Solar energy

1. Global and Indian energy scenario
Prepared by
Dr. K. Dileep
Professor and Head
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Jawahar Lal College of Engineering and Technology

2. World energy resources
Almost 87% of the world’s
total primary energy
supply in the year 2014
comprises non –renewable
energy sources such as oil,
natural gas, coal and
uranium

3. World energy resources

4. World Oil reserves

5. World natural gas reserves
World’s total proven natural gas reserves at
the end of 2014 stood at 187.1 trillion cubic
metres (tcm) sufficient to meet 54.1 years of
global production. United States is the
world’s largest producer of natural gas.
Natural gas supplies about 1/3 of the United
States’ primary energy consumption, with its
primary uses being heating and generating
electricity.

6. World coal reserves
Coal is one of the most important energy
resources of the world and it was the first of
the fossil fuels to be used by mankind as a
major source of energy. World has about 900
billion tonnes of coal reserves in 2014
Almost 73% of the coal resources are
concentrated in five countries; US(26.6%),
Russia (17.6%) China (12.8%) Australia (8.6%)
and India (6.8%) .

7. World nuclear energy reserves

8. World Hydropower reserves

9. World energy consumption
World energy consumption is the total energy produced and used by the entire human civilization.
Typically measured per year, it involves all energy harnessed from every energy source applied towards
humanity's endeavors across every single industrial and technological sector, across every country.
The world's energy consumption (2015 data). Each 10,000 TWh/y
corresponds to an average value of about 1.14 TW.

10. Closely related to energy consumption is the concept of total primary
energy supply (TPES), which – on a global level – is the sum of energy
production minus storage changes. Since changes of energy storage
over the year are minor, TPES values can be used as an estimator for
energy consumption. However, TPES ignores conversion efficiency,
overstating forms of energy with poor conversion efficiency (e.g. coal,
gas and nuclear) and understating forms already accounted for in
converted forms (e.g. photovoltaics or hydroelectricity).
Institutions such as the International Energy Agency (IEA), the
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), and the European
Environment Agency (EEA) record and publish energy data periodically.
Total primary energy supply (TPES)

11. World total primary energy supply (TPES), or "primary energy"
differs from the world final energy consumption because much
of the energy that is acquired by humans is lost as other forms
of energy during the process of its refinement into usable
forms of energy and its transport from its initial place of supply
to consumers.
For instance, when oil is extracted from the ground it must be
refined into gasoline, so that it can be used in a car, and
transported over long distances to gas stations where it can be
used by consumers. World final energy consumption refers to
the fraction of the world's primary energy that is used in its
final form by humanity.
Energy supply, consumption and
electricity

12. Electricity generation
The total amount of electricity consumed worldwide was 19,504 TWh in
2013, 16,503 TWh in 2008, 15,105 TWh in 2005, and 12,116 TWh in
2000.
By the end of 2014, the total installed electricity generating capacity
worldwide was nearly 6.14 TW (million MW) which only includes
generation connected to local electricity grids.
In 2014, the share of world energy consumption for electricity
generation by source was coal at 41%, natural gas at 22%, nuclear at
11%, hydro at 16%, other sources (solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, etc.)
at 6% and oil at 4%. Coal and natural gas were the most used energy
fuels for generating electricity.
In 2016 the total world energy came from 80% fossil fuels, 10% biofuels,
5% nuclear and 5% renewable (hydro, wind, solar, geothermal). Only 18%
of that total world energy was in the form of electricity.Most of the other
82% was used for heat and transportation.

13. Most of the world's high energy resources are from the conversion of the sun's rays to other energy forms after
being incident upon the planet. Some of that energy has been preserved as fossil energy, some is directly or
indirectly usable; for example, via solar PV/thermal, wind, hydro- or wave power.
Regional energy use

14. Energy in India
Since 2013, total primary energy consumption in India has been the
third highest in the world

15. ▪ India was the fourth top coal producer in 2017 with 294.2 Mtoe (Mega
tonnes of oil equivalent) (7.8% global share). Nearly 80% of total
electricity generated (utility and captive) in India is from coal and it is the
main source of the nation's greenhouse gas emissions.
▪ Nearly 10.937 million tonnes Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) was
consumed during April to September 2019 (six months) in domestic sector
mainly for cooking
▪ Presently, only 20% of households in India use biomass and charcoal for
cooking purpose as LPG use for cooking purpose is rising rapidly
▪ India was the third largest electricity producer in the world with 1272 TWh
in FY 2014–15, though only about 80% of the population had access to
mains power.
Energy in India

16. Energy Needs of Growing Economy
Economic growth is desirable for developing countries, and energy is
essential for economic growth.
Per Capita Energy Consumption
The per capita energy consumption is too low for India as compared to
developed countries. It is just 4% of USA and 20% of the world average.
The per capita consumption is likely to grow in India with growth in
economy thus increasing the energy demand.

17. India has recorded rapid growth in electricity generation since 1985, increasing
from 179 TWh in 1985 to 1,057 TWh in 2012
In the year 2019-20, all the incremental electricity generation is contributed by
renewable energy sources as the power generation from fossil fuels decreased
Electricity generation in India

18. Problems of fossil fuels
Climate change
Non- renewable
Environmental hazards
Accidents can be disastrous
Effects on human health
Need huge amount of reserves
Impact on aquatic life by oil spills
Pollution
Ocean acidification
Land degradation

19. Contemporary climate change includes both global warming
and its impacts on Earth's weather patterns.
There have been previous periods of climate change, but the current
changes are distinctly more rapid and not due to natural causes.
Instead, they are caused by the emission of greenhouse gases, mostly carbon dioxide (CO2)
and methane. Burning fossil fuels for energy use creates most of these emissions.
Expanding deserts
Heat waves, Sea level rise, acidic oceans
Wildfires, Melting permafrost,
Glacial retreat and sea ice loss.
Intense storms and other weather extremes.
Rapid environmental change in mountains, coral reefs.
Species relocation and extinction.
Food and water scarcity, increased flooding, extreme heat, more disease, and economic
loss. Human migration and conflicts.
Climate change
The World Health Organization
calls climate change the greatest
threat to global health in the
21st century.

20. Earth constantly receives energy from the sun and
radiates it back into space. For the planet’s
temperature to remain constant, the net heat it
receives from the sun must be balanced by outgoing
heat that it gives off.
Since the sun is hot, it gives off energy in the form of shortwave radiation at mainly
ultraviolet and visible wavelengths. Earth is much cooler, so it emits heat as infrared
radiation, which has longer wavelengths.
Nitrogen and oxygen, which together account for 99% of the atmosphere, had essentially
no influence on Earth’s temperature because they did not absorb heat. Rather, they found
that gases present in much smaller concentrations were entirely responsible for
maintaining temperatures that made the Earth habitable, by trapping heat to create a
natural greenhouse effect.