This document summarizes a study that tested the ability of a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell to generate electricity. The study used a small test rig to run experiments supplying hydrogen and oxygen gases to the fuel cell. The experiments measured voltage, current, power output, and other parameters over time. The results showed that the fuel cell was able to produce up to 13.44W of power at 11.20V by converting the chemical energy of hydrogen into electrical energy. Producing power from hydrogen in a fuel cell is presented as a clean and renewable alternative to fossil fuel-based power generation.
During college days i chooses this as my seminar topic because its a new one never implemented before & many of them don't know about this . I referred many generals & took content from them , i hope may help full for others....
INTRODUCTION
NAME JUSTIFICATION
MAIN PARTS
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
BLOCK DIAGRAM
WORKING
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
CONCLUSION
An Underwater windmill like a device that extracts power from the tides. Renewable energy technologies are becoming an increasingly favourable alternative to conventional energy sources to assuage fossil fuel related issues. Tidal energy offers a vast and reliable energy source.
This technology is similar to wind energy technology, with the rotor blades driven not by wind power but by tidal currents.
The gravitational pull of the moon produces a swift tidal current, which spins the long blades of the turbine . Which in turn produces electricity via different parts of underwater windmill
Tidal Energy the most common topic in science section and one of the most interesting topic . This slides contains the information how does actually tidal energy in generated and what are the advantages and disadvantages of tidal energy . Wave power design and how it works . This topic is mostly used as a project in schools and colleges in science section in higher schools
Sizing Optimization of Stand-Alone Wind Power System Using Hybrid Energy Stor...ijsrd.com
In this study, the hydrogen production potential and costs by using wind/electrolysis system were considered. In order to evaluate costs and quantities of produced hydrogen, number of wind-turbines and hub heights are considered as the variable Levelized cost of electricity method was used in order to determine the cost analysis of wind energy and hydrogen production. The results of calculations brought out that the electricity costs of the wind turbines and hydrogen production costs of the electrolyzers are decreased with the increase of turbine hub height. The maximum hydrogen production quantity was obtained 1420KWh/year.
Design and Modeling of Grid Connected Hybrid Renewable Energy Power GenerationIJERA Editor
This paper proposes a design and modeling of grid connected hybrid renewable energy power generation. The
energy system having a photo voltaic (PV) panel, Srg wind turbine and fuel cell (sofc) for continuous power
flow management. Fuel cells (storage & generating) are added to ensure uninterrupted power supply due to the
discontinuous nature of solar and wind resources. Renewable energy generated during times of plenty can be
stored for use during periods when sufficient electricity is not available. But storing this energy is a difficult
task: batteries and similar technologies perform well over short timescales, but over periods of weeks or months
a different approach is necessary. Energy storage in the form of hydrogen is one such possibility: excess
electricity is fed into an electrolyser to split water into its constituent parts, oxygen and hydrogen. The hydrogen
is then used in fuel cells to produce electricity when needed which will overcome the problem of storage. This
work is mainly concentrated on the design, analysis and modelling of Fuel cells and Analysis and modelling of
Switched Reluctance Generator (SRG) in the application of Wind Energy Generation and pv cell. Also an
effective approach is proposed in this thesis to ensure renewable energy diversity and effective utilization. The
pv cell, wind and fuel cell renewable energy system is digitally simulated using the MATLAB/SIMULINK
software environment and fully validated for efficient energy utilizations and enhanced interface power quality
under different operating conditions and load excursions
During college days i chooses this as my seminar topic because its a new one never implemented before & many of them don't know about this . I referred many generals & took content from them , i hope may help full for others....
INTRODUCTION
NAME JUSTIFICATION
MAIN PARTS
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
BLOCK DIAGRAM
WORKING
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
CONCLUSION
An Underwater windmill like a device that extracts power from the tides. Renewable energy technologies are becoming an increasingly favourable alternative to conventional energy sources to assuage fossil fuel related issues. Tidal energy offers a vast and reliable energy source.
This technology is similar to wind energy technology, with the rotor blades driven not by wind power but by tidal currents.
The gravitational pull of the moon produces a swift tidal current, which spins the long blades of the turbine . Which in turn produces electricity via different parts of underwater windmill
Tidal Energy the most common topic in science section and one of the most interesting topic . This slides contains the information how does actually tidal energy in generated and what are the advantages and disadvantages of tidal energy . Wave power design and how it works . This topic is mostly used as a project in schools and colleges in science section in higher schools
Sizing Optimization of Stand-Alone Wind Power System Using Hybrid Energy Stor...ijsrd.com
In this study, the hydrogen production potential and costs by using wind/electrolysis system were considered. In order to evaluate costs and quantities of produced hydrogen, number of wind-turbines and hub heights are considered as the variable Levelized cost of electricity method was used in order to determine the cost analysis of wind energy and hydrogen production. The results of calculations brought out that the electricity costs of the wind turbines and hydrogen production costs of the electrolyzers are decreased with the increase of turbine hub height. The maximum hydrogen production quantity was obtained 1420KWh/year.
Design and Modeling of Grid Connected Hybrid Renewable Energy Power GenerationIJERA Editor
This paper proposes a design and modeling of grid connected hybrid renewable energy power generation. The
energy system having a photo voltaic (PV) panel, Srg wind turbine and fuel cell (sofc) for continuous power
flow management. Fuel cells (storage & generating) are added to ensure uninterrupted power supply due to the
discontinuous nature of solar and wind resources. Renewable energy generated during times of plenty can be
stored for use during periods when sufficient electricity is not available. But storing this energy is a difficult
task: batteries and similar technologies perform well over short timescales, but over periods of weeks or months
a different approach is necessary. Energy storage in the form of hydrogen is one such possibility: excess
electricity is fed into an electrolyser to split water into its constituent parts, oxygen and hydrogen. The hydrogen
is then used in fuel cells to produce electricity when needed which will overcome the problem of storage. This
work is mainly concentrated on the design, analysis and modelling of Fuel cells and Analysis and modelling of
Switched Reluctance Generator (SRG) in the application of Wind Energy Generation and pv cell. Also an
effective approach is proposed in this thesis to ensure renewable energy diversity and effective utilization. The
pv cell, wind and fuel cell renewable energy system is digitally simulated using the MATLAB/SIMULINK
software environment and fully validated for efficient energy utilizations and enhanced interface power quality
under different operating conditions and load excursions
Fuel Cell System and Their Technologies A Reviewijtsrd
Renewable energy generation is quickly rising in the power sector industry and extensively used for two groups grid connected and standalone system. This paper gives the insights about fuel cell process and application of many power electronics systems. The fuel cell voltage drops bit by bit with increase in current because of losses related with fuel cell. It is difficult to control large rated fuel cell based power system without regulating tool. The issue associated with fuel based structural planning and the arrangements are extensively examined for all sorts of applications. In order to increase the reliability of fuel cell based power system, the combination of energy storage system and advanced research methods are focused in this paper. The control algorithms of power architecture for the couple of well-known applications are discussed. Rameez Hassan Pala "Fuel Cell System and Their Technologies: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20316.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/20316/fuel-cell-system-and-their-technologies-a-review/rameez-hassan-pala
STUDY OF 1.26 KW – 24 VDC PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELL’S (PEMFC’S) PARA...ecij
The eternally intensifying exigency for electrical energy and the mount in the electricity expenditures due to the recent transience of the oil charges over and above to the desensitizing of the air standard resulting from the ejections of the obtaining energy transmutation devices have amplified exploration into substitute renewable proveniences of electrical energy. In today, there are six antithetical types of fuel cell
technologies attainable – molten carbonate fuel cells; phosphoric acid fuel cells; solid oxide fuel cells; alkaline fuel cells; polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells and direct methanol-air fuel cells. Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells – also known proton exchange membrane fuel cells, which are one of the uncomplicated types of fuel cell. PEMFC’s output power is unpredicted on nonlinearly on its output voltage and current. The output current of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack relies on the load located on that particular stack. This paper presents a 1.26 kW -24 Vdc PEMFC system and DC – DC boost converter topology used in 1.26 kW PEM fuel cell to fortify that the zenith obtainable output power
from a PEM membrane fuel cell is distributed to a load during a power outage bridging the start-up time and to optimize the health of the fuel cell membrane stack. A 1.26 kW – 24 Vdc PEMFC system is considered in this study as well as investigate how the output behaves.
STUDY OF 1.26 KW – 24 VDC PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELL’S (PEMFC’S) PARA...ecij
The eternally intensifying exigency for electrical energy and the mount in the electricity expenditures due
to the recent transience of the oil charges over and above to the desensitizing of the air standard resulting
from the ejections of the obtaining energy transmutation devices have amplified exploration into substitute
renewable proveniences of electrical energy. In today, there are six antithetical types of fuel cell
technologies attainable – molten carbonate fuel cells; phosphoric acid fuel cells; solid oxide fuel cells;
alkaline fuel cells; polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells and direct methanol-air fuel cells. Polymer
electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells – also known proton exchange membrane fuel cells, which are one
of the uncomplicated types of fuel cell. PEMFC’s output power is unpredicted on nonlinearly on its output
voltage and current. The output current of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack relies on the load
located on that particular stack. This paper presents a 1.26 kW -24 Vdc PEMFC system and DC – DC
boost converter topology used in 1.26 kW PEM fuel cell to fortify that the zenith obtainable output power
from a PEM membrane fuel cell is distributed to a load during a power outage bridging the start-up time
and to optimize the health of the fuel cell membrane stack. A 1.26 kW – 24 Vdc PEMFC system is
considered in this study as well as investigate how the output behaves.
Cost Reduction of Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell by Changing Composition of Ethanol...ijsrd.com
global demand for electrical power is on the rise, while tolerance for pollution and potentially hazardous forms of power generation is on the decline. Traditional forms of power generation - primarily made up of centralized fossil fuel plants - are becoming less favored due to the lack of clean, distributed power generation technologies. The need is well recognized for clean, safe and reliable forms of energy that can provide prescribed levels of power consistently, and on demand. Most forms of non - combustion electric power generation have limitations that impact wide spread use of technology, especially as a power source of electrical power (i.e. baseload power). Fuel cell technology on other hand has advanced to the point where it is viable challenger to combustion - based plants for growing numbers of baseload power application. If the cost is reduced by changing its material, this will be added an advantage to the large production of direct ethanol fuel cell production.
A review on fuel cell and its applicationseSAT Journals
Abstract With the increase in the demand of electrical energy now it is the time to think for the alternate source of energy. In order to mitigate the demand of electrical energy and to create pollution free environment the fuel cell acts as an alternate solution. The fuel cells are very much similar to an ordinary dry cell or battery. It has an electrode, some chemical material and an electrical circuit to give the supply to an external circuit. Due to absence of rotating devices they are quite simple and efficient in nature. This paper describes about the working methods of fuel cells and their future and economic growth. Keywords: Fuel cell, Electrolyte, Electrode, DC
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Experimental study on transient response of fuel celljournalBEEI
This research work discusses a control strategy to enhance the transient response of the fuel cell and boost the real and reactive power flow from grid connected to fuel cell. The current output of the fuel cell depends on the availability of hydrogen in the fuel cell stack, a battery bank is implemented to supply the transient current and to prevent it from hydrogen saturation. The battery should only supply when there is a transient. During steady state the total power is produced by the fuel cell by regulating its hydrogen input. A prototype of the system will be created to study a control scheme which regulates the current from an input source and a battery which is connected to a dc motor. The control philosophy is based on d-q transformation and subsequently generating a reference signal that is tracked by an IGBT based inverter. The speed of the motor is controlled using pulse with modulation. The dynamic modeling of the standalone fuel cell that is connected to a dc motor is carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK platform. The simulation results show that the control scheme works well, although the dynamic response of the system can be improved. The testing carried on the prototype proves that the concept works well, but a hydrogen control scheme should be developed to improve the efficiency of the control scheme.
Hybrid Photovoltaic and thermoelectric systems more effectively converts solar energy into electrical energy. Two sources of energy are used one of the energy is solar,that converts radiant light into electrical energy and heat energy which will convert heat into electricity.Photovoltaic cells and thermoelectric modules are used to capture and convert the energy into electricity.Furthermore solar-thermoelectric hybrid system is environmental friendly and has no harmful emissions.Solar-thermoelectric hybrid system increases the overall reliability without sacrificing the quality of power generated.In this paper an overview of the previous research and development of technological advancement in the solar-thermoelectric hybrid systems is presented.
This study is define on the nanotechnology with energy application. In this technology explain the energy conversion, generation, storage and transportation.it is in unique technique, capacity, great potential to fabricate new structure at atomic scale has produced novel material and devices. Its technique have great potential applications with wide fields.to required large no. of energy in the world.in present available energy is not sufficient for comparison on world requirement energy. That’s vision of fulfillment the required no. of energy by through this new technique.in hence present advance of the nanotechnology to suitable useful energy generation, production, storage and use. The main function and aim of this technology working from different fields, areas and points, to find out the better solutions. Which is the great challenge of our life?
To Improve Thermal Efficiency of 27mw Coal Fired Power PlantIJMER
Booming demand for electricity, especially in the developing countries, has raised power generation technologies in the headlines. At the same time the discussion about causes of global warming has focused on emissions originating from power generation and on CO2 reduction technologies such as:
(1) Alternative primary energy sources,
(2) Capture and storage of CO2,
(3) Increasing the efficiency of converting primary energy content into electricity.
In the dissertation, the thermal efficiency of the power plant is improved when Control of furnace draft (nearer to balanced draft). Oxygen level decreases percentage of flue gases. Above this level heat losses are increases & below this carbon mono-oxide is formed. Steam power plant is using fuel to generate electrical power. The used of the fuel must be efficient so the boiler can generate for the maximum electrical power. By the time the steam cycle in the boiler, it also had heat losses through some parts and it effect on the efficiency of the boiler. This project will analyze about the parts of losses and boiler efficiency. to find excess air which effect heat losses in boiler. By using the 27 MW coal fired thermal power plant of Birla Corporation Limited, Satna (M.P.) the data is collect by using types of Combustion & heat flow in boiler. Result of the analysis show that the efficiency of boiler depends on mass of coal burnt & type of combustion .This study is fulfilling the objective of analysis to find the boiler efficiency and heat losses in boiler for 27 MW thermal power plant of Birla Corporation Limited, Satna (M.P.)
Direct Alcohol Alkaline Fuel Cell as Future ProspectusAEIJjournal2
Fuel cells are called the fourth electricity power generation after water, nuclear power generation devices. Fuel cells are widely recognized as very attractive devices to obtain directly electric energy from the electrochemical combustion of chemical products. When fuel cells are continuously supplied fuel and oxidant, electricity can be made constantly. According to the different electrolytes, fuel cells can be divided into different types among them, alkaline fuel cell is best as compared to others ones. Due to the activation overvoltage at the cathode is generally less than that with an acid electrolyte and there are very few standard chemicals that are cheaper than potassium hydroxide. These fuel cells have longer lifetimes, and do not require expensive noble metal catalysts to be used. Noble metal catalysts may be used, but less is needed to achieve a similar reaction rate. The main objective of the study is to use different kind of alcohols in alkaline fuel cell and determined the characteristics at different parameter.
Similar to GENERATION OF POWER THROUGH HYDROGEN – OXYGEN FUEL CELLS (20)
Experimental Investigation of a Household Refrigerator Using Evaporative-Cool...inventy
The objective of this paper was to investigate experimentally the effect of Evaporative-cooled condenser in a household refrigerator. The experiment was done using HCF134a as the refrigerant. The performance of the household refrigerator with air-cooled and Evaporative-cooled condenser was compared for different load conditions. The results indicate that the refrigerator performance had improved when evaporative-cooled condenser was used instead of air-cooled condenser on all load conditions. Evaporativecooled condenser reduced the energy consumption when compared with the air-cooled condenser. There was also an enhancement in coefficient of performance (COP) when evaporative-cooled condenser was used instead of air-cooled condenser. The Evaporative cooled heat exchanger was designed and the system was modified by retrofitting it, instead of the conventional air-cooled condenser by making drop wise condensation using water and forced circulation over the condenser. From the experimental analysis it is observed that the COP of evaporative cooled system increased by 13.44% compared to that of air cooled system. So the overall efficiency and refrigerating effect is increased. In minimum constructional, maintenance and running cost, the system is much useful for domestic purpose. This study also revealed that combining a evaporative cooled system along with conventional water cooled system under the condition that the defrost water obtained from the freezer is used for drop wise condensation over condenser and water cooled condensation of the condenser at the bottom using remaining defrost water would reduce the power consumption, work done and hence further increase in refrigerating effect of the system. The study has shown that such a system is technically feasible and economically viable
Copper Strip Corrossion Test in Various Aviation Fuelsinventy
This research work takes in to account of corrosiveness test on various aviation fuels in the state of Telengana (India). The purpose of this experiment is to determine the corrosiveness test of fuels. This determination will be accomplished by using copper strip corrosion test by using the copper strip experiment we can determine the corrosive property of the fuel and hence the efficiency of fuel. The research covers the importance of knowing the corrosive property of different petroleum fuels including aviation turbine fuel.
Additional Conservation Laws for Two-Velocity Hydrodynamics Equations with th...inventy
A series of the differential identities connecting velocities, pressure and body force in the twovelocity hydrodynamics equations with equilibrium of pressure phases in reversible hydrodynamic approximation is obtaned.
Comparative Study of the Quality of Life, Quality of Work Life and Organisati...inventy
People’s lives are increasingly centred on work; they spend at least one-third of their time within the organisations that employ them. Investigating the factors that interfere with employees’ well-being and the organisational environment is becoming an increasing concern in organisations. This article identifies the criteria of the quality of life (QoL), quality of working life (QWL) and organisational climate instruments to point out their similarities. For bibliographic construction and data research, articles were sought in national and international journals, books and dissertations/articles in SciELO, Science Direct, Medline and Pub Med databases. The results show direct relationships amongst QoL, QWL and organisational climate instruments. The relationship between QoL and QWL instruments is based on fair compensation, social interaction, organisational communication, working conditions and functional capacity. QWL and organisational climate instruments are related through social interaction and interfaces. QoL and organisational climate instruments are related based on social interaction, organisational communication, and work conditions.
A Study of Automated Decision Making Systemsinventy
The decision making process of many operations are dependent on analysing very large data sets, previous decisions and their results. The information generated from the large data sets are used as an input for making decisions. Since the decisions to be taken in day to day operations are expanding, the time taken for manual decision making is also expanding. In order to reduce the time, cost and to increase the efficiency and accuracy, which are the most important things for customer satisfaction, many organisations are adopting the automated decision making systems. This paper is about the technologies used for automated decision making systems and the areas in which automated decisions systems works more efficiently and accurately.
Crystallization of L-Glutamic Acid: Mechanism of Heterogeneous β -Form Nuclea...inventy
The mechanism of heterogeneous nucleation of β-form L-glutamic acid was deeply investigated in cooling crystallization. The present study found that the β-form crystals were epitaxially grown on the α-form crystals and they were preferably crystallized on the (011) and (001) surfaces instead of the (111) surfaces of α- form crystals. This result was explained via the molecular simulation. The molecular simulation indicated that the different surfaces of α-form crystals provided different functional groups, resulting in different sites for the heterogeneous nucleation of β-form crystals. Here, the functional group were COO- , C=O and O-H on the (011) and (001) surfaces of α-form crystals, respectively, while it was the NH3 + on the (111) surfaces of α-form crystals. As such, the degree of lattice matching (E) between the β-form crystals and the various surfaces of α- form crystal was distinguished, where the degree of lattice matching (E) between the β-form crystals and the (011), (001) and (111) surfaces of α-form crystal were estimated as 5.30, 5.25 and 2.39, respectively, implying that the (011) and (001) surfaces of α-form crystal were more favorable to generate the heterogeneous nucleation of β-form crystals than the (111) surfaces of α-form crystal
Evaluation of Damage by the Reliability of the Traction Test on Polymer Test ...inventy
In recent decades, polymers have undergone a remarkable historical development and their use has been greatly imposed by gradually dethroning most of the secular materials. These polymer materials have always distinguished themselves by their simple shaping and inexpensive price, their versatility, lightness, and chemical stability but despite their massive use in everyday life as well as in advanced technologies. Generally, these materials still not understood which requires a thorough knowledge of their chemical, physical, rheological and mechanical properties. This paper, we study the mechanical behavior of an amorphous polymer: Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene “ABS” by means of uniaxial tensile testing on pierced test pieces with different notch lengths ranging between 1 to 14mm.The proposed approach consists in analyzing the evolution of the global geometry of the obtained strain curves by taking into account the zones and characteristic points of these curves as well as the effect of the damage on the mechanical behavior of the polymer ABS, in order to visualize the evolution of the damage by a static model
Application of Kennelly’model of Running Performances to Elite Endurance Runn...inventy
: The model of Kennelly between distance (Dlim) and exhaustion time (tlim) has been applied to the individual performances of 19 elite endurance runners (World-record holders and Olympic winners) from P. Nurmi (1920-1924) to M. Farah (2012) whose individual best performances on several different distances are known. Kennelly’s model (Dlim = k tlim ) can describe the individual performances of elite runners with a high accuracy (errors lower than 2 %). There is a linear relationship between parameters k and exponents of the elite runners and the extreme values correspond to S. Coe (k = 15.8; = 0.851) and E. Zatopek (k = 6.57; = 0.984). Exponent can be considered as a dimensionless index of aerobic endurance which is close to 1 in the best endurance runners. If it is assumed than maximal aerobic speed can be maintained 7 min in elite endurance runners, exponent is equal to the normalized critical speed (critical speed/maximal aerobic speed) computed from exhaustion times equal to 3 and 12.5 min in these runners.
Development and Application of a Failure Monitoring System by Using the Vibra...inventy
In this project, a failure monitoring system is developed by using the vibration and location information of balises in railway signaling. A lot of field equipment in railway are loosening and broken in time period so that they need maintenance due to the vibrations that occur due to high speed trains traffic and railway vehicles impact. Among the field equipment, balises have very important role of communication in terms of transmitting information to trains. In this scope, it is aimed to make maintenance works more efficient, have no delayed trains, detect previously failure location and intervene in failure timely, by detecting and controlling balise cases such as loosening, out of place and the data consistency error that happens because of balise physical state. In this project, the communication is provided with I2C, Modbus RTU (Remote Terminal Unit) and RS485 standards by using Arduino Uno cards and MPU6050 IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) sensors in laboratory. Each used sensors are in slave mode and computer interface designed with C# is in master mode. Fault situations in the system are checked instant by the interface. (it is assumed to mount the IMU sensor and the Arduino circuit on the balise) it is seen that the interface responds to the sensor movements instant and the system works well in the end of test processes.
The Management of Protected Areas in Serengeti Ecosystem: A Case Study of Iko...inventy
The study assessed the management of protected areas in Serengeti ecosystem using the case of IGGRs. Specifically, the study aimed at identifying the strategies used for natural resources management; examining the impacts of those strategies; examining the hindrances of the identified strategies; and lastly, examining the methods for scaling up the performance of strategies used for natural resources in the study area. The study involved two villages among 31 villages bordering IGGRs where in each village; at least 5% of the households were sampled. Both Primary data and secondary data were collected and analyzed both manually and computer by using SPSS software. The study revealed that, study population ranked IGGRs performance on protection of natural resources, especially on conserving wildlife for future generation and in reducing poaching to be good(53.3%). In addition, the relationship with IGGRs was said to be considerable good (46.7%). In the aspect of reducing poaching, the findings show that poaching has been reduced by 96.2% from 2009 to 2012. Furthermore, 81.4% of respondents said they use different strategies to control loss of natural resources which in turn has considerably improved the relationship between protected areas and the surrounding communities in some of the aspects. Despite of above successes, the study findings has revealed a number of challenges that hinders the full attainment of conservation objectives. Among the challenges are loss of life and properties (86.4%), shortage of water for livestock (68.9%) since water sources such as Grumeti and Rubana rivers are within protected area while the adjacent local communities do not have a free access to those water sources. Other challenges especially on the IGGRs management include insufficient fund base, working facilities and inadequate staffs. Based on the above findings, the study concluded that the strategies used for natural resources management of protected areas in Serengeti ecosystem is fairly sustainable and need functional participatory approaches of local people and other stakeholders in order to bring about a collaborative natural resources management network in the ecosystem. Furthermore, based on the findings above, equity in benefit sharing accrued from natural resource management in protected areas, more financial support to IGGRs and local community, the use of non-lethal deterrents for crop protection, integration of croplivestock production systems, adoption of land use plans as a solution to land conflicts, strengthens of community based conservation (CBC), adoption of modern information technology such as geographical information system (GIS) and remote sensing are recommended.
Size distribution and biometric relationships of little tunny Euthynnus allet...inventy
This study is taken from data of commercial fishing of the little tunny, Euthynnus alletteratus (Rafinesque, 1810) caught in the Algerian coast, sampled between november 2011 and april 2016. Data were collected in order to determine size distributions of the population and biometric relationships of species including the size - weight relationships. A total of 601 fish ranged from 30.9 and 103 cm fork length (FL) were observed. The size distribution of Euthynnus alletteratus shows multiple modal values witch the most important cohort corresponds to the age class 2 (42-46 cm). The value of the allometric coefficient (b) of the FL/TW relationship is lower than 3, indicating a negative allometric growth.
Removal of Chromium (VI) From Aqueous Solutions Using Discarded Solanum Tuber...inventy
Industrial polluting effluents containing heavy metals are of serious environmental concern in India. Chromium is frequently used in industries like electroplating, metal finishing, cooling towers, dyes, paints, anodizing and leather tanning and is found as traces in effluents finding their way to natural water bodies causing hazardous toxicity to the health of humans, animals and aquatic lives directly or indirectly. Many methods for the removal of Chromium such as chemical reduction, precipitation, ion exchange, electrochemical reduction, evaporation, reverse osmosis and adsorption using activated carbon etc. have been reported but all being expensive and complicated to operate. Experimental practices reveal that adsorption by agricultural and horticultural wastes are quite simple, inexpensive and efficient method. Agra is famous for Potato farming, a lot of discarded potato waste from cold storages is thrown along road side drains causing solid waste generated which either creates solid waste disposal problem or otherwise it finds way to Yamuna river resulting high BOD and posing a serious threat to the aquatic environment. For developing countries like India adsorption studies using discarded potato (Solanum tuberosum) waste from cold storages (DPWC) a solid waste as low cost adsorbent for Chromium removal was dual beneficial i.e., an ideal solution to these solid wastes disposal problem of Agra and removal of Chromium from tannery effluents and thereby saving aquatic life from Chromium contamination in Yamuna river. Keeping this in view batch experiments were designed to study the feasibility of discarded potato waste from cold storages to remove chromium (VI) from the aqueous solutions. During the study various affecting parameters, such as pH, adsorbent does, initial concentration, temperature, contact time, adsorbent grain size and start up agitation speed were optimized as 5.0, 10-20 g/l, 50 mg/l, 250C, 135 minutes, average size and 80 rpm respectively on chromium removal efficiency. Various Isotherms such as Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin also fitted suitably and various corresponding constants determined from these Isotherms favor and support the adsorption. Thermodynamic constants ∆G, ∆H and ∆S were found to be 0.267 KJ/mole, 0.288 KJ/mole and 0.0013 KJ/mole respectively.
Effect of Various External and Internal Factors on the Carrier Mobility in n-...inventy
The effect of various external (temperature, electric field, light) and intracrystalline (doping, initial resistivity) factors on the mobility of carriers in layered n-InSe semiconductor experimentally have been investigated. Scientific explanations of the results are proposed
Transient flow analysis for horizontal axial upper-wind turbineinventy
This study is to carry out a transient flow field analysis on the condition that the wind turbine is working to generate turbine, the wind turbine operating conditions change over time, Purpose of this study is try to find out the rule from the wind turbine changing over time . In transient analysis, the wind velocity on inlet boundary and rotation speed in the rotor field will change over time, and an analytical process is provided that can be used for future reference. At present, the wind turbine model is designed on the concept of upwind horizontal axis type. The computer engineering software GH Bladed is used to obtain the relationship between the rotor velocity and the wind turbine. Then the ANSYS engineering software is used to calculate the stress and strain distribution in the blades over time. From the analytical result, the relationship between the stress distribution in the blades and the rotor velocity is got to be used as a reference for future wind turbine structural optimization.
Choice of Numerical Integration Method for Wind Time History Analysis of Tall...inventy
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GENERATION OF POWER THROUGH HYDROGEN – OXYGEN FUEL CELLS
1. Research Inventy: International Journal Of Engineering And Science
Vol.4, Issue 10 (October2014), PP 56-62
Issn (e): 2278-4721, Issn (p):2319-6483, www.researchinventy.com
56
GENERATION OF POWER THROUGH HYDROGEN – OXYGEN FUEL CELLS 1Ajoko, Tolumoye John and 2Kilakime, Tari Amawarisenua Department of Mechanical/Marine Engineering, Faculty of Engineering. Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. ABSTRACT - The prominence and sustainability of energy generation is global target which binds together the techno-industrial and socio-economic welfare of any developing country. Study carried out is a test on the proficiency of renewable energy through Hydrogen – Oxygen Fuel Cell to generate useful power supply. It attests that the set-up electrochemical fuel cell with the use of fuel value of hydrogen has the capability of converting the chemical energy involved in the process into electrical energy which generates electricity up to 13.44W with 11.20V making use of a short time duration of 12 – minutes with a small volume of hydrogen gas used (50ml) in the Hydrogen – Oxygen Fuel Cell Test Rig. One advantageous fact is that the end product of the reaction (water) is environmentally friendly, produces no emissions capable of depleting the ozone layer and also can be converted to home use for economical purposes. Obtained results at the test period are displayed on a characteristic curves which shows the relationship of the performance parameters such as electrical energy, power, voltage, electrical charge, etc. Meanwhile, in the process of the experiment; the converted energy was stored in an energy storage device in the test bed which was test run on rotary and lighting load component (Electromotor) in the test rig. Therefore, it is recommended that employing this innovative system in the energy sector will save the environment from decaying, and also as alternative means to the conventional system of energy generation. Thus, sustainability in electrical power generation will drastically improve. Keywords - Current, Electrical Energy, Electrical power, Hydrogen – Oxygen Fuel cell, Test Rig.
I. INTRODUCTION
The production of an electric power by means of a Synchronous machine operating at a constant synchronous speed at a fixed frequency is most often driven by a shaft power system referred as gas turbine engines. These are natural gas fuelled machineries where chemical combustion takes place in its combustion chamber to enhance its end point performance such as efficient production of thermal power (electricity) for crude oil drills and gas transportation purposes; the production of useful thrust for aero gas turbine applications. Despite the benefits of these natural gas from fossil fuel used as the means of powering this equipment, it also create negative environmental hazard. Its end result depletes the ozone layer with significant increase of atmospheric greenhouse gases (CO, CO2) by the production of consistent by-products of NOx, SOx, etc. Therefore, in remedying this constrains has led to the search of a sustainable alternative energy resources that are readily accessible, environmentally friendly, and cost competitive with fossil fuels. Although, a wide range of study has identify other means of electric power generation from fuel cells and renewable energy from biogas. Meanwhile, the key point of research in this paper is focused on the production of electric power from Hydrogen – Oxygen Fuel Cells which operate quietly and efficiently [1]. Studies unveil that fuel cells are electrochemical devices which is capable of transforming the chemical energy in a fuel to electrical energy or power. It also has the proficiency of having high competence even in small size quantities and are easy to put in place; due to this outstanding features, it have recently been the focus of great interest as a distributed generation [2]. The developmental effort of making fuel cells relevant in the scientific industrial market is the target of every researcher because of its low exhaust emissions, high energy efficiency and variability, energy density, economy friendly, unique operating conditions, planning flexibility and future development potential in comparison with the conventional fuel used in internal combustion engines [1,3,4]. Another advantageous feature of fuel cells is less susceptible to fuel composition changes at high temperature operation range. This is a suitable factor for distributed power generation and integration with other types of bottoming cycles such as gas turbine cycles and cogeneration [2]. Though, the availability of fuel cell technology has not increased much in the industrial market yet research reveals its importance in terms of cost reduction of machine components, maximization of the transient performance and reliability; and the reduction of the size and weight of power components of gas turbines and as an alternative source to be used for combined heat and power (CHP) technology [2,3]. Also the fuel cell downsizing through hybridization system allows reducing the power train cost and volume over the pure fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) in which the fuel cell system is made large enough to meet the maximum power requirement [3].
2. Generation Of Power Through…
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Furthermore, the lower operating temperature of fuel cells requires the use of highly reformed fuels such as hydrogen and prohibits effective utilization of its waste heat for most absorption or water heating technologies [2,5]. However, it is imperative to note that hydrogen is a resourceful energy carrier which can be used to power almost every end users energy needs. Meanwhile, this energy conversion device known as the fuel cells can capture effectively the potentials of hydrogen for necessary energy conversion. A researcher exposed hydrogen fuel cell as stationary fuel cells to be used as power backup processes in power generation plants and cogeneration where excessive heat is released during electricity production which is used as means for other applications [6]. Fuel cells application to power generation systems like the gas turbines is an advancement of technology where a Hybrid Power System exhibits a synergy in which the combination performance far exceeds the gross performance of either system [7]. Fuel cell such as Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) allows the flow of hydrogen gas through the channels to the anode, where a catalyst causes the hydrogen molecules to separate into protons and electrons. The membrane permits the passage of the protons through it; as it does, the stream of negatively-charged electrons follows an external circuit to the cathode. This movement of electrons causes electricity that can be used to do work [8]. In a likely manner, the reaction of oxygen and hydrogen gases will enhances the procedure of generating the needed electric power. Meanwhile, this reaction leads to the production of water from the system. Thus, the end result is in the form of exothermic reaction which generates useful energy from the fuel cell. Consequently, hydrogen can play key roles in the future by replacing the crude products we use presently in our machineries. Hence, technological philosophy behind these studies is a replacement or an advanced alternative source to the conventional combustion technologies for power generation. Therefore, the development of Fuel cells is under the consideration to replace the traditional technology from the natural crude.
II. STUDY OF HYDROGEN – OXYGEN FUEL CELL TEST BED
The Hydrogen – Oxygen Fuel Cell Rig is a small test bed which is used to experiment and determine the electric power output from hydrogen and oxygen gases. A sample view of the rig is displaced in fig. 1 below. Several tasks are carried out while the polarity at the electrolyser in the test bed was observed and corresponding values recorded accordingly on table 1. In order to measure the volume ratio of the gases produced, the setup of the test bed and a circuit formation of the hydrogen and oxygen gases were arranged in the format presented in fig. 2. This is followed up with the filling of the gas storage up to the 0ml mark point with distilled water. To prevent streaming out of gas from the storage containers, the right connecting sleeves are close with fitting caps. Then, the regulator was adjusted to its maximum so that the volume of hydrogen and oxygen gas could be recorded after waiting for a corresponding reading of 10ml, 20ml, 30ml, 40ml and 50ml of hydrogen is produced respectively.
Figure 1- Hydrogen-Oxygen Fuel Cell Rig
The setup is rearranged as shown in fig. 3; this is to enable determine the needed gas volumes produced per time unit in relationship to the setup current of 0.0A to 1.2A with an interval of 0.2A with respect to 0.0sec to 720sec with an interval of 120sec. The essence of this phenomenon is that, some amount of electrical current is expected for the electrolytic breakdown of water into hydrogen and oxygen. At this point, the ampere meter in the test bed is set at the range of 2000mA DC and the voltmeter to the range of 20V DC. Still preventing escape of gas from the gas storage, the pre-determined current value was set and both starting and ending volumes of hydrogen was recorded with their corresponding voltages in table 2. This is to give way for the determination of the electrical energy involved in the process which was converted from the chemical energy from the electrochemical fuel cell with the use of fuel value of hydrogen.
3. Generation Of Power Through…
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Thus, known that the molar volume of ideal gas at Standard Temperature and Pressure (S.T.P) is given as 22.4136 dm3Mol-1, where 1 litre = 103m3 (1dm3) [9] with 286KJ/mol. Hence, one mole of hydrogen has a volume of Vm = 22414ml (@ 1 bar and 20°.
In a similar task carried out to estimate the voltage – current characteristic curve; an important characteristic of current producing system is experimented in the test rig. This is shown in fig. 4 where records of experimental data for current and voltage are taken. Meanwhile, setting the voltmeter to 2000m VDC range and a no load voltage with a corresponding current of 0.00A was measured; this is to allow a graphical presentation to start from its origin. Then with connection of the ampere meter, the current through the potentiometer of load 2 is set to start with a high resistance, R with gradual reduction in order to achieve a measuring point roughly for every 0.2A of current to enable have corresponding measured values for voltage, V and electrical power, P. The reason for the high resistance is as a result of the distance between the electrodes [10]. However, measurements from the rig are presented in table 3 for further analysis. Some important fundamental expressions for electrical charge, energy and power were used for the analysis and presented in equations 1-3 below.
Figure 2 - Setup to measure the volume ratio of produced gas
Figure 3 - Setup to measure gas volumes produced per time unit with respect to current
Figure 4 - Setup to voltage – current characteristic curve of the fuel cell
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Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
Q = It (1) W = QV (2) P = IV (3)
Where Q = Electrical charge, W = Electrical energy, P = Electrical power, I = Current, V= Voltage, t = time III RESENTATION OF RESULTS Results are presented on hydrogen – oxygen fuel characteristic curves shown in fig. 5 to 8. These are important characteristic of current, energy and power generating systems which examines the fuel cell and relate it to the output performance of the system. Thus, under discussion are the voltage – current, power – current and resistance – current performance star plots in fig. 5; time – electrical energy and resistance – electrical energy curves in fig. 6; current and resistance versus power plot and a general plot of all performance parameters such as voltage, power, electrical charge, resistance and time versus the electrical energy in fig. 7 and 8 respectively. This is a demonstration of how the fuel cell generates its mechanical useful power.
Determination of fuel characteristic Curve
Current
I
voltage
U
Time
T
Electrical Power P
Resistance
R
(A)
(V)
(Sec)
(W)
(Ω)
0.20
6.50
120.00
1.30
32.50
0.40
6.80
240.00
2.72
17.00
0.60
7.80
360.00
4.68
13.00
0.80
8.60
480.00
6.88
10.75
1.00
10.00
600.00
10.00
10.00
1.20
11.20
720.00
13.44
9.33
Determination of Gas volume Ratio
Gases
Volume of Gas Produced (ml)
Hydrogen (H2)
10
20
30
40
50
Oxygen (O2)
4.5
9
14
19
25
Estimation of Hydrogen Gas with Time
Current
I
Voltage
U
Time
T
Electrical
Charge
Starting
Vol. of
Ending
Vol. of
Electrical
Energy
(A)
(v)
(sec)
Q
(C)
H2 (ml)
H2 (ml)
W
(J)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
6.5
120.0
24.0
0.0
5.0
156.0
0.4
6.8
240.0
96.0
0.0
14.0
652.8
0.6
7.8
360.0
216.0
0.0
23.0
1684.8
0.8
8.6
480.0
384.0
0.0
30.0
3302.4
1.0
10.0
600.0
600.0
0.0
40.0
6000.0
1.2
11.2
720.0
864.0
0.0
50.0
9676.8
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Figure 5 - voltage, power and resistance – current characteristic curves
Figure 6 - time and resistance electrical energy characteristic curves Figure 7 - current and resistance versus power plot
6. Generation Of Power Through…
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Figure 8 - performance parameters versus the electrical energy IV RESULT DISCUSSION The focal point of this study is an experimental test of hydrogen technology on Hydrogen – Oxygen Fuel Cell Rig for the production of mechanical energy such as power. Hence, the test results presented in the figures shows that power generation through fuel cell is possible like its counterpart from the conventional systems. In fig. 5, the power and voltage tends to increase simultaneously as the current is adjusted for every 0.2A in a time interval of 120sec. This was made possible as the resistance is gradually reduced. They both have highest values of 13.44W and 11.20V respectively. A similar scenario happens in fig. 6 in the graphic plot of time, current and resistance against electrical energy with rapid change in status from 0.2 – 1.2A and 120 – 720sec, 35.50 – 9.33Ω amount of current, time and resistance respectively with 156 – 9676.80J worth of electrical energy. This is to certify the mathematical relationship of Joule’s law where the electrical energy, W is directly proportional to the square of the current, resistance and time. Again, is the plot in fig. 7 with current and resistance against power; which demonstrates the mathematical relationship of power as the product of the square of current and resistance. The similarity of the curves in fig. 6 and 7 can best be explained from the equations of Joule’s law and that of power below. W ∝ I2RT (iv) P = I2R (v) The right hand side of both equations is one and the same if the sign of proportionality of equation (IV) is changed to equality sign, for instance introducing T as a constant. Then the electrical energy, W is synonymous to power mathematically. The graphical display in figure 8 is a simple test of the gradual increase of all measurable parameters such as power, voltage, electrical charge and energy with respect to time from the test bed of the study. V CONCLUSION At each case of the experimental test of Hydrogen – Oxygen Fuel Cell, a chemical action occurs at the electrodes due to the flow of current through the electrolyte. This chemical action thus refers as a chemical energy is converted to an electrical energy in the process. Theoretically, it is calculated from fuel value of hydrogen with 286KJMol-1, where a mole of hydrogen has a volume 22414ml.However, test results at the end of test period were validated with the use of the energy storage device in the test rig which has the capacity of storing the converted energy. The energy from the storage device was test run on a rotary and lighting load in the test bed and its reliability was confirmed. This is a clear validation that hydrogen – oxygen fuel cell is capable of generating electricity. This branch of renewable energy which is environmentally friendly with useful end product of clean pure water, no percentage production of emissions such as NOx, CO, SOx, etc, zero capability of depleting the ozone layer, is a substitute to the conventional fossil fuels. Therefore, massive construction of hydrogen – oxygen fuel cell machine is recommended for the sustainability of the system.
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VI ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Special appreciation and thanks to colleagues and technical staff that assisted in building the test rig for the study. REFERENCES [1] E. Fontes and N. Eva, Modelling the Fuel Cell, American Institute of Physics, 2001, 14-17. [2] Z. Florian, L. Yixin, and S. Laura, A solid oxide fuel cell system for buildings, Energy Conversion and Management, 2006, 809–818. [3] L. Xiaofeng, D. Demba, and M. Claude, Design Methodology of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Power System, Proc. of the Int. Conf. on Electrical Machines, 2008, ID. 1270. [4] M. Alhassan, and M. Umar Garba, Design of an Alkaline Fuel Cell Leonardo Electronic, Journal of Practices and Technologies, 2006, ISSN 1583-1078, 99-106. [5] G. Luna-Sandoval, C. G. Urriolagoitia, L. H. Hernández, S. G. Urriolagoitia, and E. Jiménez, Hydrogen Fuel Cell Design and Manufacturing Process Used for Public Transportation in Mexico City. Proc. of the World Congress on Engineering, London, U.K, 2011, Vol. III
[6] DOE Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Information Centre, 2006, http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov, Accessed on 19 August 2014. [7] S. Scott, Fuel Cell/Gas Turbine Hybrid Systems, ASME International Gas Turbine Institute, 2004. [8] M. Cifrain, and K. Kordesch, Hydrogen/oxygen (Air) fuel cells with alkaline electrolytes, Handbook of Fuel Cells– Fundamentals, Technology and Applications, (Chichester, 2003), 267 – 280, ISBN:0-471-49926-9. [9] U.M.O. Ben, The SI Units (Stockwell, London; ISBN 978-199-008-2, 1984). [10] R. Chris, and S. Scott, Introduction to Fuel Cell Technology, University of Notre Dame, Unpublished Course Note for Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, 2003.