The document discusses India's energy needs and roadmap. It notes that India is both a major energy producer and consumer, but is still a net importer due to its large oil consumption. It highlights India's growing energy demand and dependence on imports as major concerns. The document outlines India's current energy sources and proposes various options to meet future demand, including fossil fuels, hydrogen, nuclear, biomass, and renewable energy. It emphasizes the need for a sustainable energy pathway to ensure India's energy security.

1. WELCOME
PRESENTATION ON
ENERGY NEEDS & ROAD
MAP OF INDIA
BY
LT COL VIKRAM BAKSHI

2. INTRODUCTION
IT'S AN ENORMOUS AMOUNT OF
ANCIENT PLANT MATTER THAT
WENT INTO EVERY SINGLE
GALLON OF GASOLINE THAT WE
BURN TODAY, SAYS DUKES, AN
ECOLOGIST

3. VISION FOR NATIONS
ENERGY INDEPENDENCE HAS TO BE OUR NATION’S
FIRST AND HIGHEST PRIORITY. WE MUST ACHIEVE
COMPREHENSIVE ENERGY SECURITY BY 2020 BY
CREATING AN ENERGY ASSET PROFILE THAT ALLOWS
OUR ECONOMY TO FUNCTION WITH NECESSARY
ABANDON. WE MUST CONCURRENTLY STRIVE TO
ACHIEVE ENERGY INDEPENDENCE BY 2030 THROUGH
ACCRETIONS TO OUR TRADITIONAL STOCKPILES AND
STRATEGIC RESERVES AS ALSO SKILFUL USE OF
ALTERNATE AND RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY.
President APJ Abdul Kalam

4. ENERGY SECURITY INTERNATIONAL
MARKET
 GLOBAL OIL PRICES ENTERING THE "SUPER-PIKE" PHASE.
 SUSTAINED PRICE RISE VS GROWTH RATE & INFLATION.
 OIL PRICES HAVE CROSSED $70 PER BARREL.
 HY ANNUAL OIL IMPORTS.
 HIGH ENERGY CONSUMPTION THAN THAT OF ANY DEVP
COUNTRY.
 INSULATION FROM EVER-VOLATILE INTERNATIONAL ENERGY
MARKET.

5. INDIA ENERGY STATUS IN WORLD
 INDIA IS BOTH A MAJOR ENERGY PRODUCER AND CONSUMER.
 ELEVENTH GREATEST ENERGY PRODUCER, ACCOUNTING FOR ABOUT 2.4%
OF THE WORLD’S TOTAL ANNUAL ENERGY PRODUCTION
 WORLD’S SIXTH GREATEST ENERGY CONSUMER, ACCOUNTING FOR ABOUT
3.3% OF THE WORLD’S TOTAL ANNUAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION
 DESPITE ITS LARGE ANNUAL ENERGY PRODUCTION, INDIA IS A NET ENERGY
IMPORTER, MOSTLY DUE TO THE LARGE IMBALANCE BETWEEN OIL
PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION
 INDIA RANKS FIFTH IN THE WORLD IN TERMS OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION.
 COMMERCIAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN INDIA 3.5% OF THE WORLD
CONSUMPTION IN 2002.
 AVERAGE ANNUAL GROWTH RATE OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION ABOUT 6%
DURING 1981 -2002.

6. THE LOOMING CRISIS
 INDIA HAS PROVEN OIL RESERVES OF LESS THAN 6.5
YEARS OF OUR TOTAL PRESENT CONSUMPTION
 WORLD CRISIS AHEAD IN THE NEXT FEW YEARS
 INDIAN CRISIS EVEN MORE SEVERE !
 UNPRECEDENTED GROWTH IN HYDROCARBON
CONSUMPTION – GASOLINE THE HIGHEST
 BIOFUELS ONE OF THE MOST ADAPTABLE OPTIONS

7. SEQUENCE
 PART 1 : OVERVIEW OF INDIA ENERGY
 PART 2 : OIL, GAS, HYDROGEN & NUCLEAR
 PART 3 : BIOFUEL & BIOMASS
 PART 4 : RENWABLE ENERGY
 CONCLUSION

8. PART ONE
ENERGY REQUIREMENT OF INDIA

9. AIM
TO DISCUSS INDIA ENERGY NEEDS AND
ROAD MAP

10. ENERGY SCENARIO IN INDIA
 INDIA IS BOTH A MAJOR ENERGY PRODUCER AND CONSUMER.
 ELEVENTH GREATEST ENERGY PRODUCER, ACCOUNTING FOR ABOUT 2.4% OF
THE WORLD’S TOTAL ANNUAL ENERGY PRODUCTION.
 WORLD’S SIXTH GREATEST ENERGY CONSUMER, ACCOUNTING FOR ABOUT
3.3% OF THE WORLD’S TOTAL ANNUAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION.
 DESPITE ITS LARGE ANNUAL ENERGY PRODUCTION, INDIA IS A NET ENERGY
IMPORTER, MOSTLY DUE TO THE LARGE IMBALANCE BETWEEN OIL
PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION
 COMMERCIAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN INDIA IS 3.5% OF THE WORLD
CONSUMPTION.
 AVERAGE ANNUAL GROWTH RATE OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION IS ABOUT 6%
DURING 1998 - 2007.

11. ENERGY SOURCES – INDIAN
SCENARIO
1% 5%
Hydro
33%
Nuclear Oil
Coal
LNG
53%
8%

12. MAJOR CONCERNS IN ENERGY
SECTOR IN INDIA
 GROWING GAP BETWEEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY OF COMMERCIAL ENERGY:
ELECTRICITY, OIL AND GAS.
 OIL INTENSIFICATION OF INDIAN ECONOMY DUE TO DECLINING SELF
SUFFICIENCY IN OIL AND INCREASING OIL DEMAND.
 GROWING DEPENDENCE ON NON-COMMERCIAL ENERGY SOURCES LIKE
FIRE-WOOD, COW-DUNG AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES IN RURAL AREAS.
 INADEQUATE DEVELOPMENT OF ECO-FRIENDLY ENERGY SOURCES
INCLUDING HYDRO AND RENEWABLE ENERGY.
 URGENCY FOR CONTROLLING ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CAUSED BY
BURNING OF FOSSIL FUELS AND BIOMASS ENERGY.
 NEED FOR SUSTAINABLE ENERGY PATHWAY FOR INDIA WHICH WILL ENSURE
ENERGY SECURITY.

13.  INDIA’S CURRENT ENERGY BASKET IS COAL DOMINATED
AND IS LIKELY TO STAY THIS WAY IN THE NEAR FUTURE.
LIMITED DOMESTIC COAL SUPPLY COUPLED WITH ITS
POOR QUALITY.
 LOW LEVEL OF TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS AND
HIGH INSTANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PERILS POSE
SERIOUS CHALLENGES FOR OVER DEPENDENCE ON
COAL.
 LIMITED DOMESTIC RESERVES AND UNCERTAIN FOREIGN
SUPPLY OF HYDROCARBONS IN WAKE OF THEIR RISING
INTERNATIONAL PRICE HAVE SERIOUSLY IMPAIRED
COUNTRY’S ENERGY SECURITY.

14. ENERGY GAPS - HARSH FACTS
 APPROXIMATELY 2.4 BILLION PEOPLE USE
TRADITIONAL BIOMASS FOR COOKING
 STILL 1.6 MILLION PEOPLE LACK ACCESS TO
ELECTRICITY
 WORLD’S ENERGY NEEDS WILL BE UP BY 60% BY THE
YEAR 2030 WITH FOSSILS FUEL STILL BEING THE
DOMINANT ENERGY MIX
 INDOOR BIOMASS STOVES KILLS UP TO 1.6 MILLION
WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

15. SOME MORE PROBLEMS
 GAS PIPELINE FROM IRAN, DISCOURAGED BY U.S.
 COAL SUPPLIES ONLY FOR 200 YEARS
 OIL - INDIA’S DEMAND WILL OUTSTRIP SUPPLY
 GAS DISCOVERY BY RELIANCE IN 2003. BUT WILL
SERVICE ONLY FRACTION OF INDIA’S POWER NEEDS

16. SOME MORE PROBLEMS
 TARAPUR NUCLEAR REACTOR REQUIRES REFUELING
 GAS PIPELINE FROM TURKMENISTAN, THROUGH
PAKISTAN, BUT QUESTIONABLE RESERVES
 GAS PIPELINE FROM MYANMAR THROUGH
BANGLADESH DISCOURAGED BY U.S.
 PROTESTS AGAINST HYDRO-ELECTRIC DAM AT
NARMADA

17. ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
OF INDIA

18. ENERGY REQUIREMENT
OF INDIA
OVER THE NEXT 25 YEARS, SIX FOLD INCREASE
PROJECTED IN ELECTRICITY AND FOUR FOLD
INCREASE IN CRUDE OIL

19. ENERGY, EVIRONMENT AND
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Economic Growth
Economic
opportunity
Energy
Social
progress Environment and
Health protection
Social Empowerment Environmental Sustenance

20. FUTURE SCENARIO - 2030
 GLOBAL PRODUCTION OF OIL - PEAK BY 2030
 60% OF NEW INVESTMENTS IN ENERGY – ELECTRICITY
 RENEWABLE ENERGY - MEET 14% (WORLD’S TOTAL
PRIMARY ENERGY DEMAND) - TO REMAIN SAME IN
2030
 SHARE OF BIOFUELS (TRANSPORTATION) - 1% BUT
WILL GO TO 3% BY 2030

21. OTHER OPTIONS
 RENEWABLE ARE INDIGENOUS, NON-DEPLETING,
MODULAR AND ENVIRONMENT-FRIENDLY
 RENEWABLES CAN PROVIDE ENERGY ACCESS AND
MEET UNMET DEMAND
 PROVIDE CAPTIVE ENERGY THUS CONSERVING FOSSIL
FUELS AND ELECTRICITY
 SUPPLEMENT FOSSIL FUELS IN TRANSPORTATION
 RENEWABLES CAN CONTRIBUTE TO ENERGY
SECURITY IN A SUSTAINABLE MANNER

22. TYPES OF ENERGY
 FOSSIL FUELS OIL & NATURAL GAS WITH COAL
INDEGINIOUS PRODUCTION
 HYDROGEN
 NUCLEAR ENERGRY
 BIOMASS TECH
 BIOFUEL
 ETHANOL BLEND
 ENERGY FROM WASTE
 RENEWABLE ENERGY
 SOLAR
 WIND
 HYDRO
 TIDAL

24. QUESTIONS
 HOW TO ENSURE THAT PLANNING FOR ENERGY IS NOT
DONE IN ISOLATION?
 HOW TO MANAGE TWO CONFLICTING ISSUES,
ESPECIALLY IN THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES GOING
FOR A GREEN GROWTH WHERE MAJORITY OF THE
POPULATION STILL LACKS BASIC ENERGY SERVICES?
 HOW TO MOBILIZE RESOURCES TO CREATE ACCESS
TO MODERN ENERGY SERVICES, GIVEN THE
BACKGROUND OF RISING ENERGY INSECURITY AND
ECONOMIC INSTABILITY DUE TO RISE IN THE OIL
PRICES?

25. PART TWO
 FOSSIL FUELS
 OIL
 NATURAL GAS
 COAL DERIVATIVES
 NEW AGE FUEL HYDROGEN
 NUCLEAR FUEL FOR ELECTRICITY POWER

26. FOSSIL FUELS OIL & GAS

27. INDIA’S GAS DEMAND & SUP
Indian gas demand and supply
GAS DEMAND OUTLOOK
SCENARIO
scenario
HYDROCARBON VISION 2025
ENERGY MIX
2001-02 2006-07 2024-25
5%
3%
8% 3%
15% 20%
50%
50%
54%
35%
32% 25%
COAL OIL GAS OTHERS
VOLUME 151 230 391
GROWTH (65)
(MMSCMD)

28. ROAD MAP FOR OIL
OIL PROD
NEAR MID LONG
TODAY
TERM TERM TERM

30. NEAR TERM STATUS OF INDIA’S OIL
 ACQN OF ASSETS ABROAD
 EQUITY PARTICIPATION IN OIL PRODUCING FDS
 EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION CONTRACTS
 OTHER INITIATIVES ARE:-
 PARTICIPATION IN DOWNSTREAM PROJECTS
 FINALISATION OF LONG TERM LNG CONTRACTS
 SETTING UP OF TRANS-NATIONAL GAS PIPELINES
 BILATERAL ENGAGEMENTS
 ATTRACT FOREIGN INVESTMENT AND PARTICIPATION OF
FOREIGN COMPANIES
 BRING THE REQD TECH KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERTISE

31. THE GOVERNMENT IS ENCOURAGING OIL PSUS
TO AGGRESSIVELY PURSUE EQUITY OIL AND GAS
OPPORTUNITIES OVERSEAS
 OIL INDIA LTD. - INDIAN OIL CORPORATION IN LIBYA,
GABON AND NIGERIA.
 IN 2006, ONGC VIDESH LTD (OVL) IN VIETNAM,CUBA,
NIGERIA, BRAZIL AND LIBYA
 ONGC - MITTAL JOINT VENTURE ACQUIRED IN SYRIA.
 GAIL IN OMAN. HPCL, BPCL AND GSPC IN AUSTRALIA
 PRIVATE INDIAN COMPANIES LIKE RILAND ESSAR
PURSUING ABROAD.
 ONGC FROM SAKHALIN-1 OIL FIELD IN RUSSIA,

32.  MIDTERM PLANS
 ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY
(EOR)/IMPROVED OIL RECOVERY
 NEW EXPLORATION LICENSING
POLICY (NELP), PRODUCTION
SHARING CONTRACTS (PSCS)
 EXPLORATION DEEP WATER AND
DIFFICULT FRONTIER AREAS
 NEW INDIGENIOUS DISCOVERIES

36. KG BASIN GAS HYDRATES
 GEOSCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS
 FIRST DISSOCIATE THE GAS
HYDRATES PRESENT IN THE
SOLID FORM BELOW THE SEABED
 ANOTHER CHALLENGE IS TO
PRODUCE AT COMMERCIAL RATE.
 INDIA IS ONLY THE THIRD
COUNTRY IN THE WORLD TO DO
SO, AFTER USA AND JAPAN.

37. COAL BED METHANE
 COAL BED METHANE IS A NATURAL GAS
(METHANE) ADSORBED IN COAL AND
LIGNITE SEAMS
 CBM PRODUCTION IS DONE BY SIMPLE
DEPRESSURIZATION AND DEWATERING
PROCESS.
 USED FOR
 POWER GENERATION
 AS FUEL (CNG) FOR DUMP TRUCKS
 GOVERNMENT HAS SIGNED CONTRACTS
FOR 26 BLOCKS COVERING AN AREA OF
13,600 SQ. KM
 INDIA MAY JOIN THE RANK OF THE FEW
COUNTRIES THAT COMMERCIALLY
PRODUCE CBM.
 DURING XI FIVE YEAR PLAN, CBM GAS
PRODUCTION IS ENVISAGED AS 3.78
BILLION CUBIC METRES.

40. UCG FROM COAL RESERVES
 EXTRACTING GAS FROM DEEP
SEATED AND/OR ISOLATED COAL
DEPOSITS/ LIGNITE RESOURCES
 GASIFICATION (A THERMO-CHEMICAL
PROCESS) BREAKS DOWN COAL INTO
ITS BASIC CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS .
 RECOVERABLE ENERGY FROM
MEHSANA-AHMEDABAD BLOCK WITH
COAL RESERVES
 THIS IS MANY TIMES THE
CONVENTIONAL GAS RESOURCES OF
THE COUNTRY AT PRESENT.
 ONGC HAS SIGNED AN MOU WITH
SKOCHINSKY INSTITUTE OF MINING
(SIM), RUSSIA

41. LONG TERM PLANS
TECHNOLOGY UPGRADATION IN
EXPLORATION & PRODUCTION (E&P)
 3D SEISMIC AS AN EXPLORATION TOOL
 DEVELOPMENT DRILLING TECHNOLOGY
 DEVELOPMENT DEEP WATER OFFSHORE
TECHNOLOGY
 DEVELOPMENT OF UNCONVENTIONAL GAS RESOURCES
LIKE CBM, GAS HYDRATE AND TIGHT GAS HAS TO BE
ABSORBED
 GAS AS AUTOMOTIVE FUEL, HIGH EFFICIENCY TURBINE,
FUEL CELLS AND FOR OBTAINING LIQUID PRODUCTS

42. R&D EFFORTS OF NATIONAL OIL
COMPANIES E.G., ONGC, OIL
 PILOT PLANT FOR LIQUIFACTION OF COAL
 EVALUATION OF COALS FOR CBM PILOT & COAL LIQUEFACTION
 PLANT FOR EXTRACTING OIL FROM OIL SHALE
 USE OF SHEAR WAVE SEISMIC
 4D SEISMIC FOR RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT,
 USE OF SATELLITE GRAVITY DATE
 RESERVOIR CHARACTERISATION THROUGH GEOPHYSICS/GEOCHEMISTRY,
 REVIEW AND REASSESSMENT OF WELL EXPLORED BASINS
 REASSESSMENT OF SMALL/MEDIUM SIZED FIELDS, REVIEW OF
DEVELOPMENT OF LARGE FIELDS,
 REINTERPRETATION OF DATA IN BASINS FOR NEW PLAYS/PROSPECTS DEEP
WATER PRODUCTION DOWN TO 600 METER IN THE FIRST INSTANCE AND THEN
TO 1000 METER.

43. FUTURE PROSPECTS
 AERIAL GAMMA RAY SPECTORSCOPIC SURVEYS OVER SCHUPPEN BELT.
 HIGH RESOLUTION AEROMAGNETIC SURVEYS.
 PROSPECTING IN FOLD BELT/THRUST AREAS.
 PROSPECTING IN DEEP WATERS.
 INTRODUCTION OF SEISMIC WHILE DRILLING (SWD).
 REGIONAL DEEP REFLECTION/REFRACTION PROFILES
 IDENTIFICATION OF BYPASSED ZONES THROUGH LOG RE-INTERPRETATION.
 UPGRADATION OF MAGNETO-STRATIGRAPHIC METHODS.
 GENETIC FACIES MODELLING.
 COAL PETROGRAPHY FOR COAL BED METHANE EXPLORATION.
 ENVIRONMENT MODEL RECONSTRUCTION USING COMPUTER SIMULATION

44. PART TWO OIL& GAS
PART TWO
GAS
LNG & PNG

45. TECHNOLOGY OF NATURAL GAS
 NATURAL GAS IS ALSO FORMED MUCH THE SAME WAY THAT OIL IS.
 IT IS MUCH CLEANER FUEL THAN THE OTHER TWO.
 CURRENTLY THE SOURCE OF HALF OF THE LPG PRODUCED IN THE
COUNTRY.
 THIS SOURCE COULD LAST FOR 120 YEARS
 PROCESS
 PRODUCED FROM RESERVOIRS
 PROCESSING SEPARATE GAS FROM PETROLEUM LIQUIDS
 REMOVE CONTAMINANTS.
 IN ADDITION, NATURAL GAS (METHANE) CAN ALSO COME FROM
LANDFILL GAS AND WATER/SEWAGE TREATMENT.

46. ROAD MAP FOR NATURAL GAS
GAS SUPPLY
NEAR MID LONG
TODAY
TERM TERM TERM

47. PRESENT NATURAL GAS STATUS OF
INDIA
 CURRENT DEMAND 96 MILLION CUBIC METRES PER DAY
(MCMD) AND ONLY 67 MCMD IS AVAILABLE.
 NEARLY 70 PERCENT IN GUJARAT AND THE BOMBAY
HIGH BASIN.
 DOMESTIC GAS SUPPLY CANNOT KEEP PACE WITH
DOMESTIC GAS DEMAND.
 FOR THIS REASON, THE COUNTRY MUST IMPORT
NATURAL GAS FROM THE MIDEAST.
 ", EITHER VIA PIPELINE OR LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS
(LNG) TANKER, MAKING IT ONE OF THE WORLD'S
LARGEST GAS IMPORTERS

49. GAS IMPORT TRENDS
 PRESENT STATUS
 DEMAND - 49 BCM.
 PRODUCTION - 32 BCM.
 STAUS BY 2025
 DEMAND - 125 BCM.
 PRODUCTION - 36 BCM.
 IMPORTS INCREASE TO 89 BCM.

50. DEVP OWN FIELDS
 MAIN PRODUCERS. (ONGC), (OIL) AND JVS OF TAPTI, PANNA-
MUKTA AND RAVVA.
 PRIVATE PARTIES ALSO PRODUCING GAS.
 GOVERNMENT NEW EXPLORATION LICENSING POLICY (NELP)
 PRODUCTION OF GAS FROM THE WESTERN OFFSHORE AREA.
 THE ON-SHORE FIELDS IN ASSAM, ANDHRA PRADESH AND
GUJARAT STATES ARE OTHER MAJOR PRODUCERS OF GAS.

 SMALLER QUANTITIES OF GAS ARE ALSO PRODUCED IN
TRIPURA, TAMIL NADU AND RAJASTHAN STATES.
 OIL IS OPERATING IN ASSAM AND RAJASTHAN
STATES, WHEREAS ONGC IS OPERATING IN THE WESTERN
OFFSHORE FIELDS AND IN OTHER STATES.

51. ALL INDIA REGION-WISE & SECTOR-
WISE GAS SUPPLY BY GAIL
REGION/SECTOR POWER FERTILIZER S. IRON OTHERS TOTAL
HVJ & EX-
12.61 13.63 1.24 9.81 37.29
HAZIRA
ONSHORE
1.66 1.04 2.08 4.78
GUJARAT
URAN 3.57 3.53 1.33 1.41 9.85
K.G. BASIN 4.96 1.91 0.38 7.25
CAUVERY BASIN 1.07 0.25 1.32
ASSAM 0.41 0.04 0.29 0.74
TRIPURA 1.37 0.01 1.38
GRAND TOTAL 25.65 20.15 2.58 14.23 62.61

53. PANNA, MUKTA AND TAPTI GAS
FIELDS
 THE THREE-WAY JOINT VENTURE BY BRITISH GAS,
ONGC AND RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD OPERATES
THE PANNA, MUKTA AND TAPTI GAS FIELDS
 A SINGLE WELLHEAD PLATFORM WILL BE INSTALLED
 A NEW 20-INCH EXPORT PIPELINE WILL BE LAID

54. METHODS OF SUPPLYING GAS
LNG
PNG

55. WHAT IS LNG
 TRANSPORTING NATURAL GAS IN LIQUID FORM IS
POSSIBLE
 COMPLICATED, MORE COSTLY MORE INDUSTRIALLY
ADVANCE
 LIQUID MUCH MORE COMPACT, OCCUPYING 1/600 OF
ITS GASEOUS VOLUME

56. PROCESS OF LNG
 DEDICATED GAS FIELD DEVELOPMENT AND
PRODUCTION.
 LIQUEFACTION PLANT.
 TRANSPORTATION IN SPECIAL VESSELS.
 REGASSIFICATION PLANT.
 TRANSPORTATION & DISTRIBUTION TO THE GAS
CONSUMER

57. STATUS OF LNG
 THE POSSIBLE TRANSPORTATION BY WAY OF LNG
CARRIERS.
 IN THE 1970S INTO THE 1980S, "LNG BECAME A PROVEN
MEANS OF SUPPLY "
 CHEAPER AND SAFER SOURCE OF ENERGY
 OFFERED THE MOST ECONOMIC MEANS OF
TRANSPORTING LARGE VOLUMES OF NATURAL GAS
 TO MARKETS WHERE PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION WAS
IMPRACTICAL.

60. STATUS OF LPG INTRODUCTION
 CURRENTLY, THE GAS AUTHORITY OF INDIA (GAIL) IS
INVOLVED IN TWO LNG VENTURES WITH PETRONET LNG,
"WHICH IS SETTING UP TWO LNG IMPORT TERMINALS AT
DAHEJ IN GUJARAT AND KOCHI IN KERALA"
 LPG NOTIFIED AS TRANSPORT FUEL BY MORT&H
 OIL COMPANIES TO SET UP 260 RETAIL OUTLETS IN MAJOR
CITIES.
 MUMBAI - 25 STATIONS
 DELHI - 18 STATIONS
 CHENNAI - 29 STATIONS
 KOLKATTA - 20 STATIONS

61. IMPORT OF NATURAL GAS TO INDIA
THROUGH TRANSNATIONAL GAS PIPELINES.
 TRANSNATIONAL GAS PIPELINES
 IRAN – PAKISTAN – INDIA
 MYANMAR – BANGLADESH – INDIA
 ADDITIONAL GAS SUP TO BR GROWING
SHOTFALL
 MYANMAR GAS DEAL STILL OPEN

62. THE PIPED GAS
 THE PIPED GAS WOULD BE CHEAPER THAN SHIPPING IN
LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG), WHICH WOULD COST US$4,10
PER MBTU
 THE IRAN-PAKISTAN-INDIA PIPELINE TO IMPORT GAS FOR
MEETING THEIR HUMUNGOUS ENERGY NEEDS.
 THE 56-INCH WIDE 2,600 KM LINE FROM ASSALUYEH IN
SOUTHERN IRAN TO RAJASTHAN BORDER IN INDIA
 CAPACITY TO CONVEY 137 MILLION STANDARD CUBIC METERS
PER DAY (MMSCMD) GAS, WOULD COST US$4.5 BILLION.
 HOWEVER, IRAN HAS BEEN INSISTING ON A PRICE
EQUIVALENT TO THE LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG) FOR THE
NATURAL GAS IT PROPOSES TO SELL TO INDIA THROUGH THE
PIPELINE.

65. FUTURISTIC CHALLENGE
THE DRAFT NATURAL GAS PIPELINE
POLICY COVERING TRANSMISSION
PIPELINES AND LOCAL OR CITY GAS
DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS IS UNDER
FORMULATION, WITH PROPOSED
PROVISION IN LINE WITH THOSE UNDER
THE DRAFT REGULATORY BOARD BILL.

74. HYDROGEN
ALT FUEL
TECHNOLOGY IN
GAS
HYDROGEN

75. TECHNOLOGY OF HYDROGEN
ENERGY
 A CLEAN FUEL AND AN ENERGY CARRIER
 DIRECTLY AS A FUEL FOR PRODUCING MECHANICAL /
ELECTRICAL ENERGY THROUGH INTERNAL
COMBUSTION ENGINES.
 FUEL CELLS TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY FOR
STATIONARY, PORTABLE AND TRANSPORT
APPLICATIONS.
 REPLACE LIQUID FOSSIL FUELS IN THE FUTURE AND
THEREBY PROVIDE ENERGY SECURITY TO INDIA

76. HOW IS HYDROGEN MADE?
 HYDROGEN DOESN'T EXIST ON EARTH AS A GAS,
 SEPARATE HYDROGEN ATOMS FROM WATER, BIOMASS, OR
NATURAL GAS MOLECULES.
 STEAM REFORMING AND ELECTROLYSIS (WATER SPLITTING).
 STEAM REFORMING SEPARATE HYDROGEN ATOMS FROM
CARBON ATOMS IN METHANE(CH4). BECAUSE METHANE IS
A FOSSIL FUEL,
 RESULTS IN EMISSIONS THAT ARE LINKED WITH GLOBAL
WARMING.
 ELECTROLYSIS SPLITS HYDROGEN FROM WATER.
 RESULTS IN NO EMISSIONS BUT IT IS CURRENTLY A VERY
EXPENSIVE PROCESS.
 HYDROGEN CAN BE PRODUCED AT LARGE CENTRAL FACILITIES
OR AT SMALL PLANTS FOR LOCAL

81. PRESENT STATUS

82. ROAD MAP FOR HYDROGEN
INC VEH FUEL ECONOMY
REDUCED VEH EMISSION
NEAR MID LONG
TODAY
TERM TERM TERM

86. NEAR TERM GOAL
H2 MIX WITH CNG
 VEHICLES FUELED WITH HYDROGEN/NATURAL GAS
BLENDS (HCNG) ARE AN INITIAL STEP TOWARD THE
HYDROGEN-BASED TRANSPORTATION OF THE
FUTURE.
 HCNG VEHICLES OFFER THE POTENTIAL FOR
IMMEDIATE EMISSIONS A REDUCTION IN NITROGEN
OXIDES (NOX) EMISSIONS.
 PAVE THE WAY FOR A TRANSITION TO FUEL CELL
VEHICLES BY BUILDING EARLY DEMAND FOR
HYDROGEN INFRASTRUCTURE

89. LONG TERM H2 IN CNG
 THE HCNG PROVIDES PURE HYDROGEN, PURE CNG, OR H/CNG
BLENDS TO THE VARIOUS INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
(ICE) TEST VEHICLES.
 HYDROGEN CONVERSIONS ARE VERY MUCH LIKE NATURAL
GAS (CNG) CONVERSIONS.
 ESSENTIAL DIFFERENCES IN COMPONENTS AND
OPPORTUNITIES
 CORRECTLY ENGINEERED, A HYDROGEN ENGINE CAN
PRODUCE MORE POWER
 A HYDROGEN ENGINE IS EVEN LESS POLLUTING THAN A
NATURAL GAS VEHICLE,
 CHOOSING A FUEL DELIVERY SYSTEM (DIRECT INJECTION IS
BEST), SELECTION OF TANKS, AND PLACEMENT OF SAFETY
DEVICES.

93. HYDROGEN FUEL CELL VEHICLE
 IN COMBUSTION, THE HYDROGEN IS "BURNED" IN
ENGINES IN FUNDAMENTALLY THE SAME METHOD AS
TRADITIONAL GASOLINE CARS.
 IN FUEL-CELL CONVERSION, THE HYDROGEN IS
REACTED WITH OXYGEN TO PRODUCE WATER AND
ELECTRICITY, THE LATTER OF WHICH IS USED TO
POWER ELECTRIC MOTORS.

94. FUEL CELL
 ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY CONVERSION DEVICE.
 CONVERTS THE CHEMICALS HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN
INTO WATER, AND IN THE PROCESS IT PRODUCES
ELECTRICITY.

95.  POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS
 ADVANTAGES
 MODULAR NATURE,  CAN BE USED IN CHP MODE
IDEALLY SUITED FOR
 DISTRIBUTED POWER  INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
GENERATION.
 SURFACE TRANSPORTATION
 EMERGING AS POWER
SOURCES FOR
AUTOMOBILES.
 RESIDENTIAL APPLICATIONS
 FIELD TRIAL OF 3KW
PEM FUEL CELL BASED  PERSONAL COMPUTERS,
UPS SYSTEM
 DEMONSTRATION FOR  HOSPITALS, HEALTH CLINICS,
STATIONERY
APPLICATIONS. ETC.
 50KW FUEL CELL POWER  ELECTRIFICATION OF REMOTE
PACK WITH METHANOL
AS PRIMARY FUEL FOR LOCATIONS/ VILLAGES
TECHNOLOGY
DEMONSTRATION.

96. FUTURE PROJECTS
 SCALE UP STUDIES ON PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN FROM
ENTROBACTERIA CLOACAE IIT – BT 08.
 SOLAR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FROM WATER FOR FUEL CELL
APPLICATION.
 SYNTHESIS AND EVALUATION OF HYDROGEN ABSORBING ALLOYS BY
MECHANICAL ALLOYING.
 DEVELOPMENT OF POLYMER MEMBRANE GAS FILTERS FOR HYDROGEN.
 DEMONSTRATION OF A SOLAR HEAT DRIVEN METAL HYDRIDE BASED
WATER PUMPING, COOLING AND HEATING HYBRID SYSTEM.
 DEMONSTRATION OF TEN HYDROGEN FUELLED TWO WHEELER ROAD
TRANSPORT.
 DEVELOPMENT, INSTALLATION AND DEMONSTRATION OF A HYDROGEN
GENSET UNIT.
 DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROGEN FUELLED AGRICULTURAL DIESEL ENGINE.

99. SMALL POWER GENERATING
SETS, TWO
WHEELERS, THREE
WHEELER AND CATALYTIC
COMBUSTION SYSTEMS

104. INDIA POWER ENERGY
PROBLEMS
 534 BILLION KILOWATT HOURS PRODUCED IN 2006 WAS ALMOST
DOUBLE THE 2000 OUTPUT, THOUGH STILL REPRESENTING ONLY
505 KWH PER CAPITA FOR THE YEAR.
 THIS PER CAPITA FIGURE IS EXPECTED TO ALMOST TRIPLE BY
2020, WITH 6.3% ANNUAL GROWTH.
 COAL PROVIDES OVER HALF OF THE ELECTRICITY AT
PRESENT, BUT RESERVES ARE LIMITED.
 NUCLEAR POWER SUPPLIED 15.6 BILLION KWH (2.6%) OF INDIA'S
ELECTRICITY IN 2006 FROM 3.5 GWE (OF 110 GWE TOTAL)
CAPACITY AND THIS WILL INCREASE STEADILY AS NEW PLANTS
COME ON LINE.
 INDIA'S FUEL SITUATION, WITH SHORTAGE OF FOSSIL FUELS, IS
DRIVING THE NUCLEAR INVESTMENT FOR ELECTRICITY, AND 25%
NUCLEAR CONTRIBUTION IS FORESEEN BY 2050, FROM ONE
HUNDRED TIMES THE 2002 CAPACITY

105. TECHNOLOGY
 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE
ELECTRICITY?
 STEAM POWER PLANT FUELED BY URANIUM.
 FUEL IS PLACED IN A REACTOR THE INDIVIDUAL ATOMS ARE
ALLOWED TO SPLIT APART.
 THE SPLITTING PROCESS, KNOWN AS FISSION, RELEASES
GREAT AMOUNTS OF ENERGY.
 THIS ENERGY IS USED TO HEAT WATER UNTIL IT TURNS TO
STEAM.
 THE STEAM PUSHES ON TURBINES, WHICH FORCE COILS OF
WIRE TO INTERACT WITH A MAGNETIC FIELD.
 THIS GENERATES AN ELECTRIC CURRENT

106. INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES.
CONSTRUCTION, OPERATING,
MAINTENANCE
REFURBISHMENT OF THE
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT.
WASTE MANAGEMENT
DISMANTLING OF THE
REACTOR
SAFE DISPOSAL OF ALL
NUCLEAR WASTE
EACH PROCESS EMITS CO2
AND OTHER GREENHOUSE
GASES.
THE REACTOR PRODUCING NO
CO2

107. ROAD MAP FOR NUCLEAR
INC ELECT
REDUCED VEH EMISSION
NEAR MID LONG
TODAY
TERM TERM TERM

108. INDIA NUCLEAR POWER FOR CIVIL
USE STATUS AS ON DATE
 COMPLETE INDEPENDENCE IN THE NUCLEAR FUEL
CYCLE,
 URANIUM EXPLORATION
 REACTOR DESIGN PHWRs
 FAST BREEDER REACTOR
 THORIUM AS A NUCLEAR FUEL.
 NUCLEAR POWER REACTORS
 IN 2004 NUCLEAR POWER CONTRIBUTED 15 BILLION
KWH OF ELECTRICITY - 2.8% OF TOTAL, FROM 3 GWE
OF CAPACITY.

109. INDIA'S OPERATING NUCLEAR
POWER REACTORS
REACTOR TYPE MWE NET, EACH START
TARAPUR 1 & 2 BWR 150 1969
KAIGA 1 & 2 PHWR 202 1999-00
KAIGA 3 PHWR 202 2007
KAKRAPAR 1 & 2 PHWR 202 1993-95
KALPAKKAM 1 & 2 (MAPS) PHWR 202 1984-86
NARORA 1 & 2 PHWR 202 1991-92
RAWATBHATA 1 PHWR 90 1973
RAWATBHATA 2 PHWR 187 1981
RAWATBHATA 3 & 4 PHWR 202 1999-2000
TARAPUR 3 & 4 PHWR 490 2006, 05
TOTAL (17) 3779 MWE

110. NEAR TERM STATUS
 TWELVE PHWRS ARE OPERATING AND SIX PHWRS
COMPRISING A MIX OF 540 AND 220 MWE RATING ARE
UNDER CONSTRUCTION
 SET UP LIGHT WATER REACTORS BASED ON IMPORTED
TECHNOLOGY
 ASSIMILATIONOF FAST BREEDER REACTOR FBR
 KAMINI, THE ONLY THORIUM FUELLED REACTOR
OPERATING THE WORLD
 20,000 MWE NUCLEAR CAPACITY ON LINE BY 2020.

111.  REPROCESSING PLANTS
 PLUTONIUM-BASED FUEL FABRICATION
PLAN.
 A HIGHER POWER-GENERATING BASE
 A 40 MWT FAST BREEDER TEST
REACTOR (FBTR)

112. MIDTERM STATUS
 BASED ON THE THORIUM-URANIUM-233 CYCLE.
 TECHNOLOGIES TO EXPLOIT THE VAST THORIUM
RESERVES IN THE COUNTRY ARE UNDER DEVELOPMENT
 AN ADVANCED HEAVY WATER REACTOR (AHWR).
 THE REACTOR PHYSICS DESIGN OF AHWR IS TUNED TO
GENERATE ABOUT 75% POWER FROM THORIUM
 COMPACT HIGH TEMPERATURE REACTOR ADDRESS
 ACCELERATOR DRIVEN SYSTEMENERGY AMPLIFIER
 FACILITIES FOR MANAGING INTERMEDIATE- AND LOW-
LEVEL WASTES

113. INDIA'S NUCLEAR POWER REACTORS UNDER
CONSTRUCTION
MWE NET, PROJECT
REACTOR TYPE START
EACH CONTROL
KAIGA 4 PHWR 202 MWE NPCIL 2007
RAWATBHAT
PHWR 202 MWE NPCIL 2007, 08
A5&6
KUDANKULA PWR
950 MWE NPCIL 2008
M1&2 (VVER)
KALPAKKAM
FBR 470 MWE BHAVINI 2010
PFBR
TOTAL (6) 2976 MWE

114. POWER REACTORS PLANNED OR
FIRMLY PROPOSED
MWE NET, PROJECT START
REACTOR TYPE
EACH CONTROL OPERATION
KAKRAPAR 3 PHWR 640 NPCIL 2012
&4
RAWATBHAT PHWR 640 NPCIL 2012
A7&8
KUDANKULA PWR - 1000 NPCIL
M3&4 VVER
JAITAPUR 1 & LWR 1000 NPCIL
2
? LWR X 2 1000 NTPC 2014
? PHWR X 4 640 NPCIL
? FBR X 4 470 BHAVINI
? AHWR 300 ? 2020

115. FUTURE PLANS
 MOST REACTORS UNDER CONSTRUCTION ARE ON
SCHEDULE,
 THESE AND FUTURE PLANNED ONES WERE 450 (NOW 490)
MWE VERSIONS OF THE 202 MWE DOMESTIC PRODUCTS.
 BEYOND THEM, FUTURE UNITS WILL BE NOMINAL 700 MWE.
 RUSSIA IS SUPPLYING THE COUNTRY'S FIRST LARGE
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
 THERE ARE PLANS FOR EIGHT 1000 MWE UNITS AT THE
KUDANKULAM SITE, AND IN JANUARY 2007
 BETWEEN 2010 AND 2020, FURTHER CONSTRUCTION IS
EXPECTED TO TAKE TOTAL GROSS CAPACITY TO 21,180
MWE. THE NUCLEAR CAPACITY TARGET IS PART OF
NATIONAL ENERGY POLICY.

116. NEW TECH FOR FUEL
 ENABLE REDUCED FUEL HANDLING REQUIREMENTS
AND REDUCED ATTRACTIVENESS OF FUEL CYCLE
MATERIALS.
 ADVANCED, CLOSED FUEL CYCLE
 BILATERAL AND MULTILATERAL ARRANGEMENT
 FAST-SPECTRUM GENERATION IV NUCLEAR POWER
PLANT

117. NEW WASTE MGMT

118. PART THREE
BIOFUEL & BIOMASS

119. • ETHANOL
• BIO-DIESEL
• JATROPHA
• BIOMASS

120. ETHANOL

121. DEFINATION
 ETHANOL
 ETHYL ALCOHOL OR GRAIN ALCOHOL
HAS BEEN PRODUCED SINCE PRE -
HISTORIC TIMES,MOSTLY THROUGH THE
FERMENTATION OF FRUIT JUICES.

122. PRODUCTION
 ETHANOL CAN BE DERIVED FROM DIFFERENT
FORMS LIKE SUGAR CANE MOLASSES, BEATS,
CORN, SORGHUM, POTATOES AND OTHERS.
 SHORT-TERM MEASURE WILL INCLUDE EARLY
INTRODUCTION OF GASOHOL (90% GASOLINE + 10%
ETHANOL) AS A MOTOR FUEL

123. ADVANTAGES OF ETHANOL
 ETHANOL IS A RENEWABLE FUEL
 ETHANOL REDUCES POLLUTION AND GREENHOUSE
GAS EMISSIONS.
 ETHANOL DOES NOT POLLUTE GROUND WATER.
 ETHANOL IS CHEAPER TO MAKE THAN GASOLINE
 ETHANOL IS EASY TO SWITCH TO
 ETHANOL REDUCES OUR DEPENDENCE ON FOREIGN
OIL.

124. ETHANOL

125. DEFINATION
 BIO-DIESEL IS A TERM USED TO DESCRIBE
ENVIORNMENTALLY SAFE AND NON POLLUTING FUELS FOR
STD NON CUMBUSTION AND TURBINE ENGINES.
 DERIVED FROM VEGITABLES OILS,BIO-DIESEL FUELS ARE
SAFE AND VIABLE ALTERNATVE TO NON-RENEWABLE,HVY
POLLUTING FUELS.

126. ADV OF BIO-DIESEL
 CAN BE USED DIRECTLY
 INCREASES ENGINE LIFE
 NO NOTICEABLE EXHAUST ODORS.
 EXTRACTED FROM NATURAL PLANTS
 SAFER AND CLEANER ALTERNATIVE
 REDUCES EMISSIONS AND CARCINOGENIC
COMPOUNDS
 DOES NOT PRODUCE ECOLOGICAL WASTE.

127. JATROPA CURACUS

128. JATROPA FRUITS

129. JATROPA SEEDS

130. IDEAL GROWING REGIONS

131. FOUR MAIN BENEFITS OF JATROPHA
CULTIVATION
 RENEWABLE ENERGY
 EROSION CONTROL & SOIL IMPROVEMENT.
 PROMOTION OF WOMEN EMPLOYMENT
 POVERTY REDUCTION.

132. ROAD MAP FOR JATROPA
JATROPA
NEAR MID LONG
TODAY
TERM TERM TERM

133. BIODIESEL DEVELOPMENTS
 11 MILLIONS HECTARES OFUNUSED LANDS ARE
TO BE CULTIVATED WITH JATROPA
 THE DEMONSTRATION PROJECT CONSISTS OF
2 PHASES, EACH WITH 200.000 HA PLANTED IN
8 STATES OF 2 X 25.000 HA "COMPACT AREA"
EACH
 IN THE 1st PHASE, WITHIN A DEMONSTRATION
PROJECT, THE "VIABILITY OF ALL COMPONENTS"
IS TO BE TESTED, DEVELOPED AND
DEMONSTRATED

134. PRESENT
 FOR 2007, WHEN THE PROCESS IS MEANT TO MOVE
SELF-SUSTAINED.
 EXPANSION OF PROCESSING CAPACITIES .
 ADDITIONAL SUPPORT FOR MAINLY MARKET BASED
FOR "PHASE II"

135. FUTURE
 EACH STATE TO HAVE ESTENSIFICATIN PLANT
 COMPACT AREAS IN EACH STATE
 SUPPLY OF PLANTING MATERIAL.
 PROCUREING OF SEEDS
 PRIMARY PROCESSING THROUGH
EXPELLERS
 EXPECTED OUTPUTS FROM 400,000 HA ARE MEANT
TO BE 0.5 MILLION T OF BIO-DIESEL.

136. FUTURE
 PRESENTLY, THE INDIGENOUSLY DESIGNED BIO-FUEL PLANT
FOR 250 LT./DAY IS IN OPERATION
 TO DESIGN AND DEVELOP BIO-FUEL PLANTS OF 3 TO 10 TONES
PER DAY CAPACITY FOR INSTALLATION IN DIFFERENT PARTS
OF THE COUNTRY.
 EFFECTIVE MARKETING CHAIN NEEDS TO BE PLANNED FOR
ENABLING FARMERS TO REAP THE BENEFITS DIRECTLY.
 BIO-FUEL MISSION WILL PROVIDE TECHNOLOGICAL AND
EMPLOYMENT GENERATION FOCUSES FOR THE RURAL
SECTOR.
 USE OF ELEVEN MILLION HECTARES OF WASTELAND FOR
JETROPHA CULTIVATION CAN LEAD TO GENERATION OF
MINIMUM TWELVE MILLION J

137.  EACH STATE WILL HAVE ONE ESTENFICATION
PLANT, WHICH IS MEANT TO BE ECONOMICAL FROM
80.000 T OF BIO-DIESEL ONWARD, EXPECTED TO COME
FROM 50 TO 70000 HA EACH.
 COMPACT AREAS IN EACH STATE WILL HE FURTHER
SUBDIVIDED INTO 2000 HA BLOCKS OF PLANTATION TO
FACILITATE SUPPLY OF PLANTING
MATERIAL, PROCUREMENT OF SEED AND PRIMARY
PROCESSING THROUGH EXPELLERS.
 EXPECTED OUTPUTS FROM 400,000 HA ARE MEANT TO
BE 0.5 MILLION T OF BIO-DIESEL, COMPOST FROM THE
PRESS CAKE, AND MASSIVE GENERATION OF
EMPLOYMENT (16 MIO DAYS/YEAR) FOR THE POOR.
 IMPROVE DEGRADED LAND RESOURCES, AND INCOME
TO 1.9 MIO POOR FAMILIES AT 4 FAMILIES PER HA, ON A
BASE OF 5 RUPEES/KG OF SEED SOLD.

140. PRESENT STATUS

145. BIO-MASS TECHNOLOGY

146. BIO MASS
 THE WEIGHT OR QUANTITY OF LIVING ORGANIMS OF ONE
ANIMAL OR PLANT SPECIES COMMONLY REFFERED TO AS
UNIT AREA OR VOLUMEOF THE HABITAT
 BIOMASS IN AN AREA AT THAT MOMENT IS THE STANDING
CROP.
 THE TOTAL AMT OFORGANIC MATERIAL PRODUCED BY
THE LIVING ORGANISMS OF A PARTICULAR AREA WITHIN
A SET PERIOD OF TIME IS CALLED THE PRODUCIVITY.
 MEASURED IN UNITS OF ENERGY AS -GRAM CALORIES
PER SQUARE METER PER YEAR.
 SOURCE BRITANNICA ENCYCLOPEDIA

147. DEFINATION
 BIOMASS: INCLUDE WASTES PRODUCED DURING AGRICULTURAL
AND FORESTRY OPERATIONS (FOR EXAMPLE STRAWS AND
STALKS OR PRODUCED AS A BY-PRODUCT OF PROCESSING
OPERATIONS OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
(E.G., HUSKS,SHELLS, DEOILED CAKES, ETC
 WOOD PRODUCED IN DEDICATED ENERGY PLANTATIONS OR
RECOVERED FROM WILD BUSHES/WEEDS; AND THE WOOD WASTE
PRODUCED IN SOME INDUSTRIAL OPERATIONS.
 COGENERATION: IT IS THE PROCESS IN WHICH MORE THAN ONE
FORM OF ENERGY (SUCH AS STEAMAND ELECTRICITY) IS
PRODUCED IN A SEQUENTIAL MANNER BY USE OF BIOWASTE OF A
RENEWABLE NATURE, INCLUDING BAGASSE AND RICE HUSK.
 BAGASSE COGENERATION: COGENERATION IS COMBINED HEAT
AND ELECTRICITY (CHP) IN THE SUGAR MILLS USING BAGASSE.

148. ROAD MAP FOR OIL
OIL PROD
NEAR MID LONG
TODAY
TERM TERM TERM

149. TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS
 THE FOLLOWING TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS ARE
AVAILABLE FOR SETTING UP OF WASTE-TO-ENERGY
PROJECTS:
 ANAEROBIC DIGESTION/ BIOMETHANATION
 COMBUSTION / INCINERATIO
 PYROLYSIS / GASIFICATION
 LANDFILL GAS RECOVERY
 DENSIFICATION/ PELLETIZATION
 IN ADDITION TO THE ABOVE TECHNOLOGIES, THERE
ARE OTHER EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS
PLASMA ARC TECHNOLOGY IS BEING ATTEMPTED
FOR ENERGY RECOVERY FROM WASTE.

150. ADVANTAGES
 THE MAJOR ADVANTAGES OF SETTING UP OF WASTE-TO-
ENERGY PROJECTS ARE:
 THE QUANTITY OF WASTE GETS REDUCED BY NEARLY 60% TO
90%, DEPENDING UPON THE WASTE COMPOSITION AND THE
TECHNOLOGY ADOPTED
 DEMAND FOR LAND, WHICH IS ALREADY SCARCE IN CITIES, FOR
LAND FILLING IS REDUCED
 THE COST OF TRANSPORTATION OF WASTE TO FAR-AWAY
LANDFILL SITES GETS REDUCED
 THERE IS NET REDUCTION IN ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
 APART FROM GENERATING POWER FROM THE WASTE, THE
SLURRY PRODUCED FROM BIOMETHANATION TECHNOLOGY
ACTS AS A GOOD FERTILIZER

151. LIMITATIONS/ CONSTRAINTS
 THE GROWTH OF THIS SECTOR HAS BEEN AFFECTED ON ACCOUNT OF THE
FOLLOWING LIMITATIONS/ CONSTRAINTS:
 WASTE-TO-ENERGY IS STILL A NEW CONCEPT IN THE COUNTRY
 MOST OF THE PROVEN AND COMMERCIAL TECHNOLOGIES IN RESPECT OF
URBAN WASTES ARE REQUIRED TO BE IMPORTED
 THE COSTS OF THE PROJECTS ESPECIALLY BASED ON BIOMETHANATION
TECHNOLOGY ARE HIGH AS CRITICAL EQUIPMENT FOR A PROJECT IS
REQUIRED TO BE IMPORTED.
 IN VIEW OF LOW LEVEL OF COMPLIANCE OF MSW RULES 2000 BY THE
MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS/ URBAN LOCAL BODIES, SEGREGATED
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE IS GENERALLY NOT AVAILABLE AT THE PLANT
SITE, WHICH MAY LEAD TO NON-AVAILABILITY OF WASTE-TO-ENERGY
PLANTS.
 LACK OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES WITH MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS/URBAN
LOCAL BODIES.
 LACK OF CONDUCIVE POLICY GUIDELINES FROM STATE GOVTS. IN
RESPECT OF ALLOTMENT OF LAND, SUPPLY OF GARBAGE AND POWER
PURCHASE / EVACUATION FACILITIES.

152. PRESENT STATUS
 THE MAIN OBJECTIVES OF THE PROGRAMME ON BIOMASS
ENERGY AND CO-GENERATION (NON-BAGASSE) IN INDUSTRY ARE
GIVEN BELOW :-
 TO ENCOURAGE THE DEPLOYMENT OF BIOMASS ENERGY
SYSTEMS IN
 INDUSTRY FOR MEETING THERMAL AND ELECTRICAL
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS.
 TO PROMOTE DECENTRALIZED / DISTRIBUTED POWER
GENERATION THROUGH
 SUPPLY OF SURPLUS POWER TO THE GRID.
 TO CONSERVE THE USE OF FOSSIL FUELS FOR CAPTIVE
REQUIREMENTS IN INDUSTRY.
 TO BRING ABOUT REDUCTION IN GREENHOUSE GAS
EMISSIONS IN INDUSTRY.
 TO CREATE AWARENESS ABOUT THE POTENTIAL AND
BENEFITS OF ALTERNATIVE MODES OF ENERGY
GENERATION IN INDUSTRY

153. BIOMASS POWER GENERATION
 BIOMASS POWER GENERATION BASED ON WOODY BIOMASS AND
CROP RESIDUES HAS MADE CONSIDERABLE PROGRESS IN INDIA,
BASED MAINLY ON DIRECT COMBUSTION, ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
GASIFICATION AND COGENERATION TECHNOLOGIES.
 IT IS PROPOSED TO SUPPORT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
PROJECTS TO UPGRADE THE EXISTING TECHNOLOGIES, IMPROVE
CAPACITY UTILIZATION, AND DEVELOP MORE EFFICIENT AND COST-
EFFECTIVE NEW TECHNOLOGY ROUTES
 DEVELOPMENT OF BIO ENERGY ENTAILS
 DEVELOPMENT OF VARIOUS TECHNOLOGY PACKAGES FOR
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS AND POWER GENERATION
 ADVANCED BIOMASS GASIFICATION WHICH AIMS AT
DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH PRESSURE GASIFIERS TO BE COUPLED
WITH GAS TURBINE ENGINES.

154. GRID CONNECTED BIOMASS POWER
PROJECTS
 BASED ON DIRECT COMBUSTION HAVE STARTED TO PICK UP IN
SEVERAL POTENTIAL STATES.
 BIOGAS BASED POWER UNITS CAN BE A RELIABLE DECENTRALIZED
POWER GENERATION OPTION IN THE COUNTRY.
 BASED ON THE AVAILABILITY OF LARGE QUANTITY OF ANIMAL
WASTES AND WASTES FROM FORESTRY, RURAL BASED INDUSTRIES
(AGRO / FOOD PROCESSING), KITCHEN WASTES
 THE PROJECTS TO BE TAKEN UP BY ANY VILLAGE LEVEL
ORGANIZATION, INSTITUTION, PRIVATE ENTREPRENEURS ETC IN
RURAL AREAS AS WELL AS AREAS COVERED UNDER THE REMOTE
VILLAGE ELECTRIFICATION (RVE)
 SUFFICIENT FEED MATERIALS FOR BIOGAS PLANTS ARE AVAILABLE
ON SUSTAINABLE BASIS

156. ENERGY RECOVERY FROM URBAN
WASTES
 ENERGY IN THE FORM OF BIOGAS, HEAT OR POWER
IS SEEN AS A BONUS, WHICH IMPROVES THE
VIABILITY OF SUCH PROJECTS.
 WHILE INCINERATION AND BIOMETHANATION ARE
THE MOST COMMON TECHNOLOGIES, PYROLYSIS
AND GASIFICATION ARE ALSO EMERGING AS
PREFERRED OPTIONS

157. SCHEME FOR AN ACCELERATED
PROGRAMME ON ENERGY
RECOVERY FROM URBAN WASTES
 TO ACCELERATE THE PROMOTION OF SETTING UP
OF PROJECTS FOR RECOVERY OF ENERGY FROM
URBAN WASTES;
 TO CREATE A CONDUCIVE CONDITIONS AND
ENVIRONMENT, WITH FISCAL AND FINANCIAL
REGIME, TO DEVELOP, DEMONSTRATE AND
DISSEMINATE UTILISATION OF WASTES FOR
RECOVERY OF ENERGY; AND TO HARNESS THE
AVAILABLE POTENTIAL OF MSW-TO-ENERGY BY THE
YEAR 2017;

158. ADVANTAGES OF BIO-DIESEL FUEL
 DIRECTLY IN ANY THE CONVENTIONAL COMPRESSION-IGNITION DIESEL
ENGINES OF TODAY WITHOUT ANY MODIFICATION.
 ENGINE LIFE IS INCREASED WITH THE USE OF BIODIESEL FUEL.
 BENIGN ON MARINE ENVIRONMENTS
 A USER FRIENDLY FUEL WITH NO NOTICEABLE EXHAUST ODORS.
 EXTRACTED FROM NATURALLY GROWING PLANTS.
 SAFER, CLEANER ALTERNATIVE TO PETROLEUM DIESEL.
 PRODUCES 80% LESS CARBON DIOXIDE AND 100% LESS SULFUR DIOXIDE
EMISSIONS. A 90% LESS REDUCTION IN CANCER RISKS.
 REDUCES EMISSIONS AND CARCINOGENIC COMPOUNDS.
 IDEAL FOR TACKLING THE POLLUTION PROBLEM.
 BIODEGRADABLE AND DOES NOT PRODUCE ECOLOGICAL WASTE.

159. ROAD MAP FOR OIL
COAL
RES
OIL PROD
NEAR MID LONG
TODAY
TERM TERM TERM

160. PART FOUR
RENEWABLE ENERGY

161. RENEWABLE ENERGY IS THE ENERGY WHICH IS USED &
RENEWED. ITS SOURCES COULD BE DERIVED FROM SUN, WIND,
WATER ETC. THERE IS NO DEARTH OF ITS SOURCES. SUNLIGHT
FALLING ON THE UNITED STATE IN ONE DAY CONTAINS MORE
THEN TWICE THE ENERGY WE CONSUME IN AN ENTIRE YEAR.
CALIFORNIA HAS ENOUGH WIND GUSTS TO PRODUCE 11% OF
WORLDS WIND ELECTRICITY.

162. RENEWABLE EN

163. RENEWABLE ENERGY:BETTER
OPTION
 RENEWABLE ENERGY (RE) IS A PREFERRED OPTION FOR INDIA
 LARGE UNTAPPED RE POTENTIAL
 VAST LAND RESOURCES FOR PRODUCTION OF BIOMASS &
BIO-FUELS
 ABUNDANT SUNSHINE
 INCR IN POPULATION AND GROWING CONSUMPTION
 PLENTIFUL SITES FOR HARNESSING WIND ENERGY AND SMALL
HYDRO
 WHY RENEWABLE ENERGY IS PARTICULARLY RELEVANT FOR RURAL
INDIA
 NO ACCESS TO ON GRID SYS FOR RURAL POPULATION.
 VISION 2012

167. IMPORTANCE OF STAND-ALONE RE
SYSTEMS
 STAND-ALONE RE SYSTEMS ARE ECONOMICALLY VIABLE
 STANDALONE RE SYSTEMS SHALL :
 AVOID THE HIGH COSTS INVOLVED IN TRANSMISSION CAPEX.
 􀂾 AVOID DISTRIBUTION LOSSES – TECHNICAL & OTHERWISE
 􀂾 AVOID RECURRING FUEL COST
 􀂾 BOOST THE RURAL ECONOMY
 􀂾 ENCOURAGE SELF HELP GROUPS & SELF DEPENDENCE
 􀂾 ENABLE VILLAGE CO-OPERATIVES TO SUPPLY AND / OR
MONITOR DISTRIBUTION
 􀂾 MAKE AVAILABLE MUCH NEEDED ENERGY FOR BASIC NEEDS AT
THE DOORSTEP AT AFFORDABLE PRICES.
 BRINGS GAIN FOR INDIAN ECONOMY.

168. ADVANTAGES OF RENEWABLE
 RESOURCES AVAILABLE WITHIN THE COUNTRY
 GOVERNMENT & REGULATOR FRIENDLY
 AFFORDABLE COST
 MAINTENANCE FREE
 ECO FRIENDLY
 LESS CONSUMPTION OF NON RENEWABLE ENERGY

169. DRAWBACK OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
 REQUIRES HUGE SPACE
 LIMITED TO PARTICULAR LOCATIONS
 EFFECTS HABITAT
 EFFECTS NATURAL SITES
 INITIAL INVESTMENT IS MORE

170. TYPES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
 SOLAR ENERGY
 WIND ENERY
 HYDEL ENERGY
 TIDAL ENERGY
 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

171. TECHNOLOGY OF SOLAR ENERGY
 SUN BEING OUR MAIN SOURCE OF ENERGY
SHOULD BE UTILISED MORE.
 SOLAR POWER IS BECOMING INCREASINGLY
CHEAPER THAN IN THE PAST.
 SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY AS SOLAR ENERGY.
 SOLAR ARCHITECTURE.

172. SOLAR POWER PROGRAMME
 EARLIEST SOURCE OF ENERGY KNOWN TO THE
MANKIND.
 SALIENT FEATURES – WIDE-SPREAD DISTRIBUTION,
ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY, AND VIRTUALLY
INEXHAUSTIBLE SUPPLY
 INDIA RECEIVES SOLAR ENERGY EQUIVALENT TO
OVER 5000 TRILLION KWH/YEAR.

174. ROAD MAP FOR RE, SOLAR
TODAY NEAR MID LONG
TERM TERM TERM

175. SOLAR BUILDINGS
SOLAR PASSIVE BUILDING OF PUNJAB
ENERGY DEVELOPMENT
AGENCY, CHANDIGARH

176. SOLAR AIR HEATING SYSTEM FOR
CORIANDER DRYING
IN A FACTORY IN TAMILNADU

177. AKSHAY URJA SHOPS

178. SOLAR STEAM COOKING SYSTEM AT
TALETI, NEAR MOUNT
ABU, RAJASTHAN

179. SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER
GENERATION

180. SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC PRODUCTS
AND DEVICES
SPV TRAFIC SIGNAL SPV STREET LGHT

182. 120,000 LPD CAPACITY SOLAR WATER
HEATING SYSTEM AT
GODAVARI FERTILISERS & CHEMICALS
LTD., ANDHRA PRADESH

183. SOLAR HOT WATER SYSTEMS
INSTALLED IN A HOUSING COMPLEX
IN PUNE

184. WIND ENERGY
WE HAVE USED THE WIND AS ENERGY SOURCE FOR
A LONG TIME. CHINEESE WERE USING IT TO PUMP
WATER FOR IRRIGATING CROPS 4000 YRS AGO. IN
EUROPE WIND POWER WAS USED IN MIDDLE AGES
TO GRIND CORN, WHICH IS WHERE THE TERM “WIND
MILL” COMES FROM.

185. WIND ENERGY
 POWER GENERATION FROM WIND HAS EMERGED AS ONE OF
THE MOST SUCCESSFUL PROGRAMS
 WIND POWER INSTALLATIONS WORLDWIDE HAVE CROSSED
8500 MW PRODUCING ABOUT 14 BILLION KWH OF ENERGY
ANNUALLY.
 A TOTAL CAPACITY OF ABOUT 5500 MW HAS BEEN INSTALLED
IN EUROPE, 1700 MW IN USA, AND 992 MW IN INDIA.
 INDIA IS NOW THE FOURTH LARGEST WIND POWER
GENERATOR IN THE WORLD AFTER GERMANY, USA AND
DENMARK
 INDIA AS WIND SUPER POWER

186. WIND ENERGY

189. ROAD MAP FOR WIND ENERGY
TODAY NEAR MID LONG
TERM TERM TERM

190. HYDEL ENERGY
WE HAVE USED RUNNING WATER AS ENERGY SOURCE FOR
THOUSAND OF YEARS FOR GRINDING CORN. THE FIRST
HOUSE IN THE WORLD TO BE LIT BY HYDRO ELECTRICITY
WAS CRAGSIDE HOUSE IN ENGLAND IN 1878

191. TECHNOLOGY OF HYDEL ENERGY
 ELECTRICITY GENERATED BY USING THE ENERGY OF WATER.
 THE WATER BEHIND THE DAM FLOWS THROUGH INTAKE INTO A
PIPE CALLED A PENSTOCK.
 THE WATER PUSHES AGAINST BLADES IN A TURBINE CAUSING
THEM TO TURN.
 THE TURBINE SPINS A GENERATOR TO PRODUCE ELECTRICITY.

192. ROAD MAP FOR HYDEL ENERGY
WATER MILLS
TODAY NEAR MID LONG
TERM TERM TERM

203. TIDAL ENERGY
 TIDAL ENERGY IS PRODUCED BY USING THE KINETIC ENERGY
OF THE TIDES.
 IN ORDER TO PRODUCE SOME PRACTICAL AMOUNTS OF
POWER (ELECTRICITY), A SMALL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE
HIGH AND LOW TIDES OF AT LEAST SAY FIVE METRES IN
REQUIRED.
 DAM IS BUILT ACROSS A RIVER ESTUARY. WHEN THE TIDES
GOES IN AND OUT, THE WATER FLOWS THROUGH TUNNELS IN
THE DAM.
 POWER IS GENERATED AS HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER.

204. ROAD MAP FOR TIDAL ENERGY
TODAY NEAR MID LONG
TERM TERM TERM

205. TIDAL ENERGY AT A GLANCE
 EXPOLITATION OF TIDAL ENERGY IS IN INITIAL STAGE, NO PROJECT
INSTALLED SO FAR.
 THE MAIN POTENTIAL SITES FOR TIDAL POWER GENERATION IN INDIA
ARE THE GULF OF KUTCH AND THE GULF OF KHAMBAT (CAMBAY) AND
THE GANGETIC DELTA IN THE SUNDARBANS AREA OF WEST BENGAL.
 SALIENT FEATURES:-
 ONCE BUILT, TIDAL POWER IS FREE
 IT NEEDS NO FUEL
 NOT EXPENSIVE TO MAINTAIN
 TIDES ARE TOTALLY PERDICTABLE
 BUILDING A DAM ACROSS IN ESTUARY IS EXPENSIVE
 EFFECT THE HABITAT OF BIRDS AND FISH AS IT ALTER TIDAL
CURRENT
 CAN PROVIDE POWER FOR AROUND 10 HRS/DAY

206. TIDAL POWER INDIA: TIDAL ENERGY
POTENTIAL IN EXCESS OF 15
GIGAWATTS
IN A WRITTEN REPLY
INDIA'S MINISTER OF
STATE FOR NON-
CONVENTIONAL
ENERGY SOURCES
ESTIMATED THAT OVER
15,000 MW OF TIDAL
POWER POTENTIAL HAS
BEEN ESTIMATED IN
THE COUNTRY

207. ELECTRIFICATION OF ISOLATED COMMUNITIES:
THE TIDE-ENERGY PROJECT
NEAR THE MOUTH OF THE AMAZON
Rural residents with a 6-blade helical turbine

208. THE TIDE-ENERGY PROJECT NEAR
THE MOUTH OF THE AMAZON:
A SIMPLE GENERATING PACKAGE
(b) Pulley and (c) Automotive
belt alternator
(a) 6-blade
helical turbine

209. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
 DERIVED FROM GREEK WORD “GEO” MEANS EARTH AND
“THERMAL” MEANS HEAT
 WORKING PRICIPLE
 HOT ROCKS, UNDERGROUND HEAT, WATER TO PRODUCE
STEAM.
 HOLES ARE DRILLED DOWN TO THE HOT REGION, STEAM
COMES UP, IS PURIFIED AND USED TO DRIVE
TURBINES, WHICH DRIVE ELECTRIC GENERATORS.
 IF THERE IS NO NATURAL “GROUND WATER” IN THE HOT
ROCKS, MORE HOLES ARE DRILLED AND WATER IS
PUMPED DOWN TO THEM.

210. ROAD MAP FOR GEO
THERMAL ENERGY
TODAY NEAR MID LONG
TERM TERM TERM

211. PRESENT STATUS
 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY BASED POWER PRODUCTION OVER
THE WORLD HAS GONE UP FROM 5800 MW TO 8400 MW FROM
1998 TO 1999.
 IN INDIA IT IS IN INITIAL STAGE, NO GEOTHERMAL POWER
PROJECT INSTALLED.
 ONGOING PROJECTS:
 TATTAPANI GEOTHERMAL AREA IN MADHYA PRADESH
 PUGA GEOTHERMAL AREA IN LADAKH
 MORE THAN 300 GEOTHERMAL POTENTIAL SITES

212. THRUST AREAS
 CREATION OF GEOTHERMAL DATA BASE.
 GEOTHERMAL RESOURCE AND MANPOWER DEVP
 ITS APPLICATION FOR POWER GENERATION.

215. CONCLUSION