, protecting the climate, and providing unlimited supplies. Recent growth and investments in renewable energy are also discussed. The conclusion emphasizes the environmental and economic benefits of transitioning to renewable sources.
This document discusses renewable energy resources and energy efficiency. It provides an overview of different renewable energy sources like solar, wind, hydroelectric, biomass and geothermal. It also discusses the need to conserve energy and increase energy efficiency to support economic growth while reducing dependence on fossil fuels. The document emphasizes that renewable energy has significant potential to contribute to the economy by providing a stable domestic energy supply and reducing environmental and health impacts. It concludes that widespread efforts are needed to develop renewable energy to meet future energy demand and support sustainable economic development.
Role of energy in sustainable developmentMukul Saini
1. The document discusses the role of energy for sustainable development. It defines sustainable development as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs.
2. Energy is a driver of economic growth and critical infrastructure for development. However, current energy sources are not sustainable as fossil fuels are finite and their use harms the environment.
3. For sustainable development, the document argues that renewable energy sources must be utilized at a rate equal to their natural replenishment without negative environmental impacts. This will help ensure future access to energy resources.
The document discusses global and Indian energy scenarios. It provides information on world energy resources including oil, natural gas, coal and uranium reserves. It notes that 87% of global primary energy supply comes from non-renewable sources. It also discusses India's energy consumption and production, noting that India is the third largest coal producer and consumer of electricity. However, per capita energy consumption in India remains low compared to other countries. The document outlines issues with fossil fuel dependence such as climate change, environmental hazards, and accidents. It describes the impacts of climate change such as extreme weather, sea level rise, and species extinction.
The document discusses renewable energy readiness in Nigeria. It finds that while Nigeria has abundant renewable resources like solar, wind, and hydro, current utilization is still low apart from large hydro projects. Projections show electricity demand rising dramatically by 2030. Meeting this demand will require major investment that the government cannot provide alone. The document recommends encouraging private sector investment and developing renewables on a large scale. Key agencies in Nigeria like REA and NERC are working to promote mini-grids and a supportive regulatory environment to develop renewable energy.
The document provides a cost benefit analysis of the proposed Haripur Nuclear Power Plant in West Bengal, India. Key points:
- The plant was proposed in 2006 but faced public opposition and was suspended. It would have had a capacity of 10,000 MW generated from 6 reactors.
- The site at Haripur is a fertile agricultural and fishing area that supports many local livelihoods. Building the plant would have displaced over 80,000 people.
- The analysis identifies and quantifies the various costs and benefits of the proposed plant to determine if it would provide a net benefit to society. Factors like energy production, employment, and environmental impacts are considered.
- While the plant may have
The presentation describes the complete energy scenario of World and India as of 2020. It also describes the prime energy sources that the entire world depends on.
FINAL SUBMITTED PAPER-TRENDS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURES AND THEIR APPLICATIONSNavneet Agarwal
This document discusses trends in renewable energy resources and their applications, specifically in developing countries. It provides an overview of various renewable resources like hydroelectric, biomass, wind, solar, and geothermal energy. The current dominance of fossil fuels is described along with projections that they will be depleted. Renewable resources are gaining importance due to benefits like energy price stability, reduced air pollution, protecting the climate, and providing unlimited supplies. Recent growth and investments in renewable energy are also discussed. The conclusion emphasizes the environmental and economic benefits of transitioning to renewable sources.
This document discusses renewable energy resources and energy efficiency. It provides an overview of different renewable energy sources like solar, wind, hydroelectric, biomass and geothermal. It also discusses the need to conserve energy and increase energy efficiency to support economic growth while reducing dependence on fossil fuels. The document emphasizes that renewable energy has significant potential to contribute to the economy by providing a stable domestic energy supply and reducing environmental and health impacts. It concludes that widespread efforts are needed to develop renewable energy to meet future energy demand and support sustainable economic development.
Role of energy in sustainable developmentMukul Saini
1. The document discusses the role of energy for sustainable development. It defines sustainable development as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs.
2. Energy is a driver of economic growth and critical infrastructure for development. However, current energy sources are not sustainable as fossil fuels are finite and their use harms the environment.
3. For sustainable development, the document argues that renewable energy sources must be utilized at a rate equal to their natural replenishment without negative environmental impacts. This will help ensure future access to energy resources.
The document discusses global and Indian energy scenarios. It provides information on world energy resources including oil, natural gas, coal and uranium reserves. It notes that 87% of global primary energy supply comes from non-renewable sources. It also discusses India's energy consumption and production, noting that India is the third largest coal producer and consumer of electricity. However, per capita energy consumption in India remains low compared to other countries. The document outlines issues with fossil fuel dependence such as climate change, environmental hazards, and accidents. It describes the impacts of climate change such as extreme weather, sea level rise, and species extinction.
The document discusses renewable energy readiness in Nigeria. It finds that while Nigeria has abundant renewable resources like solar, wind, and hydro, current utilization is still low apart from large hydro projects. Projections show electricity demand rising dramatically by 2030. Meeting this demand will require major investment that the government cannot provide alone. The document recommends encouraging private sector investment and developing renewables on a large scale. Key agencies in Nigeria like REA and NERC are working to promote mini-grids and a supportive regulatory environment to develop renewable energy.
The document provides a cost benefit analysis of the proposed Haripur Nuclear Power Plant in West Bengal, India. Key points:
- The plant was proposed in 2006 but faced public opposition and was suspended. It would have had a capacity of 10,000 MW generated from 6 reactors.
- The site at Haripur is a fertile agricultural and fishing area that supports many local livelihoods. Building the plant would have displaced over 80,000 people.
- The analysis identifies and quantifies the various costs and benefits of the proposed plant to determine if it would provide a net benefit to society. Factors like energy production, employment, and environmental impacts are considered.
- While the plant may have
The presentation describes the complete energy scenario of World and India as of 2020. It also describes the prime energy sources that the entire world depends on.
This document provides an overview of renewable energy sources and economics. It discusses various renewable sources like biomass, hydropower, wind, solar, and geothermal energy. Biomass is limited by the land needed for growth. Hydropower depends on water flow and elevation change, with the best sites already developed in many places. Renewable energy costs are declining but remain higher than fossil fuels currently, though external costs are not fully reflected in fossil fuel prices. Transitioning to renewable energy will require policy support and infrastructure changes.
heavily on fossil fuel
Need to shift toward renewable energy
Government take initiative to increase share of
renewable energy
R&D and technology advancement help to make
renewable energy economical
Public private partnership play a crucial role
With proper policy and planning, India can meet
energy demand from renewable energy sources
This document discusses India's energy sector. It notes that India relies heavily on fossil fuels but is seeking to increase its use of renewable energy. Some key points made include:
- India relies on fossil fuels for 80% of its energy needs but resources are limited and cause pollution.
- Renewable energy development is increasing, with solar and wind being major focuses. The National
This document discusses various sources of clean and renewable energy, including solar, wind, biomass, hydroelectric, geothermal, and tidal energy. It provides details on how each type of energy works, global installed capacities, and applications. The conclusion emphasizes that a transition to clean energy sources is needed to meet growing power demand in a sustainable way. India has set targets to significantly increase renewable energy capacities by 2022 in order to encourage the use of clean energy.
India faces significant energy issues due to its large population and rapid economic growth. Non-conventional energy resources (NCER) like solar, wind, biomass, and hydro offer promising solutions. The document discusses India's current energy scenario and proposes increasing the use of NCER systems to address power shortages. Key NCER resources discussed include solar, wind, biomass, tidal, geothermal, and hydro energy. Solar and wind energy have large potential in India. Biomass potential from agricultural waste is estimated at 22,000 MW. Tidal energy uses tidal differences to power turbines. Geothermal taps heat from the Earth's core, and hydro uses falling or fast-running water.
The document discusses India's energy needs and roadmap. It notes that India is both a major energy producer and consumer, but is still a net importer due to its large oil consumption. It highlights India's growing energy demand and dependence on imports as major concerns. The document outlines India's current energy sources and proposes various options to meet future demand, including fossil fuels, hydrogen, nuclear, biomass, and renewable energy. It emphasizes the need for a sustainable energy pathway to ensure India's energy security.
Energy consumption and economic wellbeingnanditasarker
This document discusses energy consumption trends globally and by various countries and sectors. It makes three key points:
1. Energy is essential for improving living standards and powering economic development as countries industrialize. Energy supplies will need to expand to meet growing demand.
2. Total energy consumption and per capita energy usage has increased significantly in recent decades, especially in developing countries like China, and is projected to continue rising to support economic growth.
3. Transportation, industry, and residential sectors account for the majority of energy consumption, with natural gas and oil being the dominant fuel sources globally and in most countries. Improving energy efficiency can reduce costs for economies.
Energy conservation in India faces challenges in bridging the large gap between energy supply and demand. While India has significantly increased installed power capacity since independence, demand continues to outpace supply, resulting in shortages. Conservation can help address this issue by reducing consumption and acting as a new source of energy. Key areas for conservation include improving power factor in industries, optimizing plant load factors, insulating furnaces and vessels, and promoting renewable sources like solar and wind power. However, changing energy usage behaviors and adopting new technologies also presents challenges.
Highly industrialized countries consume much more electrical energy than others due to different lifestyles affecting energy usage. The production and distribution of electricity is a major step in a country's development, so most countries aim to develop their energy production to reach economic goals and stability. Fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas are extracted through surface mining, offshore oil platforms, and hydraulic fracturing to produce energy globally.
Peak Shaving Using Grid-Connected Solar Panels Case Study: Ministry of Islami...IJERA Editor
The main purpose of this paper is to introduce the application of renewable energy, namely solar energy,for peak shaving during peak loads and to investigate the feasibility of using grid-connected solar system for electricity generation in Ministry of Awqaf mosques. PVsyst software is used to find the optimal design for total connected load of 80 kW. The technical performance of 80 kWgrid-connected photovoltaic (PV) solar systems was investigated. Applying renewable energy in building is required by Kuwait government, all sectors should use 30% of the consumed energy from renewable energy in year 2030. The total cost of the solar systems for 1400 mosques is around 512 million dollars and the total cost of energyis39 milliondollars per year according to 0.2 dollarwhich mean that the payback period within 13 years.Based on the study results, the development of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV)solar system in Awqaf mosques in Kuwait could be economically viable and provide peak shaving during peak loads.
This document provides an overview of renewable resources and discusses various renewable energy sources in India. It defines renewable resources as substances that can be naturally replenished and discusses renewable sources like solar, wind, tidal, and biomass energy. It notes that renewable sources hold great potential but are currently underutilized in India. The document advocates increasing reliance on renewable sources and decreasing dependence on non-renewable fossil fuels to address energy demands in a sustainable way.
Ret leccture 2 energy scenario in rural indiaB.k. Das
Rural areas in India rely heavily on biomass for cooking and kerosene for lighting due to lack of access to modern energy. Biomass cooking leads to health and environmental issues. While some villages are classified as electrified if they have even basic electricity access, only 44% of rural households actually have electricity access compared to 87% of urban households. Rural areas consume energy for cooking, lighting, farming, local enterprises, water, schools and more. Key energy sources in rural areas include biomass, kerosene, electricity, and solar power has potential. Improving rural energy access requires understanding diverse rural energy needs beyond just cooking and lighting.
Presently, there is rapid growth in Technology advancement. Developed countries are searching for new alternative energy sources to minimize the pressure on natural sources like gas, uranium, oil, coal, etc. However, natural sources of energy are inadequate and expensive, which also contributed heavily to greenhouse gas emissions. Developing countries like Nigeria are also trying to exploit different renewable energy sources like solar energy, hydropower, wind energy, bioenergy, etc. to accomplish their increasing demand and also to eradicate the energy crisis Nigeria has been experiencing due to insufficient electricity generation. This paper analyses the importance of renewable sources, the challenges and the benefits. This paper also analyses how renewable energy can be accepted as a perfect solution for economic development.
Global Energy Consumption and alternative technologiesKnut Linke
Global energy consumption is increasing at 2.4% annually, straining resources and causing more pollution. Residential energy usage, especially for heating, cooling and hot water, accounts for a large portion of total usage. Alternative technologies like solar PV, solar thermal, and geothermal can help reduce energy consumption and shift to cleaner sources. These technologies are becoming more affordable with government incentives that cover 30% or more of installation costs, making them viable options for homeowners looking to save money and help the environment.
- The document discusses a quantitative study on public perception of nuclear power in Nigeria. It analyzes data collected through questionnaires to understand perceptions.
- The study found that the majority of respondents had a positive perception of nuclear power. It also found statistically significant differences in perceptions among different age groups.
- Both genders were found to have similar levels of support for building nuclear power in Nigeria, according to the study. The study concluded that nuclear power could help boost Nigeria's energy security if plants were located away from settlements in remote areas.
India has significant potential for renewable energy from solar, wind, hydro, and biomass.
Currently, 15,326 MW of renewable energy is installed. Coal supplies most electricity but renewable energy accounts for 1/3 of total energy consumption. The government aims to expand renewable energy to meet rising energy demand and address the energy deficit. Policies support solar manufacturing and the National Solar Mission targets 20,000 MW of solar power by 2020. India has excellent solar resources and increasing energy needs, positioning it to become a major solar market.
Renewable and sustainable energy reviewsHITESHDAS14
The document summarizes renewable and sustainable energy sources. It discusses various renewable technologies including solar energy applications like solar thermal and solar power, wind energy, bioenergy sources like biogas from anaerobic digestion, biodiesel, and biomass gasification. It also discusses hydrogen production from biomass and the use of gasifiers for power generation. The conclusion states that renewable technologies like solar drying, biodiesel, and wind energy have the potential to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and fossil fuel consumption while providing sustainable energy solutions.
This document provides an overview of India's energy sector. It discusses that India currently meets 71% of its energy demand through domestic production, with 41% coming from thermal power plants. While renewable energy sources like solar, wind and biomass are growing, they still only make up a small portion of India's total energy mix. The document also outlines various government policies and initiatives that aim to increase renewable energy usage and reform the energy sector to better meet India's growing demand in a sustainable manner.
This document discusses India's energy sources and scenario. It notes that India relies heavily on non-renewable sources like coal, oil, and natural gas to meet its increasing energy demands. Coal accounts for 55% of India's total energy supply. While India has significant potential for renewable energy like solar, wind and hydro, renewable energy currently does not make up a large share of its energy mix. The government has launched various renewable energy missions to boost the renewable sector. However, thermal power plants will still likely be the main energy source in the near future, though nuclear and large hydro plants may replace some thermal capacity over time.
This document provides an introduction to non-conventional energy sources. It defines various types of energy sources such as primary and secondary, commercial and non-commercial, and renewable and non-renewable. India's energy scenario is discussed, noting its rapid economic growth places high demand on energy resources. Coal, petroleum and natural gas make up a large portion of India's energy production and consumption currently, though renewable sources such as solar, wind and biomass have significant untapped potential.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the impact of silver nanoparticles on the biomass and chlorophyll content of two plant species, Vigna radiata and Brassica campestris. Seedlings of both plant species were exposed to different concentrations (50, 500, 1000 μg/mL) of silver nanoparticles and silver ions for 12 days. Exposure to high concentrations (500, 1000 μg/mL) of silver nanoparticles and ions resulted in significant reductions in the fresh and dry weights of roots and shoots of both plant species over time. V. radiata was found to be more resistant to the effects than B. campestris. Treatment with silver nanoparticles also led to significant decreases in the total chlorophyll content of both species
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
This document provides an overview of renewable energy sources and economics. It discusses various renewable sources like biomass, hydropower, wind, solar, and geothermal energy. Biomass is limited by the land needed for growth. Hydropower depends on water flow and elevation change, with the best sites already developed in many places. Renewable energy costs are declining but remain higher than fossil fuels currently, though external costs are not fully reflected in fossil fuel prices. Transitioning to renewable energy will require policy support and infrastructure changes.
heavily on fossil fuel
Need to shift toward renewable energy
Government take initiative to increase share of
renewable energy
R&D and technology advancement help to make
renewable energy economical
Public private partnership play a crucial role
With proper policy and planning, India can meet
energy demand from renewable energy sources
This document discusses India's energy sector. It notes that India relies heavily on fossil fuels but is seeking to increase its use of renewable energy. Some key points made include:
- India relies on fossil fuels for 80% of its energy needs but resources are limited and cause pollution.
- Renewable energy development is increasing, with solar and wind being major focuses. The National
This document discusses various sources of clean and renewable energy, including solar, wind, biomass, hydroelectric, geothermal, and tidal energy. It provides details on how each type of energy works, global installed capacities, and applications. The conclusion emphasizes that a transition to clean energy sources is needed to meet growing power demand in a sustainable way. India has set targets to significantly increase renewable energy capacities by 2022 in order to encourage the use of clean energy.
India faces significant energy issues due to its large population and rapid economic growth. Non-conventional energy resources (NCER) like solar, wind, biomass, and hydro offer promising solutions. The document discusses India's current energy scenario and proposes increasing the use of NCER systems to address power shortages. Key NCER resources discussed include solar, wind, biomass, tidal, geothermal, and hydro energy. Solar and wind energy have large potential in India. Biomass potential from agricultural waste is estimated at 22,000 MW. Tidal energy uses tidal differences to power turbines. Geothermal taps heat from the Earth's core, and hydro uses falling or fast-running water.
The document discusses India's energy needs and roadmap. It notes that India is both a major energy producer and consumer, but is still a net importer due to its large oil consumption. It highlights India's growing energy demand and dependence on imports as major concerns. The document outlines India's current energy sources and proposes various options to meet future demand, including fossil fuels, hydrogen, nuclear, biomass, and renewable energy. It emphasizes the need for a sustainable energy pathway to ensure India's energy security.
Energy consumption and economic wellbeingnanditasarker
This document discusses energy consumption trends globally and by various countries and sectors. It makes three key points:
1. Energy is essential for improving living standards and powering economic development as countries industrialize. Energy supplies will need to expand to meet growing demand.
2. Total energy consumption and per capita energy usage has increased significantly in recent decades, especially in developing countries like China, and is projected to continue rising to support economic growth.
3. Transportation, industry, and residential sectors account for the majority of energy consumption, with natural gas and oil being the dominant fuel sources globally and in most countries. Improving energy efficiency can reduce costs for economies.
Energy conservation in India faces challenges in bridging the large gap between energy supply and demand. While India has significantly increased installed power capacity since independence, demand continues to outpace supply, resulting in shortages. Conservation can help address this issue by reducing consumption and acting as a new source of energy. Key areas for conservation include improving power factor in industries, optimizing plant load factors, insulating furnaces and vessels, and promoting renewable sources like solar and wind power. However, changing energy usage behaviors and adopting new technologies also presents challenges.
Highly industrialized countries consume much more electrical energy than others due to different lifestyles affecting energy usage. The production and distribution of electricity is a major step in a country's development, so most countries aim to develop their energy production to reach economic goals and stability. Fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas are extracted through surface mining, offshore oil platforms, and hydraulic fracturing to produce energy globally.
Peak Shaving Using Grid-Connected Solar Panels Case Study: Ministry of Islami...IJERA Editor
The main purpose of this paper is to introduce the application of renewable energy, namely solar energy,for peak shaving during peak loads and to investigate the feasibility of using grid-connected solar system for electricity generation in Ministry of Awqaf mosques. PVsyst software is used to find the optimal design for total connected load of 80 kW. The technical performance of 80 kWgrid-connected photovoltaic (PV) solar systems was investigated. Applying renewable energy in building is required by Kuwait government, all sectors should use 30% of the consumed energy from renewable energy in year 2030. The total cost of the solar systems for 1400 mosques is around 512 million dollars and the total cost of energyis39 milliondollars per year according to 0.2 dollarwhich mean that the payback period within 13 years.Based on the study results, the development of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV)solar system in Awqaf mosques in Kuwait could be economically viable and provide peak shaving during peak loads.
This document provides an overview of renewable resources and discusses various renewable energy sources in India. It defines renewable resources as substances that can be naturally replenished and discusses renewable sources like solar, wind, tidal, and biomass energy. It notes that renewable sources hold great potential but are currently underutilized in India. The document advocates increasing reliance on renewable sources and decreasing dependence on non-renewable fossil fuels to address energy demands in a sustainable way.
Ret leccture 2 energy scenario in rural indiaB.k. Das
Rural areas in India rely heavily on biomass for cooking and kerosene for lighting due to lack of access to modern energy. Biomass cooking leads to health and environmental issues. While some villages are classified as electrified if they have even basic electricity access, only 44% of rural households actually have electricity access compared to 87% of urban households. Rural areas consume energy for cooking, lighting, farming, local enterprises, water, schools and more. Key energy sources in rural areas include biomass, kerosene, electricity, and solar power has potential. Improving rural energy access requires understanding diverse rural energy needs beyond just cooking and lighting.
Presently, there is rapid growth in Technology advancement. Developed countries are searching for new alternative energy sources to minimize the pressure on natural sources like gas, uranium, oil, coal, etc. However, natural sources of energy are inadequate and expensive, which also contributed heavily to greenhouse gas emissions. Developing countries like Nigeria are also trying to exploit different renewable energy sources like solar energy, hydropower, wind energy, bioenergy, etc. to accomplish their increasing demand and also to eradicate the energy crisis Nigeria has been experiencing due to insufficient electricity generation. This paper analyses the importance of renewable sources, the challenges and the benefits. This paper also analyses how renewable energy can be accepted as a perfect solution for economic development.
Global Energy Consumption and alternative technologiesKnut Linke
Global energy consumption is increasing at 2.4% annually, straining resources and causing more pollution. Residential energy usage, especially for heating, cooling and hot water, accounts for a large portion of total usage. Alternative technologies like solar PV, solar thermal, and geothermal can help reduce energy consumption and shift to cleaner sources. These technologies are becoming more affordable with government incentives that cover 30% or more of installation costs, making them viable options for homeowners looking to save money and help the environment.
- The document discusses a quantitative study on public perception of nuclear power in Nigeria. It analyzes data collected through questionnaires to understand perceptions.
- The study found that the majority of respondents had a positive perception of nuclear power. It also found statistically significant differences in perceptions among different age groups.
- Both genders were found to have similar levels of support for building nuclear power in Nigeria, according to the study. The study concluded that nuclear power could help boost Nigeria's energy security if plants were located away from settlements in remote areas.
India has significant potential for renewable energy from solar, wind, hydro, and biomass.
Currently, 15,326 MW of renewable energy is installed. Coal supplies most electricity but renewable energy accounts for 1/3 of total energy consumption. The government aims to expand renewable energy to meet rising energy demand and address the energy deficit. Policies support solar manufacturing and the National Solar Mission targets 20,000 MW of solar power by 2020. India has excellent solar resources and increasing energy needs, positioning it to become a major solar market.
Renewable and sustainable energy reviewsHITESHDAS14
The document summarizes renewable and sustainable energy sources. It discusses various renewable technologies including solar energy applications like solar thermal and solar power, wind energy, bioenergy sources like biogas from anaerobic digestion, biodiesel, and biomass gasification. It also discusses hydrogen production from biomass and the use of gasifiers for power generation. The conclusion states that renewable technologies like solar drying, biodiesel, and wind energy have the potential to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and fossil fuel consumption while providing sustainable energy solutions.
This document provides an overview of India's energy sector. It discusses that India currently meets 71% of its energy demand through domestic production, with 41% coming from thermal power plants. While renewable energy sources like solar, wind and biomass are growing, they still only make up a small portion of India's total energy mix. The document also outlines various government policies and initiatives that aim to increase renewable energy usage and reform the energy sector to better meet India's growing demand in a sustainable manner.
This document discusses India's energy sources and scenario. It notes that India relies heavily on non-renewable sources like coal, oil, and natural gas to meet its increasing energy demands. Coal accounts for 55% of India's total energy supply. While India has significant potential for renewable energy like solar, wind and hydro, renewable energy currently does not make up a large share of its energy mix. The government has launched various renewable energy missions to boost the renewable sector. However, thermal power plants will still likely be the main energy source in the near future, though nuclear and large hydro plants may replace some thermal capacity over time.
This document provides an introduction to non-conventional energy sources. It defines various types of energy sources such as primary and secondary, commercial and non-commercial, and renewable and non-renewable. India's energy scenario is discussed, noting its rapid economic growth places high demand on energy resources. Coal, petroleum and natural gas make up a large portion of India's energy production and consumption currently, though renewable sources such as solar, wind and biomass have significant untapped potential.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the impact of silver nanoparticles on the biomass and chlorophyll content of two plant species, Vigna radiata and Brassica campestris. Seedlings of both plant species were exposed to different concentrations (50, 500, 1000 μg/mL) of silver nanoparticles and silver ions for 12 days. Exposure to high concentrations (500, 1000 μg/mL) of silver nanoparticles and ions resulted in significant reductions in the fresh and dry weights of roots and shoots of both plant species over time. V. radiata was found to be more resistant to the effects than B. campestris. Treatment with silver nanoparticles also led to significant decreases in the total chlorophyll content of both species
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
The document describes using a genetic algorithm to find the maximum values of single-variable functions. It discusses:
1) How genetic algorithms work by simulating biological evolution to optimize solutions.
2) Testing the genetic algorithm on continuous and non-continuous functions that are difficult to optimize with traditional methods, such as multimodal, non-differentiable functions.
3) The genetic algorithm was able to find maximum values close to the real maximum for complex test functions, demonstrating its effectiveness at optimizing these difficult single-variable functions.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
This document describes the design of a contactless power supply system capable of generating 300V and 10A of DC power. It is composed of a primary power converter and a secondary power converter. The primary converter uses an inverter to convert 50/60Hz power to 20kHz power, which is then transferred through magnetic coupling to the secondary converter. The secondary converter uses a boosting circuit to generate the high-voltage DC power from the induced 20kHz AC power. Simulation and experimental results showed the system was effective at contactlessly transferring power at high voltages.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
esearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
esearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Characteristic comparison of TiO2 thin films with an inorganic and organic pr...inventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Non-vacuum solutions of five dimensional Bianchi type-I spacetime in f (R) th...inventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
esearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Convergence Theorems for Implicit Iteration Scheme With Errors For A Finite F...inventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
esearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
GENERATION OF POWER THROUGH HYDROGEN – OXYGEN FUEL CELLSinventy
This document summarizes a study that tested the ability of a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell to generate electricity. The study used a small test rig to run experiments supplying hydrogen and oxygen gases to the fuel cell. The experiments measured voltage, current, power output, and other parameters over time. The results showed that the fuel cell was able to produce up to 13.44W of power at 11.20V by converting the chemical energy of hydrogen into electrical energy. Producing power from hydrogen in a fuel cell is presented as a clean and renewable alternative to fossil fuel-based power generation.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Removal of Coke during Steam Reforming of Ethanol over La-CoOx Catalystinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
The Importance of Renewable Energy Sources in PakistanUmair Shahzad
Pakistan has been facing acute energy crisis since last numerous years. The demand for energy is increasing rapidly in Pakistan. Energy is one of the most vital development priorities of Pakistan. The economy of Pakistan is mainly reliant on the electricity being produced by coal, oil, and natural gas. The total energy produced only makes up for a part of the total energy consumption. On the contrary, Pakistan possesses a huge potential for renewable energy sources like wind, solar, hydropower and biomass. Proper development and implementation of these alternative energy technologies can bring many benefits to the country in terms of energy, economy, environment and national security. Therefore, the key aim of this paper is to present the current energy situation and potential of renewable energy sources in Pakistan and link these factors with economy and business priorities.
Energy crisis : Media & Current Affairs : Student CollaborationAli Haider Saeed
An illustration of student-teacher collaborative discussion model in the subject of Media & Current Affairs during the Fall session 2020, Students engaged in the discussion on energy crises
Pakistan faces a severe energy crisis, with electricity outages of up to 18 hours per day. While coal is an abundant domestic energy source, it has not been developed for power generation in decades. The discovery of large coal reserves offers potential to generate over 100,000 MW of electricity in the next 30 years. However, reliable coal supplies are needed for significant growth in coal power. Currently, thermal power from oil, gas and coal makes up 70% of Pakistan's electricity capacity. Residential users account for the majority of electricity consumption.
In the present generation energy plays a vital role in our world and for human life it´s very important factor. There is a methodical meeting taking place regarding the conservation of energy and every time there is a review in the agenda. Energy demand and supply were endeavored by these countries. To rectify these problems, there should be more research in the generation of energy with the greater efficiency and try to use energy in more efficient manner. Solar energy remains as the most prominent source of energy as it is cost effective and environmentally friendly. Reviews convey that solar energy systems will play a major role in the power generations. As per present scenario there is a great importance to the solar energy using photovoltaic systems. Photovoltaic systems exhibit an important role for solar energy production.
This document discusses the links between climate change and Bangladesh's energy sector. It notes that fossil fuel use for energy contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. Bangladesh has one of the lowest per capita energy consumption and carbon emissions rates in the world. However, it faces major energy security challenges including intermittent power supply and lack of generation capacity. Climate change is exacerbating these issues by increasing energy demand for cooling and irrigation. It can also impact energy infrastructure and resources through more extreme weather. The document aims to increase understanding of these links to better incorporate climate change into Bangladesh's energy policies and strategies.
The document discusses various renewable energy technologies including wind power, hydropower, solar energy, geothermal energy, and bioenergy. It provides details on how each technology works, examples of implementation, and their contributions to energy production globally. Emerging technologies discussed include enhanced geothermal systems, marine energy, artificial photosynthesis, algae fuels, and solar aircraft. Overall the document serves as an introduction to mainstream and developing renewable energy sources.
The document discusses Pakistan's energy challenges and proposes solutions. It notes that Pakistan faces depletion of fossil fuel resources like gas and oil within the next 12-20 years. To remedy this, it recommends developing a comprehensive energy plan that promotes energy efficiency, conservation, and alternative renewable sources like solar, wind, and biofuels. Specifically, it suggests regulations on energy usage, increasing generation and distribution infrastructure, and accelerating projects to develop indigenous hydropower resources.
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
Renewable energy sources by Arun Prasath & Dr.S.SelvaperumalArunPrasath235
This document outlines lecture notes on renewable energy sources. It covers five units: principles of solar radiation and how solar energy is collected and stored; applications of solar energy; wind energy and biomass; geothermal and ocean energy; and direct energy conversion. India has significant potential for renewable energy due to its large untapped resources and growing energy needs. The government has ambitious targets for renewable energy, including 20,000 MW of solar power by 2022. Currently, renewable sources account for around 10% of India's total installed energy capacity.
Renewable power energy production the energy sustenance option for nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document discusses renewable power energy production as an option for meeting Nigeria's energy needs. It notes that Nigeria receives abundant sunlight and has potential for solar power production. Specifically, it receives an average of 3.5-7 kWh/m2/day of solar radiation. Biomass is also widely available across Nigeria and has potential to generate 442MWe of energy. The document aims to highlight how renewable energy sources like solar and biomass could be developed to deliver megawatts of energy to the national grid and provide a renewable energy plan for Nigeria. It argues that solar and biomass technologies could help address Nigeria's problem of inefficient electricity distribution and unreliable power supply by harnessing the abundant solar and biomass resources.
This document discusses Ethiopia's drive toward developing hydropower as its primary energy source and the associated socio-economic and environmental implications. It notes that hydropower development could provide multiple benefits, including meeting energy demand cheaply, mitigating land degradation, avoiding CO2 emissions, promoting gender equality, enabling tourism, and creating jobs. However, it also acknowledges there are risks, such as vulnerability to natural hazards and potential social and environmental impacts. The document explores the extent to which increased hydropower generation could substitute imported fossil fuels over time through quantitative analysis. It recommends huge expansion of hydropower generation and managing potential risks and costs to sustain an economy reliant on hydropower-dominated energy.
Over the last decade, the liberalization of the electricity market has been sought. In order to fight the environmental impact caused by the use of fossil fuels, it is aimed to change the current system of centralized generation and achieve a more distributed one; distributed resources can use renewable or non-renewable resources as main source of energy, one way to implement these distributed systems is through micro electrical grids, since these allow improving energy efficiency. The way to efficiently implement this type of network is an important point to be solved in future research and even more if the way of conducting an electricity market for different communities is unknown. That is why this text presents the characteristics of microgrids, the management of microgrids, and the wide and promising panorama of future opportunities for a great development of this type of grid.
In this paper, Agham explores the issue of the use of renewable energy in the country and its place in achieving a pro-people, pro-environment national power industry. The paper would go through the basics of renewable energy (RE), the country's renewable energy resources and potentials vis-à-vis the current energy pattern. The overarching policy and program of the government will then be discussed, its impacts on the current energy landscape and Agham's critique on the current framework.
Innovation and Industrialization in the Energy Sector: The Way ForwardIOSR Journals
This document summarizes innovation and industrialization opportunities in Nigeria's energy sector. It discusses developing solar, biomass, and wind energy technologies to diversify Nigeria's energy mix beyond fossil fuels. The government could encourage innovation by funding university research, basic research grants, and involving an economic development board. Scientists and engineers need to develop these renewable technologies to meet Nigeria's growing energy demand and address energy shortages. With concerted efforts across government, academia, and the private sector, technological innovation in renewable energy could power industrialization and economic growth in a sustainable manner.
HOW THE GOVERNMENT OF BRAZIL CAN MAKE THE ENERGY SECTOR SUSTAINABLE.pdfFaga1939
This article aims to demonstrate how the government of Brazil can make the energy sector sustainable in order to collaborate in the fight against global warming and to bequeath the existing energy resources in the country to future generations. According to the International Energy Agency, oil, natural gas and coal are the energy sources most responsible for the emission of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. In the world, the use and production of energy are responsible for 57% of the emission of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. In Brazil, the energy sector is responsible for 21% of greenhouse gas emissions. The electricity sector in Brazil has 19.7% of energy sources based on fossil fuels (natural gas, petroleum derivatives and coal and derivatives) and 2.2% of energy sources based on nuclear power plants. In turn, Brazil's energy matrix as a whole has 53.3% of energy sources based on fossil fuels (oil and derivatives, natural gas and mineral coal) and 1.3% are energy sources based on nuclear power plants. For Brazil's energy sector to be sustainable, all these energy sources based on fossil fuels and nuclear power plants must be replaced by renewable energy sources (hydro, solar, wind, tidal, wave, biomass and hydrogen).
Role of women in energy management at household level in peshawar, pakistanhunypink
This document summarizes a research study on the role of women in energy management at the household level in Peshawar, Pakistan. The study aims to understand women's awareness of energy management, use of renewable energy, response to power outages, and energy management strategies. A survey was conducted with 121 female respondents in Peshawar. The survey found that over half of women are aware of energy savings, peak hours pricing, and scheduled power outages. However, there is still a gap in integrating social and behavioral aspects of energy consumers to move toward more sustainable solutions, especially as women play a large role in household energy use.
New energy sources and energy efficiency to prevent catastrophic global clima...Fernando Alcoforado
Regardless of the various solutions that may be adopted to eliminate or mitigate the causes of global warming, the most important is undoubtedly the adoption of measures to contribute to the elimination or reduction of the consumption of fossil fuels in energy production as well as for their more efficient use in transport, industry, agriculture and urban areas (residential and commercial), given the use and production of energy account for 57% of greenhouse gases emitted by human activity. In this sense, the implementation of a world sustainable energy system is essential.
1. Energy conservation means improving energy efficiency and reducing energy waste through practices like turning off lights frequently and not overcooling buildings. It aims to enhance efficiency across society's industrial, household, and transportation sectors.
2. Current global energy consumption is increasing rapidly especially in developing countries and Asia. If consumption continues unchecked, fossil fuel resources will be depleted within 60 years and climate change will accelerate. International agreements are promoting conservation to address these issues.
3. Japan has achieved the highest conservation levels in the world through policies enacted after the 1970s oil crises. However, energy use still rises with economic growth worldwide, outpacing conservation targets. Greater efforts are needed globally to curb consumption increases.
Similar to Alternative Electric Power Plant that Environmental Friendliness at Indonesia (20)
Experimental Investigation of a Household Refrigerator Using Evaporative-Cool...inventy
The objective of this paper was to investigate experimentally the effect of Evaporative-cooled condenser in a household refrigerator. The experiment was done using HCF134a as the refrigerant. The performance of the household refrigerator with air-cooled and Evaporative-cooled condenser was compared for different load conditions. The results indicate that the refrigerator performance had improved when evaporative-cooled condenser was used instead of air-cooled condenser on all load conditions. Evaporativecooled condenser reduced the energy consumption when compared with the air-cooled condenser. There was also an enhancement in coefficient of performance (COP) when evaporative-cooled condenser was used instead of air-cooled condenser. The Evaporative cooled heat exchanger was designed and the system was modified by retrofitting it, instead of the conventional air-cooled condenser by making drop wise condensation using water and forced circulation over the condenser. From the experimental analysis it is observed that the COP of evaporative cooled system increased by 13.44% compared to that of air cooled system. So the overall efficiency and refrigerating effect is increased. In minimum constructional, maintenance and running cost, the system is much useful for domestic purpose. This study also revealed that combining a evaporative cooled system along with conventional water cooled system under the condition that the defrost water obtained from the freezer is used for drop wise condensation over condenser and water cooled condensation of the condenser at the bottom using remaining defrost water would reduce the power consumption, work done and hence further increase in refrigerating effect of the system. The study has shown that such a system is technically feasible and economically viable
Copper Strip Corrossion Test in Various Aviation Fuelsinventy
This research work takes in to account of corrosiveness test on various aviation fuels in the state of Telengana (India). The purpose of this experiment is to determine the corrosiveness test of fuels. This determination will be accomplished by using copper strip corrosion test by using the copper strip experiment we can determine the corrosive property of the fuel and hence the efficiency of fuel. The research covers the importance of knowing the corrosive property of different petroleum fuels including aviation turbine fuel.
Additional Conservation Laws for Two-Velocity Hydrodynamics Equations with th...inventy
1) The document presents differential identities connecting velocities, pressure, and body force in two-velocity hydrodynamics equations where the pressure in each component is in equilibrium.
2) It summarizes previous work that derived conservation laws and differential equations for two-velocity hydrodynamic systems. Additional conservation laws are derived for these types of systems.
3) The key results are theorems that present differential identities relating the module and direction of a vector field. These identities can be considered additional conservation laws for two-velocity hydrodynamics equations with a single pressure.
Comparative Study of the Quality of Life, Quality of Work Life and Organisati...inventy
People’s lives are increasingly centred on work; they spend at least one-third of their time within the organisations that employ them. Investigating the factors that interfere with employees’ well-being and the organisational environment is becoming an increasing concern in organisations. This article identifies the criteria of the quality of life (QoL), quality of working life (QWL) and organisational climate instruments to point out their similarities. For bibliographic construction and data research, articles were sought in national and international journals, books and dissertations/articles in SciELO, Science Direct, Medline and Pub Med databases. The results show direct relationships amongst QoL, QWL and organisational climate instruments. The relationship between QoL and QWL instruments is based on fair compensation, social interaction, organisational communication, working conditions and functional capacity. QWL and organisational climate instruments are related through social interaction and interfaces. QoL and organisational climate instruments are related based on social interaction, organisational communication, and work conditions.
A Study of Automated Decision Making Systemsinventy
The decision making process of many operations are dependent on analysing very large data sets, previous decisions and their results. The information generated from the large data sets are used as an input for making decisions. Since the decisions to be taken in day to day operations are expanding, the time taken for manual decision making is also expanding. In order to reduce the time, cost and to increase the efficiency and accuracy, which are the most important things for customer satisfaction, many organisations are adopting the automated decision making systems. This paper is about the technologies used for automated decision making systems and the areas in which automated decisions systems works more efficiently and accurately.
Crystallization of L-Glutamic Acid: Mechanism of Heterogeneous β -Form Nuclea...inventy
The mechanism of heterogeneous nucleation of β-form L-glutamic acid was deeply investigated in cooling crystallization. The present study found that the β-form crystals were epitaxially grown on the α-form crystals and they were preferably crystallized on the (011) and (001) surfaces instead of the (111) surfaces of α- form crystals. This result was explained via the molecular simulation. The molecular simulation indicated that the different surfaces of α-form crystals provided different functional groups, resulting in different sites for the heterogeneous nucleation of β-form crystals. Here, the functional group were COO- , C=O and O-H on the (011) and (001) surfaces of α-form crystals, respectively, while it was the NH3 + on the (111) surfaces of α-form crystals. As such, the degree of lattice matching (E) between the β-form crystals and the various surfaces of α- form crystal was distinguished, where the degree of lattice matching (E) between the β-form crystals and the (011), (001) and (111) surfaces of α-form crystal were estimated as 5.30, 5.25 and 2.39, respectively, implying that the (011) and (001) surfaces of α-form crystal were more favorable to generate the heterogeneous nucleation of β-form crystals than the (111) surfaces of α-form crystal
Evaluation of Damage by the Reliability of the Traction Test on Polymer Test ...inventy
In recent decades, polymers have undergone a remarkable historical development and their use has been greatly imposed by gradually dethroning most of the secular materials. These polymer materials have always distinguished themselves by their simple shaping and inexpensive price, their versatility, lightness, and chemical stability but despite their massive use in everyday life as well as in advanced technologies. Generally, these materials still not understood which requires a thorough knowledge of their chemical, physical, rheological and mechanical properties. This paper, we study the mechanical behavior of an amorphous polymer: Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene “ABS” by means of uniaxial tensile testing on pierced test pieces with different notch lengths ranging between 1 to 14mm.The proposed approach consists in analyzing the evolution of the global geometry of the obtained strain curves by taking into account the zones and characteristic points of these curves as well as the effect of the damage on the mechanical behavior of the polymer ABS, in order to visualize the evolution of the damage by a static model
Application of Kennelly’model of Running Performances to Elite Endurance Runn...inventy
: The model of Kennelly between distance (Dlim) and exhaustion time (tlim) has been applied to the individual performances of 19 elite endurance runners (World-record holders and Olympic winners) from P. Nurmi (1920-1924) to M. Farah (2012) whose individual best performances on several different distances are known. Kennelly’s model (Dlim = k tlim ) can describe the individual performances of elite runners with a high accuracy (errors lower than 2 %). There is a linear relationship between parameters k and exponents of the elite runners and the extreme values correspond to S. Coe (k = 15.8; = 0.851) and E. Zatopek (k = 6.57; = 0.984). Exponent can be considered as a dimensionless index of aerobic endurance which is close to 1 in the best endurance runners. If it is assumed than maximal aerobic speed can be maintained 7 min in elite endurance runners, exponent is equal to the normalized critical speed (critical speed/maximal aerobic speed) computed from exhaustion times equal to 3 and 12.5 min in these runners.
Development and Application of a Failure Monitoring System by Using the Vibra...inventy
In this project, a failure monitoring system is developed by using the vibration and location information of balises in railway signaling. A lot of field equipment in railway are loosening and broken in time period so that they need maintenance due to the vibrations that occur due to high speed trains traffic and railway vehicles impact. Among the field equipment, balises have very important role of communication in terms of transmitting information to trains. In this scope, it is aimed to make maintenance works more efficient, have no delayed trains, detect previously failure location and intervene in failure timely, by detecting and controlling balise cases such as loosening, out of place and the data consistency error that happens because of balise physical state. In this project, the communication is provided with I2C, Modbus RTU (Remote Terminal Unit) and RS485 standards by using Arduino Uno cards and MPU6050 IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) sensors in laboratory. Each used sensors are in slave mode and computer interface designed with C# is in master mode. Fault situations in the system are checked instant by the interface. (it is assumed to mount the IMU sensor and the Arduino circuit on the balise) it is seen that the interface responds to the sensor movements instant and the system works well in the end of test processes.
The Management of Protected Areas in Serengeti Ecosystem: A Case Study of Iko...inventy
This document summarizes a study that assessed the management of protected areas in Serengeti ecosystem, using Ikorongo and Grumeti Game Reserves as a case study. The study aimed to identify natural resource management strategies used, examine their impacts and hindrances, and identify ways to improve performance. It found that strategies have successfully reduced poaching by 96% and improved community relations. However, challenges remain like loss of life/property from wildlife conflicts and lack of access to water sources. The study concluded strategies have been fairly sustainable but need more participatory local approaches and benefit sharing to achieve collaborative management across the ecosystem. It recommended solutions like equitable benefit sharing, more funding, non-lethal deterrents, and strengthened
Size distribution and biometric relationships of little tunny Euthynnus allet...inventy
This study is taken from data of commercial fishing of the little tunny, Euthynnus alletteratus (Rafinesque, 1810) caught in the Algerian coast, sampled between november 2011 and april 2016. Data were collected in order to determine size distributions of the population and biometric relationships of species including the size - weight relationships. A total of 601 fish ranged from 30.9 and 103 cm fork length (FL) were observed. The size distribution of Euthynnus alletteratus shows multiple modal values witch the most important cohort corresponds to the age class 2 (42-46 cm). The value of the allometric coefficient (b) of the FL/TW relationship is lower than 3, indicating a negative allometric growth.
Removal of Chromium (VI) From Aqueous Solutions Using Discarded Solanum Tuber...inventy
Industrial polluting effluents containing heavy metals are of serious environmental concern in India. Chromium is frequently used in industries like electroplating, metal finishing, cooling towers, dyes, paints, anodizing and leather tanning and is found as traces in effluents finding their way to natural water bodies causing hazardous toxicity to the health of humans, animals and aquatic lives directly or indirectly. Many methods for the removal of Chromium such as chemical reduction, precipitation, ion exchange, electrochemical reduction, evaporation, reverse osmosis and adsorption using activated carbon etc. have been reported but all being expensive and complicated to operate. Experimental practices reveal that adsorption by agricultural and horticultural wastes are quite simple, inexpensive and efficient method. Agra is famous for Potato farming, a lot of discarded potato waste from cold storages is thrown along road side drains causing solid waste generated which either creates solid waste disposal problem or otherwise it finds way to Yamuna river resulting high BOD and posing a serious threat to the aquatic environment. For developing countries like India adsorption studies using discarded potato (Solanum tuberosum) waste from cold storages (DPWC) a solid waste as low cost adsorbent for Chromium removal was dual beneficial i.e., an ideal solution to these solid wastes disposal problem of Agra and removal of Chromium from tannery effluents and thereby saving aquatic life from Chromium contamination in Yamuna river. Keeping this in view batch experiments were designed to study the feasibility of discarded potato waste from cold storages to remove chromium (VI) from the aqueous solutions. During the study various affecting parameters, such as pH, adsorbent does, initial concentration, temperature, contact time, adsorbent grain size and start up agitation speed were optimized as 5.0, 10-20 g/l, 50 mg/l, 250C, 135 minutes, average size and 80 rpm respectively on chromium removal efficiency. Various Isotherms such as Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin also fitted suitably and various corresponding constants determined from these Isotherms favor and support the adsorption. Thermodynamic constants ∆G, ∆H and ∆S were found to be 0.267 KJ/mole, 0.288 KJ/mole and 0.0013 KJ/mole respectively.
Effect of Various External and Internal Factors on the Carrier Mobility in n-...inventy
The effect of various external (temperature, electric field, light) and intracrystalline (doping, initial resistivity) factors on the mobility of carriers in layered n-InSe semiconductor experimentally have been investigated. Scientific explanations of the results are proposed
Transient flow analysis for horizontal axial upper-wind turbineinventy
This study is to carry out a transient flow field analysis on the condition that the wind turbine is working to generate turbine, the wind turbine operating conditions change over time, Purpose of this study is try to find out the rule from the wind turbine changing over time . In transient analysis, the wind velocity on inlet boundary and rotation speed in the rotor field will change over time, and an analytical process is provided that can be used for future reference. At present, the wind turbine model is designed on the concept of upwind horizontal axis type. The computer engineering software GH Bladed is used to obtain the relationship between the rotor velocity and the wind turbine. Then the ANSYS engineering software is used to calculate the stress and strain distribution in the blades over time. From the analytical result, the relationship between the stress distribution in the blades and the rotor velocity is got to be used as a reference for future wind turbine structural optimization.
Choice of Numerical Integration Method for Wind Time History Analysis of Tall...inventy
Wind tunnel tests are being performed routinely around the world for designing tall buildings but the advent of powerful computational tools will make time-history analysis for wind more common in near future. As the duration of wind storms ranges from tens of minutes to hours while earthquake durations are typically less than a three to four minutes, the choice of a time step size (Δt) for wind studies needs to be much larger both to reduce the computational time and to save disk space. As the error in any numerical solution of the equation of motion is dependent on step size (Δt), careful investigations on the choice of numerical integration methods for wind analyses are necessary. From a wide variety of integration methods available, it was decided to investigate three methods that seem appropriate for 3D-time history analysis of tall buildings for wind. These are modal time history analysis, the Hilber-Hughes-Taylor (HHT) method or α-method with α=- 0.1, and the Newmark method with β=0.25 and γ=0.5 ( i.e., trapezoidal rule). SAP2000, a common structural analysis software tool, and a 64-story structure are used to conduct all the analyses in this paper. A boundary layer wind tunnel (BLWT) pressure time history measured at 120 locations around the building envelope of a similar structure is used for the analyses. Analyses performed with both the HHT and Newmark-method considering P-delta effects show that second order effects have a considerable impact on both displacement and acceleration response. This result shows that it is necessary to account P-delta effect for wind analysis of tall buildings. As the direct integration time history analysis required very large computation times and very large computer physical memory for a wind duration of hours, a modal analysis with reduced stiffness is considered as a good alternative. For that purpose, a non-linear static analysis of the structure with a load combination of 1.0D + 1.0L is performed in SAP2000 and the reduced stiffness of the structure after the analysis is used to conduct an eigenvalue analysis to extract the mode shapes and frequencies of this structure. Then the first 20- modes are used to perform a modal time history analysis for wind load. The result shows that the responses from modal analysis with “20-mode (reduced stiffness)” are comparable with that from the P-Δ analyses of Newmark-method
Impacts of Demand Side Management on System Reliability Evaluationinventy
This summary provides an overview of the impacts of demand side management (DSM) techniques on power system reliability in Saudi Arabia:
1. DSM techniques like load shifting can improve power system reliability by transferring load from peak to off-peak periods, reducing peak demand and allowing generators to operate more efficiently.
2. The study models load shifting and adding renewable energy sources to the Riyadh power system and calculates reliability indices like loss of load probability (LOLP) and expected energy not served (EENS) to analyze the impacts on reliability.
3. Preliminary results show load shifting can reduce peak demand and renewable energy from solar and wind can further contribute to reliability by providing generation during peak periods.
Reliability Evaluation of Riyadh System Incorporating Renewable Generationinventy
In this paper, the experience of Saudi Electricity Company (SEC) in analyzing the generation adequacy for Year 2013 is presented. This analysis is conducted by calculating several reliability indices for Riyadh system hourly load during all four seasonal periods. The reliability indices are gauged against the international utility practice. SEC also plans to introduce renewable energy into the network in order to secure the environmental standards and reduce fuel costs of conventional generation. Thus, the reliability improvement due to different integration levels of Solar and Wind generating sources has also been investigated. The capacity value provided by these variable renewable energy sources (VERs) to reliably meet the system load has been calculated using effective load carrying capability (ELCC) technique with a loss of load expectancy metric.
The effect of reduced pressure acetylene plasma treatment on physical charact...inventy
The capacitors are increasingly being used as energy storage devicesin various power systems. The scientists of the world are tryingto maximize the electrical capacity of the supercapacitors. To achieve this purpose, numerous method sare used: the surface activation of electrodes, the surface etching using the electronbeam, the electrode etching with variousgasplasma, etc. The purpose of this work is toresearch how the properties of carbon electrodes depend on the plasma parameters at whichtheywere formed. The largest surface area ofcarbonelectrodeof47.25m2 /gis obtainedat 15 ofAr/C2H2gasratio. Meanwhile, theSEMimages show that the disruption of structures with low bond energies and the formation of new onesare taking place when the carbon electrodes are etched at acetylene plasma and placed on carbon electrode. The measurements of capacitance showthat capacitors with affectedelectrodes have about10-15% highercapacity than those not treated with acetyleneplasma.
Experimental Investigation of Mini Cooler cum Freezerinventy
In general cases the refrigerator could be converted into an air conditioner by attaching a fan. Thus a cooler as well as freezer is obtained in a single set up. The freezer can be converted to an air conditioner when the outside air is allowed to flow beside the cooling coil and is forced outside by an exhaust fan. In this case a mini scale cooler cum freezer using R134a as refrigerant was fabricated and tested In our mini project work we had designed, fabricated and experimentally analysed a mini cooler cum freezer. From the observations and calculations, the results of mini cooler cum freezer are obtained and are compared.
Growth and Magnetic properties of MnGeP2 thin filmsinventy
We have successfully grown MnGeP2 thin films on GaAs (100) substrate. A ferromagnetic transition near 320 K has been observed by temperature dependent magnetization and resistance measurements. Field dependent magnetization experiments have shown that the coercive fields at 5, 250, and 300 K are 3870, 1380 and 155 Oe, respectively. Magnetoresistance and Hall measurements have displayed that hole conduction is dominant in MnGeP2. PACS: 75.50.Pp, 75.70.-i, 85.70.-w, 73.50.-h
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Construction Part II
Alternative Electric Power Plant that Environmental Friendliness at Indonesia
1. Research Inventy: International Journal of Engineering And Science
Vol.4, Issue 8 (August 2014), PP 01-07
Issn (e): 2278-4721, Issn (p):2319-6483, www.researchinventy.com
1
Alternative Electric Power Plant that Environmental Friendliness at Indonesia Dr. Ir. Soetyono Iskandar, (M.T., M.Pd) Faculty Mechanical Engineering – Makassar State University ABSTRACT: Requirement of energy electrical increasing, is estimated by a growth will reach 7,1% each year till year 2012 with the electrification ratio 60%. Condition of like this at one side seethe with excitement, but other; dissimilar side will give the impact concerning from environment aspect, because 89,5% power plant in Indonesia use the energy fossil. Affect the use of energi fossil one of them is menghasilkan of gas emission throw away big enough, suppose each; every kWh energi electrical produced by energi fossil yield the polutan thrown into the air 974 gr CO2, 962 mg SO2 dan 700 mg Nox. At year 2012 is estimated by production of energy electrical in Indonesia reach 192,590 GWh, means 172,360 GWh electrical produced to use the energy fossil. Sum up this result happened by release 168 juta ton CO2, 159,6 thousand ton SO2 with 120,7 thousand ton Nox into the air. Starting from the impact, require to be done/conducted by a more study of comprihensive and comparability of concerning generating which is in using in Indonesia. This study is done/conducted by pursuant to evaluate from various information upon which reference, to later; then to yield the recommendation of concerning appropriate generating to be used in Indonesia. As for variable to be weared by as indicator evaluate is economic aspect, ecological and technical or is environmental. Than the variable, hence relevant generating for the context of Indonesia is power station of heating power of earth and power station nuclear energy. KEY WORD: energy, ecology, economy
I. ANTECEDENT
Modern Society life depend on availibility of source energy especially energy electrical. Requirement to electrical of is same as fundamental requirement of other human being. Exploiting of energy electrical have influenced and form the human being civilization this decade, cause of quality of human life own the correlation to exploiting of energy electrical in everyday life. Crisis energy of effect of decreasing it the availibility of source of energy of world primary, marked with its stomach is oil price in world marketing become the American 130 dollar each; every barel have triggered the social and economic crisis in various state of is inclusive of in Indonesia. Governmental policy of Indonesia for the increase of price of substance of fuel oil by the reason of general revenues and expenditure budget saving trigger the increase of price of most of all commodity needed by a society in Indonesia. This matter is poverty increased and people life progressively wickedness. Various society element of is inclusive of student submit the objection of through/passing demonstration refuse this policy is happened by most of all fatherland angle. Difficult choice which must be taken by government by various consequence which must be shouldered. This fact is pointed that crisis energy can trigger the crisis multidimension in global direction and also in state of each. Use fuel oil redundantly not even trigger the global economic crisis and also each; every state, but more concerning is trigger the global environmental crisis. Global environmental crisis marked with the phenomenon of air contamination, land; ground and irrigate the. The crisis, effect of exploitation of resource energy of up to its exploiting to various requirement of human life in various sector of like electrical power, transportation, domestic and industrial.
One of environment phenomenon menacing world mankind life is global or global warm-up of warming. One of the matter cause global warm-up is use of energy fossil namely petroleum, gas and petrify the coals. combustion of Energy fossil cause to increase it concentration of glasshouse gas in atmosphere. existing Glasshouse gas is atmosphere of like carbondioksida (CO2), dinitro oxide (N2O),
2. Alternative Electric Power Plant that Environm…
2
methane (CH4), sulfurheksaflorida (SF6), PERFLOROKARBON (PFCS) and hidroflorokarbon (HFCs) of abundant glasshouse gas concentration will double the sunlight so that earth temperature progressively go up the. Temperature increase will trigger the environmental imbalance is namely happened by the climate change [1]. Affect from climate change touch all sector especially agricultural sector that line, various disaster that happened this last is frequently related to by a global warm-up phenomenon. Sector of electrical power give the biggest contribution increase it concentration of glasshouse gas in atmosfir namely equal to 40% and the rest of transportation sector 27%, industrial sector 21%, domestic sector 15% and also other; dissimilar sector - other; dissimilar 1% [2]. This data is valid enough because most power station in Indonesia namely 89,5% using fossil fuel with the electrification ratio newly reach 56%, conceiving if electrification ratio increasing while depending of power station still at fossil fuel. As illustration of each; every kWh energy electrical produced by use of energy fossil yield the glasshouse gas of equal to 974 gr CO2, 962 mg SO2 and 700 mg Nox. [3]
II. METHODOLOGY
Method weared in this study is use the book study namely collect various related/relevant information with the sole energy specially energy electrical related to by factor environment or ecology. Data obtained from various source of like reference book, erudite journal, popular erudite article, and others will be analysed to use the technical approach, ecological and economic or environment. Analyse is only limited for the power station of have big scale to.
III. RESULT AND SOLUTION
Potency Energy in Indonesia Natural factor of Indonesia State very supporting of development of energy sector in Indonesia especially in electricity sector. Geographically rich Indoneia of resource of energy. The resource for example which can be innovated and which cannot be innovated the. the Potency energy existence gone the round of to flatten the totality region Nusantara. Potency of pure energy oil fossil 86.9 milliard barel of while which reserve only equal to 9 milliard barel or 10,36% while ability to be exploited still be pertained to by lower namely only 5.56% each year (tables 1).[3]. Matter which require to be paid attention to that the potency do not go along way or will used up after have exploitation without effort exploration of like petroleum will used up 18 years later; then, same thing for the gas of 61 years and petrify the coals 147 years. Rare of this have been felt in this time namely Indonesia have do not fulfill quota as state of explored oil determined by organization of nations of export oil (OPEK). This Fact is pointed that depending to fossil fuel need is immediately lessened step by step look into its existence is finite, because earning used up if continuous have exploitation. Natural by Crisis fuel oil of Indonesia in this time represent the governmental disability evidence for the prediction of requirement fuel oil as a result in this time Indonesia State which before now export in this time become the import. Its consequence is increase of price of world oil influence the resilience of economics of state and sector of electrical power experience of the economic impact is which enough concern because most power station is use fuel oil. Tabel 1 Energy Potency Fossil National
Fossil Energy
Resource
Reserve
Production (each year)
Ratio Res/ Prod (without exploration year)
Oil
86.9 mil barel
9 mil barel
500 Jt barel
18
Gas
384.7 TSCF
182 TSCF
3.0 TSCF
61
Coal
57 miliar ton
19.3 mil barel
130 Jt ton
147
3. Alternative Electric Power Plant that Environm…
3
Crisis of global environmental Energy crisis and represent the opportunity which require to be exploited for the maximal of exploiting of potency energy of non fossil which character newly. Potency energy of non plenty of fossil and useful not yet maximal (tables 2)[4]. Biggest Potecy is at water power namely 846,00 MILLION BOE or 75,67 GW and is newly exploited by equal to 4.2 GW or 5,55%. Same thing for the heat of earth, hot potency of earth in Indonesia represent biggest in world assure 40% from hot reserve of world earth, but in Indonesia its exploiting still be very low namely 3.1%. Exploiting of potency energy of is non fossil which still be very low caused by because some consideration for example high invesment expense, new price energy not yet earned to vie with the price of energy fossil, ability of human resource relative lower the, for the energy of new is which not yet commercial and service ability and industrial of energy less support [5]. The weakness can be overcome by if government own the policy to give the amenity and incentive of so that/ to be new exploiting energy can be maximized. But that way this matter is not happened by because from governmental policy hit the composition of use energy (mix energy) until year 2025 namely petroleum 26,2%, coal 32,7% earth gas 30,6%, earth heat 3,8% and the rest is energy alternative / new energy newly 4,4% consisted of the: PLTS 0,02%, PLT Wind 0,028%, Biomasa 0,766%, Biofuel 1,335%, nuclear 1,993% ( picture 1).
Tabel 2. Potensi Energi Terbarukan Nasional Pursuant to RKAP PLN year 2007, energi mix produce the energy electrical obtained from Coal 44%, energi irrigate 8,6%, oil fuel 23,7, earth heat 3,1% and natural gas 20,05 % Thereby from governmental side of galore new potency energy still not yet become the goals which can be pledged to overcome the crisis of energy and ecology crisis in Indonesia. Prediction of Requirement of National Electrical Electrification Ratio in Indonesia still be pertained to by lower namely equal to 56%, because weakness from state to develop the system electrical in national capable to fulfill the requirement of entire/all people. fast Development growth is industrial area and construction trigger the request input of electrical power and hitherto PLN not yet able to fulfill all. This matter is seen from electrical crisis that happened in various area which must do/conduct the extinction have innings. Growth of big enough electrical energy request namely about 7% every year ( tabel-3).[4].
Table 3. Requirement of Energy Electrical in Indonesia
4. Alternative Electric Power Plant that Environm…
4
Fact that request of energy electrical non-stoped expand, hence require to be strived for the development of in electricity sector of through/passing new rebuild generating, at one blow maximize there is and also do/conduct the efficiency in operation. Thereby leave open the opportunity to exploit the new energy as generating. Power station and Environmental problem From inferential above description that potency of energy fossil limited and have potency to menace or trigger the ecology crisis, while development energy is newly opened by opportunity of because its potency is friendly adequate and also to environment Challenge faced by is how to find the power station which have high capacities, owning economic value at one blow remain to guarantee the environmental continuity. Generating technology weared for all generating of not many differing, giving difference is energy weared for the evocation of. In general power plant work principally is electromagnetic namely intersection of magnetic field of effect of magnetic pole movement (rotor) in magnetic pole remain to (stator) will yield the tension current. Process this happened in electrical generator namely electrical engine converting energy mechanic or move to become the energy electrical. To awaken the energy electrical, generator moved by various energy of generally three faction namely first energy of energy fossil: oil, coal, and natural gas, second of new energy, like: hydro, sun / diesel fuel, wind , and earth heat, last of nuclear energy. Fact that in the year 2004 consumption of energy primary predominated by energy fossil of equal to 93% consisted of the: petroleum 53%, gas 19% and coal 21%, energy irrigate equal to 4%, and geotermal [of] equal to 3%. Produce the Indonesia electrical in the year 2003 steming from energy fossil of equal to 80% consisted of by the coal: 52%, BBM 5%, gas 23%, 9% and earth heat 9% with the electrical capacities attached by about 25.681 MWe consisted of by 22.231 MWe or 86,6 % produced by PLN and 3.450 MWe or 13,4 % produced by company of private sector electrical. While source energy for the power station of. [6]. From data obtained by that pollution yielded by generating at most coming from at generating which used of fossil fuel namely petrify the coals, petroleum or diesel fuel and natural gas (picture 3) [6].
Picture the 1. Contribution of Improvement of CO2 power station. Pursuant to data PLN in the year 2012 estimated by production of energy electrical in Indonesia reach 192,590 GWH, meaning 172,360 GWh electrical produced to use the energi fossil. Sum up this result happened by the release 168 million ton CO2, 159,6 thousand ton SO2 and also 120,7 thousand ton Nox. This condition indicate that the depending of power station in Indonesia to big enough energi fossil and this matter have triggered the economic crisis in Indonesia at one blow cause the ecology crisis. Ecology crisis enabled by because each; every use fuel oil will yield the gas emission throw away which significant enough.
5. Alternative Electric Power Plant that Environm…
5
Thereby one of solution to lessen the global environment crisis cause is correction in electricity sector of through/passing effort of exploiting of environmental friendly source energy electrical as well as economically give the advantage so that is easy to reached by lower most economic circle. Alterantif which can on the market which can be executed in Indonesia in context in this time is hot use energi development of earth and nuclear energy use. other New Energy to short-range not yet earned exploited maximally pursuant to efficiency consideration or economic. Both types of this energi own the excellence compared to by energy fossil from economic and environmental aspect. Earth heat of as alternative Hot Enegy of earth represent the hot energy is secretory the than earth stomach which can be exploited to turn around the turbine of generating generator. Hot use energy of earth in Indonesia have taken a long time, but its growth is tardy relative. Hot potency energy of earth in Indonesia big relative because representing biggest potency in world, namely 40% hot reserve of earth in all the world there are in Indonesia. This spreading energy is relatiive flatten the totality Indonesia, because Indonesia state geographically reside in the region of trajectory of mount have fire. (ring of fire) Totalize the hot potency energy of earth in Indonesia reach 27.487 MW which is there are almost entire/all area in Indonesia namely island Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi island, Nusa South-East, Island of Kalimantan and Papua ( tabel-4). Piquancy from hot potency energy of earth from geographical spreading facet is 18.183 MW or 66,15% there are outside Java. But that way its exploiting exactly concentration in Java, though outside depending Java to fossil fuel very high. Table 4. Hot Potency Energi [of] Earth in Indonesia
From environmental aspect of PLTPB give the very positive impact for environmental balance, because yielding gas emission throw away the very low CO2 (tables of 5) [4], namely 10,48 times is lower the than stone smolder, 9,85 times is lower the than petroleum and 6,61 times is lower the than natural gas. Matter striking is at emission SO2 that is 315,4 slimmer times compared to with the stone smolder and 34,29 times is slimmer the than petroleum. Thereby gracious use PLTPB to environment. From economic aspect of development PLTPB own the excellence (tables 6) [7]. Cause, do not need the fuel so that can yield the energy electrical at the price of which cheap relative and its continuity well guaranted because do not it depends on the weather, so that own the high capacities factor namely 95% operational time. Table 5. Gas emission from various power station. Emisi
6. Alternative Electric Power Plant that Environm…
6
Invesment expense of early high enough but low conservancy so that in the long term very beneficial. Even though weakness from PLTPB is its location is which is far from burden center make the expense of transmission and high electrical power distribution enough, but in the long term remain to promise economically. Table 6 . Economic factor of PLTPB.
Nuclear Energy Alternatively Principle work the PLTN is aqueous vapour to turn around the turbine yielded by heat from process of nuclear fission react the uranium in reactor (draw 2) [8]
Picture 2. Principal Scheme work PLTN. React the nuclear fission of uranium happened in reactor. In the reaction reactor happened by related to at the time of nucleus; core from uranium in this case apart U-235 or U-233 react with the neutron to yield various other element during very quickly, process this will generate the new and netron- netron heat. Heat coming from reactor nucleus; core poured into by system of primary cooler, to is later; then overcome at hot appliance change and hot here in after thrown to environment of through/passing system of cooler secundary [ 9]. Operation PLTN very clean because do not yield the gas emission throw away so that do not contaminate the environment and from economic facet of big enough invesment, but in the long term enough own prospect. Factors which require to be paid attention to in handling PLTN [is] security. In the event of reactor leakage cause fatal because, radio-activity will be brought by air and can reach the areal which wide enough and it will menace life in the areal. Various disaster of failure of nuclear reactor of like one of them is in Chernobyl - Russia still leave the 'still remember' among world society of is inclusive of in Indonesia. Others, issue of like generated radiasi, radioactive waste processing, social impact and proliferasi, [is] issue which require to get the attention in order to development PLTN in Indonesia. For that strive to prepare the society psychologically, look after the participance of society give the support and make-up of quality and also discipline of past master wrestling PLTN represent a belief for attendance PLTN in Indonesia.
7. Alternative Electric Power Plant that Environm…
7
IV. CONCLUSION
Pursuant to data and analyse above can be embraced by several things for example:
1) Global crisis Energi of effect of depending to energy fossil affect at crisis energy in Indonesia triggered the social and economic crisis in Indonesia
2) Energy sector of electrical represent the biggest contributor namely 40 % for memory of consentrasi of glasshouse gas in atmosphere causing global warm-up.
3) Pollution yielded by generating at most coming from at generating using fossil fuel namely using stone smolder the, petroleum and natural gas.
4) Alternative which can on the market be achieved in Indonesia in context in this time to overcome the crisis of energy and environment problem is hot use energi development of earth and nuclear energy use. the circumstance energi proven by the economic and environmental friendliness.
5) Exploiting of nuclear energy in electricity sector require to consider the psychological aspect of society which still 'still remember' to nuclear accident radisi the settlement of disposal and also polifersi.
REFERENCE
[1]. Hemana, Joni,” Pemanasan Global dan Dampaknya Terhadap lingkungan Hidup”, Makalah pada seminar kimia lingkungan VII FMIPA Universitas Airlangga Surabaya 2008
[2]. Slamet, Agus “Global Warming Bagi Profesi Insinyur ”, CD Makalah Seminar Persatuan Insinyur Indonesia (PII) Subabaya, 2008
[3]. Depatemen ESDM Indonesia (2008), Handbook Statistik Ekonomi Energi di Indonesia 2006,http://www1.esdm.go.id/files/publikasi/buku/Handbook%20Statistik%20Ekonomi%20Energi%202006.pdf
[4]. Rohi, Daniel, “Mengkaji Kontroversi Penggunaan Energi Nuklir dalam Mendukung Kelistrikan Nasional”, Prosiding Seminar Nasional Universitas Negeri Surakarta 2006
[5]. Hermawan, “Potensi dan Aspek teknis Pengembangan Energi Terbarukan”, Prociding Seminar dan Lokakarya Nasional Energi dan Lingkungan Universitas Diponegoro Semarang 2008
[6]. Lumbanraja M. Sahala, “Kontroversi Pembangunan PLTN Pertama di Indonesia;Suatu Kajian Komparatif”, Prosiding Seminar Nasional Lingkungan Hidup dan Energi Universitas Diponegoro Semarang 2008
[7]. Reed, M.J and Renner, L.Jl : Environmental Compatibilility of Geothermal Energy, CRP Press, 1995, http://geothermal.inel.gov/publications/articles/reed/reed-renner.pdf
[8]. Sriyana, “Studi unjuk Kerja PWR di Negra Penyedia Teknologi, Kasus Amerika dan Perancis”, Prosisding Seminar dan Lokakarya Nasional Energi dan Lingkungan Universitas Diponegoro Semarang 2008
[9]. Kadir, Abdul, “Energi : sumber daya,inovasi, tenaga listri da potensi ekonomi”, UI-Press 1987