Presently, there is rapid growth in Technology advancement. Developed countries are searching for new alternative energy sources to minimize the pressure on natural sources like gas, uranium, oil, coal, etc. However, natural sources of energy are inadequate and expensive, which also contributed heavily to greenhouse gas emissions. Developing countries like Nigeria are also trying to exploit different renewable energy sources like solar energy, hydropower, wind energy, bioenergy, etc. to accomplish their increasing demand and also to eradicate the energy crisis Nigeria has been experiencing due to insufficient electricity generation. This paper analyses the importance of renewable sources, the challenges and the benefits. This paper also analyses how renewable energy can be accepted as a perfect solution for economic development.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
ABSTRACT: The quest for economical growth and development coupled with the need to have a secured environment necessitated the adoption of alternative energy technologies, one of which is hydropower technology. This paper brings to fore the hydropower resources, dams and river basins of Nigeria. It touches on the hydropower challenges and possible ways out of the problems associated with our hydropower dams. Corporate analysis of per capital electricity consumption worldwide is discussed as it concerns the subject matter. Basic design considerations of hydro dams are also highlighted.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
ABSTRACT: The quest for economical growth and development coupled with the need to have a secured environment necessitated the adoption of alternative energy technologies, one of which is hydropower technology. This paper brings to fore the hydropower resources, dams and river basins of Nigeria. It touches on the hydropower challenges and possible ways out of the problems associated with our hydropower dams. Corporate analysis of per capital electricity consumption worldwide is discussed as it concerns the subject matter. Basic design considerations of hydro dams are also highlighted.
The mammoth energy requirements of India coupled with the strong push being provided by the government to renewable sources of energy makes this sector a lucrative business prospect. This presentation details the overview of the renewable energy sector in India as well as Gujarat and highlights the business opportunities available within the sector.
Modelling and analysis of a PV/wind/diesel hybrid standalone microgrid for ru...journalBEEI
The scarce electricity supply in Nigeria is a key factor to the low industrial development in a country well-known for having the least electrification in Africa per capita. Presently, Nigeria employs four different kinds of energy such as coal, natural gas, hydro, and oil. Three of the four resources mentioned above used for the production of energy in Nigeria is connected with increasing emissions of greenhouse gas: natural gas, oil, and coal, with coal releasing the worst. This paper presents a model and analysis of PV/Wind/Diesel hybrid system for rural electrification in Kaduna state, northern Nigeria. HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable) software tool was used for optimization and modeling of this work. Simulation results show that the PV/Wind/Diesel system with Battery storage is the most cost-effective system since it recorded considerable cost of energy and reduces CO2 emissions significantly.
Energy cost and energy shortage in nepal potential of solar, wind and other f...SINGHZEE
This is a brief discussion on the energy cost and energy shortage situation in Nepal as well as the potential of Solar, wind and other future energy in Nepal
PLEASE HIT LIKE IF IT'S HELPFUL! :D
Sustainable energy in India: A Paradigm ShiftAdarsh Tripathi
This presentation briefly introduces with the current scenario of Sustainable & Renewable Energy in India. It also includes various government policies & various case studies from the very remote villages & locations of India.
Peak Shaving Using Grid-Connected Solar Panels Case Study: Ministry of Islami...IJERA Editor
The main purpose of this paper is to introduce the application of renewable energy, namely solar energy,for peak shaving during peak loads and to investigate the feasibility of using grid-connected solar system for electricity generation in Ministry of Awqaf mosques. PVsyst software is used to find the optimal design for total connected load of 80 kW. The technical performance of 80 kWgrid-connected photovoltaic (PV) solar systems was investigated. Applying renewable energy in building is required by Kuwait government, all sectors should use 30% of the consumed energy from renewable energy in year 2030. The total cost of the solar systems for 1400 mosques is around 512 million dollars and the total cost of energyis39 milliondollars per year according to 0.2 dollarwhich mean that the payback period within 13 years.Based on the study results, the development of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV)solar system in Awqaf mosques in Kuwait could be economically viable and provide peak shaving during peak loads.
this presentation is about the problems in gurugram with the perspective of sustainability which arised due to some reasons. this also shows the zoning plan of the city.
The presentation describes the complete energy scenario of World and India as of 2020. It also describes the prime energy sources that the entire world depends on.
RENEWABLE ENERGY TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE POWER SUPPLY IN THE NIGERIAN POWER IND...IAEME Publication
The challenge of climate change results primarily from the global use of fossil
fuel. Renewable energy as alternative energy source allows the use of natural sources
such as micro-hydro, wind; solar, and biomass that are sustainable to be explored.
The increase in the dependence on renewable energy calls for attention which can be
solved by the use of energy management. Energy management will provide a
consistent and controllable power supply. There is the need for the integration of
energy management into the grid planning and design. In this work, Energy
management using energy storage is thus considered as one design method for the
system to maximize simplicity and increase reliability using HOMER, a conventional
simulation tool.
The mammoth energy requirements of India coupled with the strong push being provided by the government to renewable sources of energy makes this sector a lucrative business prospect. This presentation details the overview of the renewable energy sector in India as well as Gujarat and highlights the business opportunities available within the sector.
Modelling and analysis of a PV/wind/diesel hybrid standalone microgrid for ru...journalBEEI
The scarce electricity supply in Nigeria is a key factor to the low industrial development in a country well-known for having the least electrification in Africa per capita. Presently, Nigeria employs four different kinds of energy such as coal, natural gas, hydro, and oil. Three of the four resources mentioned above used for the production of energy in Nigeria is connected with increasing emissions of greenhouse gas: natural gas, oil, and coal, with coal releasing the worst. This paper presents a model and analysis of PV/Wind/Diesel hybrid system for rural electrification in Kaduna state, northern Nigeria. HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable) software tool was used for optimization and modeling of this work. Simulation results show that the PV/Wind/Diesel system with Battery storage is the most cost-effective system since it recorded considerable cost of energy and reduces CO2 emissions significantly.
Energy cost and energy shortage in nepal potential of solar, wind and other f...SINGHZEE
This is a brief discussion on the energy cost and energy shortage situation in Nepal as well as the potential of Solar, wind and other future energy in Nepal
PLEASE HIT LIKE IF IT'S HELPFUL! :D
Sustainable energy in India: A Paradigm ShiftAdarsh Tripathi
This presentation briefly introduces with the current scenario of Sustainable & Renewable Energy in India. It also includes various government policies & various case studies from the very remote villages & locations of India.
Peak Shaving Using Grid-Connected Solar Panels Case Study: Ministry of Islami...IJERA Editor
The main purpose of this paper is to introduce the application of renewable energy, namely solar energy,for peak shaving during peak loads and to investigate the feasibility of using grid-connected solar system for electricity generation in Ministry of Awqaf mosques. PVsyst software is used to find the optimal design for total connected load of 80 kW. The technical performance of 80 kWgrid-connected photovoltaic (PV) solar systems was investigated. Applying renewable energy in building is required by Kuwait government, all sectors should use 30% of the consumed energy from renewable energy in year 2030. The total cost of the solar systems for 1400 mosques is around 512 million dollars and the total cost of energyis39 milliondollars per year according to 0.2 dollarwhich mean that the payback period within 13 years.Based on the study results, the development of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV)solar system in Awqaf mosques in Kuwait could be economically viable and provide peak shaving during peak loads.
this presentation is about the problems in gurugram with the perspective of sustainability which arised due to some reasons. this also shows the zoning plan of the city.
The presentation describes the complete energy scenario of World and India as of 2020. It also describes the prime energy sources that the entire world depends on.
RENEWABLE ENERGY TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE POWER SUPPLY IN THE NIGERIAN POWER IND...IAEME Publication
The challenge of climate change results primarily from the global use of fossil
fuel. Renewable energy as alternative energy source allows the use of natural sources
such as micro-hydro, wind; solar, and biomass that are sustainable to be explored.
The increase in the dependence on renewable energy calls for attention which can be
solved by the use of energy management. Energy management will provide a
consistent and controllable power supply. There is the need for the integration of
energy management into the grid planning and design. In this work, Energy
management using energy storage is thus considered as one design method for the
system to maximize simplicity and increase reliability using HOMER, a conventional
simulation tool.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Identification of Reserved Energy Resource Potentials for Nigeria Power Gener...IJERA Editor
Electrical power is the most widely used form of power in the industrialized countries. In Nigeria the epileptic pattern of electricity supply has affected every aspect of our economy and therefore required a strong political will and commitment on the part of Government to tackle. The solution to this problem lies in identifying and harnessing the abundant reserve energy resources available in various locations all over the country. This paper thus dwelt on identifying various sources of reserve energy potentials that abound in Nigeria which when harnessed and deployed appropriately will be sufficient to provide for both immediate and future electric power need of the country. The approach deployed in the study include the review of available statistical data of Nigeria reserve energy resources; identify the scale of its availability, location and the realizable amount of electric power from such reserve. The results show that the proven and estimated reserved energy resources of coal, natural gas and new hydro potentials could contribute a total of 96,079.40MW to the grid system, and when added to the existing installed electric power generation capacity of 12,066MW will give a total of 108,145.40MW.
Promoting Massive Renewable Energy (RE) Projects
towards achieving Sustainable Development in Nigeria
Taiwo Benjamin
Carleton University, Canada
Presented at #naee2015
Nigerian Economy and the Impact of Alternative Energy.IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Nigeria is endowed with natural resources which are aim at developing the country.The need for alternative energy resources to drive the nation economy cannot be over-emphasized. The incessant power failure has grossly affected the economy, seriously slowing down development in rural and sub-rural settlement. A robust solution must be found to end the crises. Alternative energy source has the potential of solving power problem in Nigeria as well as providing safer and cleaner environment than the fossil fuel. This paper also examines the socio–economic benefits of the alternative energy (solar, wind, biomass, hydro and geothermal) to the nation economy and the utilization of the resources to meet human needs and the generation yet unborn and to provide sustainable development, thereby improve the standard of living and mitigating climate change.
One of the most important resources of a nation is energy. The significance of
energy definitely cannot be overemphasized as it is immensely utilized in our everyday
activities as a very germane requirement for survival and robust lifestyle. The amount
of energy availability and its usage in a country measures the level of
industrialization. Several devices including machines, electronics, household
electrical appliances and other domestic equipment and machines, industrial
production and processing machines, streetlights for lighting, our vehicles all require
energy in various form be it solar, hydro-electric, biogas, gasoline, diesel and the
likes to function properly to optimum capacity. However, owing to the stupendous
hike in fuel price, increase in electricity charges and the desire to limit the use of
fossil fuels and reduce carbon emissions, there have been several human efforts on the
pursuit for alternate means of power. This study is aimed at analyzing the range of
renewable energy potentials in Nigeria, and how they can ultimately be used for
national development.
HYDROPOWER ROLE IN STAND-ALONE AND MINI GRID TO POWER SOLUTION IN AFRICAIAEME Publication
Power generation is becoming an issue of concern in developing world, especially in
Africa. There is tremendous population growth in addition to a progressive rise in the use
of electronic devices which has contributed to a greater energy consumption and need.
The three focuses of the strategic electricity plan, namely, supply option, demand
management option and the demand forecasting option are being frustrated with load
shedding management options. Energy is available and enormous, but the challenge of
converting from its existing form to useful form in the form of electricity has to be
addressed if power for all is going to be a reality.
Hydropower (HP) is clean, available, reliable, adequate and renewable. It is
established that about 70% of the earth's surface is covered by water. Engaging small
hydropower (SHP) schemes will go a long way solving the menace. Many developed
countries have installed stand-alone and mini grid system with great success. With the
enormous untapped potentials in Africa, it is time we localise installation of SHP, which
is cheaper and requires little technical know-how or skilled labour instead of depending
on large scale HP which takes years to install and also capital intensive even for nations
to handle.
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A 0.5 KW SOLAR TREE FOR POWERING FARM SETTLEMENTSIAEME Publication
Nigeria is a country faced with great challenges in the power sector. This is as a
result of inadequate administrative and technical efforts in handling issues in this
sector. Aforetime, the country has solely depended on grid electricity generation
which has proven to be unstable for several decades. These and others, has made it
imperative to introduce the use of renewable energy in addressing some of the
electricity challenges facing the country. The sources of renewable energy which
could serve as an alternative source of power include wind, solar, and biogas. These
can also be combined together as an entity to form a hybrid renewable energy source.
In this paper, a solar tree was designed and constructed to provide an alternative
supply of electricity to farm settlements in Nigeria. This is achieved by generating
electricity from a single or multiple number of solar panels connected with a charge
controller, a battery bank for storage and an inverter circuit to supply electrical
power. Depending on the electrical load demand and the applications coverage area,
the solar tree rating and specification can be a single-phase or three-phase AC output
The Application of Homer Optimization Software to Investigate the Prospects o...IJECEIAES
This paper investigates the prospects and cost-effectiveness of implementation of standalone PV/wind system in sokoto state Nigeria. Daily electricity demand, yearly solar radiation and wind speed were applied to determine the optimum sizing of the renewable energy (RE) system. To design optimum RE with proper sizing of system components, meteorological data obtained from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration were applied as input for this study. In Nigeria, sokoto is a region with solar radiation of 6kWh/m 2 /day and wind speed of 5m/s at 10m above height. Using the Homer optimization software, the optimum integrated RE system is 35.21kW PV, 3 x 25kW wind turbines, 12 x 24V lead acid battery and 17.44kW converter. The system has a total capital cost of $249910.24, the replacement cost of $82914.85 and maintenance cost of $53802.80 for 25 years. Though the initial capital cost is high but the long term benefits are enormous, considering the high cost of implementing rural electrification scheme, coupled with ahike in electricity tariff. There is also a payback period of 5 years. The results imply a standalone PV/wind system is feasible in rural communities of sokoto with 100% pollution free energy system.
TECHNO-ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT IN SOUTH EAST NIGERIA, A...IAEME Publication
This research focus on a recent review of the techno economic study of coal fired power plant in south east Nigeria, its application, effects and suggestion in processing the coal and safeguard the atmosphere. Electricity crisis in Nigeria and power reform in the sector is analyzed to determine another source of electricity generation in the country. To recognize the fact that coal is one of the mostly available sources of energy than oil and natural gas. Furthermore, Coal production in different countries and environmental impacts enables us to forge ahead in generating electricity through coal processing. Finally, economic evaluation of the plant will boost coal fired power plant in south east Nigeria.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Similar to Assessment of renewable energy in nigeria, challenges and benefits. (20)
A pragmatic study on e learning system for higher education in developing cou...Najeem Olawale Adelakun
The Internet has become one of the greatest inventions of mankind for learning and sharing of useful information through electronic means. For some years now, the developed nations have adopted the use of the e-learning system. Presently, the COVID-19 outbreak has given rise to the adoption of the e-learning system by many countries of the world being the most viable alternative for teaching and learning. This paper uses a pragmatic approach to evaluates the benefits and challenges associated with the e-learning system. A survey was conducted among students in a higher institution and a total of one hundred and twenty-five responses was gathered from the online questionnaire to know the likely challenges faced by students with the e-learning system and also at an online researchers’ forum. The result shows that 30.40% of students complained about weak internet connectivity from the questionnaire administered which is also the major problem in most developing nations, and for optimal performance of the e-learning system, there should be adequate provision for strong internet connectivity, standard IT infrastructure, and user-friendly e-learning platform.
Analysis of grid connected independent power plant capabilities on electricit...Najeem Olawale Adelakun
At the core of any meaningful economic activity is electric power. Absence or inadequacy of it in a nation
stalls development in that nation. In Nigeria, there is a wide gap between forecast power and actual
power generation needed for productive endeavours. For instance in July 2017, the generation peak load
forecast was 14190MW while the actual generation peak load was 4567MW. In July 2018 it was again
14190MW (forecast) but 5110MW (actual). This paper uses descriptive statistics to analyse Independent
Power Plant (IPP) capabilities spread across ten years (2009-2018). The results show that there is need
to encourage more private investors to build additional IPPs in order to increase adequate power
generation in Nigeria – especially in post-COVID-19 socio-economic crisis. Consequently, it is expected
that the wide gap between generation peak load peak load forecast and actual peak load would be
narrowed.
Wastage of water has been a
common phenomenon in several public locations
such as event centre, restaurants, malls, mosque,
churches, and also at home due to negligence of tap
user or due to sophisticated tap used that visitors
may not know how to operate, to curb wastage and
prevention of damage to the wash hand basin. A
solar-powered automatic wash hand basin system
was developed to cater for any challenges that may
arise. The solar-powered automatic wash hand
basin systemis a sensor-based system with constant
a supply of electricity that starts automatically
whenever anyone put his/her hand just below the
water tap outlet, which significantly reduces water
consumption to some extent and can as well
eliminate cross-contamination by keeping hands
and germs away from commonly-used surfaces
especially during this COVID-19 pandemic.This
system can help in automating the work of human
beings with great ease and without any difficulty
which will make the tap to last longer, reduce water
usage, and also guide against any form of germs or
diseases from cross-contamination.
The Relevance of Doubly – Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) in Modelling and Sim...Najeem Olawale Adelakun
The need for clean and stable electricity has given rise to renewable energy globally. Currently, Wind Energy generation is one the leading renewable energy sources and DFIG-based wind turbine are invariably the best approach to generate a multi-megawatts power at variable speed with less fluctuation in output power, ability to control its generated active and reactive power with minimal cost. This paper presents a model of a grid connected DFIG based Wind Turbine system for variable- speed where the speed range requirements are small, the overall system simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK and the results shows the behaviour of DFIG with this type of control system and the numerous advantages in terms of cost reduction and the potential to build economically at multi-megawatt power system, as a result, DFIG grid connected wind turbine is essential.
The energy efficient load is considered as an important tool for efficient management of available
electrical energy in Nigeria because it allows electricity utility to meet the power demand of many consumers
with little or no increase in power supply generation. This paper discusses the technical and economic benefit of
using energy efficient load for electrical services design considering a four-bedroom apartment in Nigeria as a
case study. Load analysis and evaluation were carried out using both conventional load and energy efficient load
for electrical services. The technical benefits were determined by calculating the total energy demand, apparent
power and current drawn by the four-bedroom apartment. Apparent power and current are important tools to
determine Transformer capacity, Cable capacity and Generator capacity for the apartment. The economic
benefits were determined by calculating the daily energy consumption by the four-bedroom apartment and this
is a great tool in computing the daily cost of electricity by the apartment. The result shows that 41.26% of total
energy demand is saved and 32.96% of daily energy consumption is saved if the energy efficient loads were
used as an alternative to conventional load for that four-bedroom apartment.
Easy approach to a responsive website design using artisteer application soft...Najeem Olawale Adelakun
Progressively, the unique mobile internet users keep increasing with each passing day globally; this prompts the need for a responsive website, Similarly, a responsive website is the site that has been designed to respond, or adapts, based on the technology and type of computing device used by the visitor to display the site. This paper presents an easy approach to a responsive website with little or no coding experience using an Artisteer
software application with a drag and drop features. The result shows that Artisteer is one of the foremost Web design automation application that instantly creates a tremendous Website and Blog templates in a jiffy,a beginner with little knowledge of coding or graphics can creates a responsive website with ease without any form of technical training required.
Robots play important roles in day to day
activities of human endeavour and can perform
complex tasks speedily and accurately. Robots are
employed to imitate human behaviours and then
apply these behaviours to the skills that lead to
achieving a certain task in solving the challenges
faced by impaired people in society. This robotic arm
was achieved using light-weight steel iron for the
frames, a moderate torque MG995 Towerpro, and
servo motor. Two Atmega328 Arduino
microcontroller was employed to control the motors
through the use of pulse width modulation
technique. Mathematical models were developed for
the mechanism to represent the kinematics involved
at each joint with mathematical variables. Then, the
stability of the system was carried out using a step
input signal being a type zero system.
Outage analysis and system disturbances on 330k v and 132kv transmission syst...Najeem Olawale Adelakun
The Persistent power outage in the country due to
faults has become alarming to the government and the body
responsible for electricity generation in the country. It also
creates a major problem for electricity consumers in Nigeria,
there must be an improvement in the reliability of the
transmission system in Nigeria. This research work is
predominantly concerned with the analysis of outages on
330kV and 132kV transmission system, and system
disturbances on generation and transmission system for five (5)
years. The result shows that the forced outages are the most
occurred outages on the 330 kV line, while on 132 kV line,
emergency outages have the highest number of outages in 2014
but decreases rapidly over the years, similarly, twenty-seven
(27) major system disturbances occurred in 2016 with 31%
against ten (10) with 11% disturbances in 2015, while 2014 and
2018 with the same number of system disturbances of thirteen
(13) with 15%, it is apparent that more disturbances occur on
the transmission system, and there should be a proper
protection scheme to maintain stable grid network.
Consequently, Mini-grid and off-grid solutions will
prominently address the issue of power supply shortage and
instability in Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
Electricity exists in a form that is useful to exploit, however, it will also be important to install electricity as
efficiently as possible, and design of the power distribution system should be convenient so as to minimize
power losses. This paper analyses the electrical service design of a Storey building using the lumen method for
the lighting calculations. The purpose of this work is to present a suitable approach to electrical services design
based on the provision of the Institution of Electrical Engineers (lEE) Regulations, which includes lighting,
power, distribution boards schematics. The results of the whole analysis and design was illustrated with
AutoCAD application. This work gives a direct approach from design of the electrical services to the installation
stage. The results of the calculations in the design helps the designer to make vital decisions such as types of
luminaries, sizes of cables and nominal ratings of protective devices required by each circuit and by the entire
installation in line with appropriate standards and regulations.
A STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF ENERGY GENERATION AND CONSUMPTION IN DANGOTE CEMENT ...Najeem Olawale Adelakun
ABSTRACT
Energy supply for economic activities has been a major problem in Nigeria such that it does appear that solution
to stable, reliable power supply is not yet in sight. Consequently, consumers (industrial, residential and
commercial) have all resorted to self-generation to complement whatever supply (if any) that comes from the very
unreliable national grid. For instance, the available power supply to the entire nation fluctuates between 3000MW
and 3500MW. A study of monthly energy generation in Dangote Cement Plant for a typical year was carried out.
This was compared with the equivalent monthly generation from the entire Nigeria’s grid system. The results
show that in 2013, at the early stage of commencement of production of operation in the plant), the total energy
generated by the Dangote Power Plant was 406762.33 MWH while the total energy consumed by the company
was 401903.72 MWh. Dangote’s total energy generation in 2013 represents 1.4% of Nigeria’s total generation
from grid in the same year. The total distribution loss was 4858.61 MWH (which is 1.2% of the total energy
generated by the company).Comparatively, the total generation from national grid in 2013 was 29628699. This
study further shows that Dangote Cement, Ibese produces enough energy for its use and could even sell any excess
if encouraged.
RETOOLING NIGERIAS ELECTRICITY GENERATION SUB – SYSTEM FOR SUSTAINABLE GRID O...Najeem Olawale Adelakun
ABSTRACT
Experts are varied in estimating the amount of power needed for national development. One expert
estimated 297,900 MW by the year 2030 using a 13 percent Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The Power
Sector Road Map’s aspiration is 40,000 MW by the year 2020 while the preferred Vision 20:2020 target is
40GW (40,000 MW) available capacity. Vision 20:2020 further proposed that hydro sources contribute 10%
of this value; thermal, 80%; coal, 6% and renewables, 4%. However, as at December 2017, Nigeria’s total
installed generating capacity was 12,324.40 MW. In order to assess the fundamentals and proffer solutions
for the improvement of power generation to meet popular expectations, this work analyses the installed
capacities of the nation from 1986 – 1995, on the one hand and from 2007 – 2016, on the other hand using
graphical illustrations and tables. The gap between the two time phases was deliberate to create some effect.
The results show that over the years, there has been an apparent, non – challance towards systematic
development of Nigeria’s power sector. To put a check to this deteriorating condition / trend, useful
suggestions have been made
Design and Evaluation of Electrical Services for an Energy Efficient HomeNajeem Olawale Adelakun
Abstract- Nigeria is facing an acute shortage of
electric power that drives economic activities.
Consequently, all sectors of the economy are facing
a retrogression in productivity. Besides, even much
of the power made available either from the grid or
self-generation is wasted due to poor installation
design and use of inefficient devices and equipment
such as filament bulbs, and fluorescent lamps
(among others). This work examines the present
common practice of electrical services that wastes
energy with the viewing to advancing the best
practice that minimises overall energy / power loss. A
three-bedroom flat and an eatery in Nigeria were
used as a case study. Load audit, analysis and
calculations were made to assist in making vital
decisions as to the types and sizes of luminaires,
cables and protective devices (among others) to be
used in accordance with known standards and
regulations. The results show that 71.8% and 69.1%
respectively of energy is saved for lighting in three-
bedroom flat and eatery; 37.4% and 30.8% in other
loads used in three bedroom and eatery respectively.
All this is as a result of use of frugal design and
energy saving – saving devices. This further implies
a saving in absolute cost of energy consumed in a
particular situation.
Abstract— Solar Energy is the prime important
source of energy, and it has continued to gain
popularity globally. As of 2018, about 486 GW of solar
PV was installed worldwide. One of the key
requirements for socio-economic improvement in any
nation of the world is the provision of dependable
electricity supply systems. Recently, there is a massive
growth in access to solar electricity in several Africa
countries, notably South Africa, Egypt, Morocco, and
Algeria. As a result, it decreases the global population
without access to electricity with an appreciable value.
This paper review the present state of solar energy
capacity in the world also identifies vital approaches of
improving their functionality, reliability, and
affordability as well as the essential method that
policymakers may implement in the future. The result
shows that there is a recurrent growth in solar energy
annually and as at the end of 2018 Asia with the largest
capacity of 56.58%, while Central America and the
Caribbean have the lowest installed capacity of 0.36%.
As the request for an uninterrupted supply increases in
different regions, progressive builders are embracing
solar photovoltaics (PV) renewable energy as an option
for their customers.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Assessment of renewable energy in nigeria, challenges and benefits.
1. International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 68 Issue 1- Jan 2020
ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 64
Assessment of Renewable Energy in Nigeria:
Challenges and Benefits
Banji A. Olanipekun1
, Najeem O. Adelakun2
1&2
Department of Electrical / Electronic Engineering, The Federal Polytechnic, Ilaro
Ogun State, Nigeria.
Abstract — Presently, there is rapid growth in
Technology advancement. Developed countries are
searching for new alternative energy sources to
minimize the pressure on natural sources like gas,
uranium, oil, coal, etc. However, natural sources of
energy are inadequate and expensive, which also
contributed heavily to greenhouse gas emissions.
Developing countries like Nigeria are also trying to
exploit different renewable energy sources like solar
energy, hydropower, wind energy, bioenergy, etc. to
accomplish their increasing demand and also to
eradicate the energy crisis Nigeria has been
experiencing due to insufficient electricity
generation. This paper analyses the importance of
renewable sources, the challenges and the benefits.
This paper also analyses how renewable energy can
be accepted as a perfect solution for economic
development.
Keywords — emission, electricity, economic
development, renewable energy, solar
energy.
I. INTRODUCTION
Nigeria has a population of 203,595,926 million and
her population density is 226/km2
(586 people per
mi2
) of which 351,650 square miles (910,770 square
km2
) is the total land area [17]. The total installed
capacity in the grid as of December 2018 was
12,910.40 MW [13], while 2,143 MW is Renewable,
of which 2,111 MW is Hydropower [8]. The total
exploitable potential of hydropower is estimated at
over 14,120 MW, amounting to more than 50,800
GWh of electricity annually [6], over 40% of her
population has no access to electricity [19].
The demand for sustainable energy is rising globally.
Thus, renewable energy has been identified as an
absolute substitute for fossil fuels in a sustainable and
environmentally-friendly way. Predominantly
renewable energy is significantly a viable approach to
sustainable development to both developed and
developing nations. Nigeria over-dependent on
depletable oil and gas while neglecting the never-
ending renewable energy is certainly unjustifiable.
Renewable energy is a solution to Nigeria's energy
challenges. Aside from being sustainable and
inexhaustible, it can be constructed in smaller units,
hence, appropriate for rural community management
and ownership, and could be crucial to economic
development. Renewable energy is a vital element of
sustainable development, is essential in reducing
greenhouse gas emissions and creates a diversity of
energy supply and security.
Nigeria is endowed with rich renewable energy
resources that can be used in generating electricity,
the substantial ones being solar energy, small and
large hydropower, biomass and wind. The Nigerian
Electricity Regulatory Commission (NERC) is
committed to encouraging investment in renewable
energy generation in Nigeria. With huge and mostly
untapped potential in renewable energy resources, an
obstacle to the development of renewables include
the large oil and gas production in the South together
with government fuel subsidies, the lack of
clarity/market information on private sector
opportunities, and a general knowledge gap
concerning financial support mechanisms obtainable
in the country [16]. Renewable energy provides
universal access to sustainable, reliable, affordable
and modern-day energy, except for the traditional
uses of biomass (e.g. for cooking) which is linked to
major negative health impacts.
II. METHODOLOGY
To improve the present state of renewable energy
resources in the country, the government and power
sector should collaborate in solving the nation's
power problems. This paper analyses the present state
of major renewable energy resources in Nigeria such
as solar, large hydro, small hydro, biomass
(fuelwood, animal wastes, Agric residues, energy
crops) and wind, with its present challenges and the
benefits associated with the technology.
TABLE I : Renewable Energy Installed Capacity in
Nigeria 2018 (MW)
Resources Installed Capacity MW
Hydro 2111
Wind 3
Solar 19
Bioenergy 10
Source: [8]
2. International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 68 Issue 1- Jan 2020
ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 65
TABLE III : Renewable Energy Potentials in
Nigeria.
Source: [3, 4, 6, 8, 13]
A. Solar
The solar energy system is the transition of
sunlight into electricity, it can be accomplished
directly using photovoltaic (PV) panels or indirectly
with the aid of concentrated solar power (CSP) [1].
Nigeria has massive energy potential with an annual
average total solar radiation of about 12.6 MJ/m2
/day
in the coastal latitudes to about 25.2 MJ/m2
/day in the
far North [4]. It was reported that Nigeria's first
module manufacturing plant had been completed and
is now operational with a nameplate capacity of 10
MW [Pvt 2014]. The plant was erected in Sokoto by
German firm JVG Thoma [7]. Thus, the National
Agency for Science and Engineering Infrastructure
(NASENI) and the Sokoto Energy Research Centre
(SERC) are now a proud producer of solar panels in
the country [4].
The use of solar energy technologies in Nigeria is
rising particularly in the areas of street-lighting,
water-pumping, rural electrification, refrigeration and
powering of communication stations, etc. It may also
be used to remote villages not connected to the
national grid. It is estimated that 19 MW of solar PV
power were operational at the end of 2018 [8].
B. Hydro
Hydropower energy is generated by building a
dam across flowing water to drive turbines which
convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Hydropower is one of the foremost sources of grid-
powered generation in Nigeria. Despite its high
initial cost, hydropower provides one of the most
economical and cleanest sources of electricity.
Nigeria is well endowed with large rivers and a few
natural falls which are accountable for the high
hydropower potential of the country. The Niger and
Benue rivers as well as Lake Chad basin with an
estimated 1,800 m3 per capita per year of renewable
water resources available in the country [6]. The
total exploitable large scale hydropower potential of
Nigeria is estimated at over 14,120 MW, capable of
producing 50,832 GWh of electricity annually. Only
about 13.50% of the nation's large hydropower
potential has been tapped. Some of the major
hydropower stations are Kainji (760 MW), Jebba
(578.40 MW) and Shiroro (600 MW), ongoing
Zungeru (700 MW), Mambilla (3050 MW). The
Small hydropower potential of Nigeria is estimated
at 3,500MW of which only 64.20 MW which shows
that about 1.7% had been developed [4, 6, 13].
There is an urgent need to develop Small
Hydropower Plants for the provision of electricity
for the rural areas and remote settlements which will
tackle the issue of power deficiency in the country.
Presently hydro is the second largest energy
resource for electricity generation in the country,
contributing about 20% of the total installed grid-
connected electricity generating capacity.
TABLE IIIII : Nigeria Large Hydro Generation
Capacities as of December, 2018 (MW)
Power
Station
Availability
Factor
(MW)
Installed
Capacity
(MW)
Average
Availability
(MW)
Kainji 0.50 760.00 382.90
Jebba 0.75 578.40 435.82
Shiroro 0.72 600.00 434.99
Total 0.65 1938.40 1253.71
Source: [13]
C. Wind
Wind renewable energy uses large blades to spin a
dynamo inside the turbine which converts mechanical
energy into electrical energy. In the far north, the
annual average wind speed varies from about 2 m/s to
about 4 m/s at 10 m heights. Analysis of the wind
pattern in the country at 10m height shows that some
sites have wind regime between 1.0 to 5.1 m/s. Wind
speed ranges from a low 1.4 – 3.0 m/s in the Southern
areas and 4.0 – 5.12 m/s in the extreme North [3, 4].
Resource Potential Remark
Solar
3.5
kWh/m2/day to
7.0kWh/m²/day
19 MW exploited
Large
Hydropower
11,250 MW 1,938.40 MW exploited
Small
Hydropower
3,500 MW 64.20 MW exploited
Wind Average of
2 – 4 m/s at
10m height
3 MW exploited
Bioenergy
Municipal
waste
18.5 million
tonnes produced
in 2005 and
now estimated
at
0.5kg/capita/day
10 MW
exploited
Fuel wood
43.4 million
tonnes/yr. fuel
wood
consumption
Animal waste
245 million
assorted animals
in 2001
Agricultural
residues
91.4 million
tonnes/yr.
produced
Energy crops
28.2 million
hectares of
arable land;
8.5% cultivated
3. International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 68 Issue 1- Jan 2020
ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 66
Peak wind speeds usually occur between April and
August for most sites. A preliminary study shows that
the total actual exploitable wind energy reserve at 10
m height, may vary from 8.0 MWh/year in Yola to
about 51.0 MWh/year in the mountain areas of Jos,
Plateau and it can be as high as 97.0 MWh/year in
Sokoto. Wind energy has been used for centuries for
water pumping as well as for the milling of grains.
For the meaningful operation of wind energy, a
necessary condition is the optimization of the
components of wind water pumping and wind
electricity generation.
D. Bioenergy
Bio-energy is energy from non-fossil type organic
matter referred to as biomass. Biomass is any organic
material derived from plants and animals on a
renewable basis which includes crops, forage grasses,
wood, animal wastes and waste arising from forestry,
shrubs, agriculture and municipal and industrial
activities. Fuelwood is solid plant biomass that is
used for household heating and cooking. Biogas is
the product of using biological materials such as
plant's oil or animal fats to produce diesel, it can use
directly as fuel, or processed into liquids and gases.
According to estimates, the daily production of
animal waste in Nigeria is about 227,500 tons, which
could lead to about 6.8 million m3 of biogas.
III. CHALLENGES
Some vital challenges facing the deployment of
renewable energy resources in Nigeria include:
Low level of public awareness on the availability
and usefulness of alternative energy systems;
Intermittency of resource availability
High initial starting cost when compared with
other conventional energy sources in Nigeria.
Inadequate fiscal and economic incentives to
attract local and foreign investment in alternative
energy systems.
Inadequate policy, regulation and institutional
framework for the development and adoption of
alternative clean and renewable energy sources.
Inadequate indigenous human capacity in the
design, construction, installation, and
maintenance of alternative energy systems.
Lack of appropriate Standards and quality
control for modern technologies.
Lack of capacity for the local manufacturing of
alternative energy system components, resulting
in limited supply and higher cost.
IV. BENEFITS
Some of the key benefits of renewable energy
sources in Nigeria include:
It is Renewable and Sustainable.
It has low lower carbon emissions and produces
little or no air pollution
It improves energy security by providing greater
diversity in the overall energy mix, thereby
reducing dependence on the non-renewable
energy source.
A means of providing affordable energy to rural
areas without access to the centralized energy
system.
It provides a means of local job creation for the
youth and will kick-start new domestic industries
that can support the growing international market
for renewable energy technologies.
It is safe, abundant, and clean to use when
compared to fossil fuels.
Several forms of renewable energy exist.
Renewable energy is a stable source of energy.
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This paper has accessed the major renewable energy
sources in‟ Nigeria, the likely challenges and the
numerous benefits. All renewable energy sources
should be encouraged wherever there is a high
potential for it in the country. The federal
government should partner with the private sector to
make these clean energy sources available and
affordable to most communities in our country.
The result shows that renewable energy contributes
about 20% of the total electricity supply in the nation;
however, Fig. 1. Shows that 98.51% of renewable
energy installed in 2018 is from hydro while 1.49% is
from other sources added together such that solar
with 0.89%, wind with 0.14% and bioenergy with
0.47%, there is an urgent need for construction of
mini and micro hydropower plant to cater for the
supply of electricity to rural and remote location
where water is readily available.
Similarly, tapping into the untapped renewable
energy resources such as hydro, solar and wind will
help in a long way to alleviating the power outage
challenges confronting the nation. Also connecting
these renewable energy resources to the grid will lead
to economic growth which in turn will bring about
job creation for the youths in the country.
Fig. 1 Percentage of Renewable energy installed
capacity in Nigeria 2018
4. International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 68 Issue 1- Jan 2020
ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 67
VI. CONCLUSION
Having assessed the present state of renewable
energy in the country with its likely challenges and
benefits, it is evident that renewable energy is the key
to clean energy in Nigeria. Tapping into these
untapped renewable energy resources such as solar,
hydro, wind and biomass will help in eradicating the
energy crisis Nigeria has been experiencing due to
insufficient electricity generation, and also providing
the rural areas and remote location access to
electricity without connecting to the grid. Renewable
energy technologies can play a key role in the
economic development of the nation if all the
untapped resources are tapped and effectively utilized,
there should also be an adequate incentive to
producers, developers, and suppliers of solar, wind
and biomass energy product and services to increase
productivity. Proper energy efficiency culture should
be embraced to boost the nation's energy needs and as
well provides the foundation for energy
independence.
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