The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Cumulative effect of modified atmospheric packaging on the textural and chemi...SukhveerSingh31
Fruits and vegetables have been consumed by humans since ancient times. Scientific
investigations have proved that an increased consumption of fruits and vegetables is known to
reduce instances of cancer and cardiovascular mortality (Bhardwaj et al., 2014)
biochemical study of aril browning in pomegranateNidhi Singh
This study investigated the biochemical changes in pomegranate fruit affected by aril browning (AB), a physiological disorder. AB affected arils had higher total sugars, reducing sugars, total soluble solids, and starch compared to healthy arils. AB affected seeds had lower protein content and enzyme activities (amylase, total dehydrogenase) than healthy seeds. Polyphenol oxidase activity was higher in AB affected seeds. Total phenols and anthocyanins decreased with increasing AB intensity. The study suggests AB is a complex process involving increased polyphenol oxidase activity and decreased amylase and dehydrogenase activities in affected tissues. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms leading to AB development.
Caralluma truncato-coronata (Sedgw.) Gravely &
Mayur is one of the endangered and rare genera of the Dogbane
family, Apocynaceae was extracted by ethanolic Soxhlet method
and was phytochemically screened by GC-MS. Among the
compounds screened, the bioactivity and the name of the
compound viz., Styrene, Deferiprone, Amyl acetate, Cetyl
alcohol, Docosanol, Octadecene, Stearic acid, Phytol,
Diacetylverrucarol, an amine alkene, a terpenoid and a cyano
compound were identified. This report is the first of its kind to
analyse the ethanolic constituents of C.truncato-coronata using
GC-MS.The results of the GC-MS profile can be used as
pharmacognostical tool for the identification of the plant. GC-MS
analysis showed the existence of various compounds with
different chemical structures. The presence of various bioactive
compounds confirms the application of C.truncato-coronata for
various ailments by traditional practioners. The antimicrobial
susceptibility testing on the human pathogenic bacteria and fungi
on Agar Well diffusion Method in MHA significantly recorded
the maximum inhibitory zone in Candida tropicalis and
Enterococcus faecalis.The isolation of individual phytochemical
constituents may proceed to find a novel drug.
Neuroprotective effect of myricetin in Parkinson's diseaseVIJAYRAJA DHANRAJ
The document discusses the neuroprotective effects of myricetin isolated from the brown seaweed Turbinaria ornata. It begins with an introduction on Parkinson's disease and current treatment strategies. It then describes the collection and extraction of T. ornata to obtain its methanolic extract (TOME). Various in vitro assays were performed on TOME to analyze its antioxidant properties and identify bioactive compounds, leading to the isolation and characterization of myricetin. The study aims to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of myricetin in both in vitro cell line models and an in vivo Drosophila melanogaster model of Parkinson's disease induced by rotenone, through assessing markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and neurodegeneration
Comparative Analysis of Phytochemical compounds in Normal and root gall of Ok...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The document describes a study that investigated the effects of ethanolic extract of Garcinia kola seed on reproductive parameters in male Wistar rats. The extract was administered orally at doses of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg for 3 and 6 weeks. Preliminary analysis found the extract contained various phytochemicals and was considered safe up to a dose of 5000 mg/kg. After 3 weeks, testicular weight decreased significantly in treated groups while sperm count and motility increased. After 6 weeks, epididymal weight increased significantly in the high dose group while testicular changes were not significant. The extract appeared to enhance sperm characteristics at both time points without major toxicity.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation of Some Novel Phthalim...BRNSS Publication Hub
Objective: Different Phthalimide derivatives (4,5,6,7-tetrachloro-2-[1,2,4]triazol-4-yl]-isoindole-1,3-dione derivatives) were synthesized and biological activities of them were evaluated. Materials and Methods: In the present study, four new phthalimide derivatives were synthesized. The structures of final compounds were characterized on the basis of spectral data. Then, biological evaluation of all the synthesized compounds means in vivo anticancer activity was evaluated on the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) bearing Swiss albino mice model, and in vitro antioxidant activity was assessed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazine (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. Results: The titled compounds (2A-2D) were found to reduce tumor volume, viable cell count and increase non-viable cell count, and percentage increase in life span. All compounds showed significant activity in quenching DPPH free radical. Conclusion: All compounds showed significant (P<0.01) anticancer activity compared to EAC control group. All synthesized compound exhibited considerable antioxidant activity against free radicals, and they showed significant IC50 values and can, thus, ensure protection against oxidative stress.
Cumulative effect of modified atmospheric packaging on the textural and chemi...SukhveerSingh31
Fruits and vegetables have been consumed by humans since ancient times. Scientific
investigations have proved that an increased consumption of fruits and vegetables is known to
reduce instances of cancer and cardiovascular mortality (Bhardwaj et al., 2014)
biochemical study of aril browning in pomegranateNidhi Singh
This study investigated the biochemical changes in pomegranate fruit affected by aril browning (AB), a physiological disorder. AB affected arils had higher total sugars, reducing sugars, total soluble solids, and starch compared to healthy arils. AB affected seeds had lower protein content and enzyme activities (amylase, total dehydrogenase) than healthy seeds. Polyphenol oxidase activity was higher in AB affected seeds. Total phenols and anthocyanins decreased with increasing AB intensity. The study suggests AB is a complex process involving increased polyphenol oxidase activity and decreased amylase and dehydrogenase activities in affected tissues. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms leading to AB development.
Caralluma truncato-coronata (Sedgw.) Gravely &
Mayur is one of the endangered and rare genera of the Dogbane
family, Apocynaceae was extracted by ethanolic Soxhlet method
and was phytochemically screened by GC-MS. Among the
compounds screened, the bioactivity and the name of the
compound viz., Styrene, Deferiprone, Amyl acetate, Cetyl
alcohol, Docosanol, Octadecene, Stearic acid, Phytol,
Diacetylverrucarol, an amine alkene, a terpenoid and a cyano
compound were identified. This report is the first of its kind to
analyse the ethanolic constituents of C.truncato-coronata using
GC-MS.The results of the GC-MS profile can be used as
pharmacognostical tool for the identification of the plant. GC-MS
analysis showed the existence of various compounds with
different chemical structures. The presence of various bioactive
compounds confirms the application of C.truncato-coronata for
various ailments by traditional practioners. The antimicrobial
susceptibility testing on the human pathogenic bacteria and fungi
on Agar Well diffusion Method in MHA significantly recorded
the maximum inhibitory zone in Candida tropicalis and
Enterococcus faecalis.The isolation of individual phytochemical
constituents may proceed to find a novel drug.
Neuroprotective effect of myricetin in Parkinson's diseaseVIJAYRAJA DHANRAJ
The document discusses the neuroprotective effects of myricetin isolated from the brown seaweed Turbinaria ornata. It begins with an introduction on Parkinson's disease and current treatment strategies. It then describes the collection and extraction of T. ornata to obtain its methanolic extract (TOME). Various in vitro assays were performed on TOME to analyze its antioxidant properties and identify bioactive compounds, leading to the isolation and characterization of myricetin. The study aims to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of myricetin in both in vitro cell line models and an in vivo Drosophila melanogaster model of Parkinson's disease induced by rotenone, through assessing markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and neurodegeneration
Comparative Analysis of Phytochemical compounds in Normal and root gall of Ok...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The document describes a study that investigated the effects of ethanolic extract of Garcinia kola seed on reproductive parameters in male Wistar rats. The extract was administered orally at doses of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg for 3 and 6 weeks. Preliminary analysis found the extract contained various phytochemicals and was considered safe up to a dose of 5000 mg/kg. After 3 weeks, testicular weight decreased significantly in treated groups while sperm count and motility increased. After 6 weeks, epididymal weight increased significantly in the high dose group while testicular changes were not significant. The extract appeared to enhance sperm characteristics at both time points without major toxicity.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation of Some Novel Phthalim...BRNSS Publication Hub
Objective: Different Phthalimide derivatives (4,5,6,7-tetrachloro-2-[1,2,4]triazol-4-yl]-isoindole-1,3-dione derivatives) were synthesized and biological activities of them were evaluated. Materials and Methods: In the present study, four new phthalimide derivatives were synthesized. The structures of final compounds were characterized on the basis of spectral data. Then, biological evaluation of all the synthesized compounds means in vivo anticancer activity was evaluated on the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) bearing Swiss albino mice model, and in vitro antioxidant activity was assessed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazine (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. Results: The titled compounds (2A-2D) were found to reduce tumor volume, viable cell count and increase non-viable cell count, and percentage increase in life span. All compounds showed significant activity in quenching DPPH free radical. Conclusion: All compounds showed significant (P<0.01) anticancer activity compared to EAC control group. All synthesized compound exhibited considerable antioxidant activity against free radicals, and they showed significant IC50 values and can, thus, ensure protection against oxidative stress.
Diverse distribution-study-of-c-14-through-out-the-major-crops-of-punjab-paki...Ijcem Journal
This study measured the distribution of carbon-14 (C-14) in wheat and maize plants that were treated with C-14 labeled malathion pesticide. Greater C-14 content was found in the roots of wheat and leaves of maize. Maize showed a higher absorption of pesticides than wheat, possibly due to its larger fat content and higher transpiration rate. Some C-14 remained in the soil after planting. The study demonstrates how labeled pesticides translocate and accumulate in different plant tissues and soil over time.
This document summarizes the isolation and identification of trypanocidal constituents from Garcinia intermedia leaves and Calophyllum brasiliense heartwood. Guttiferone A and 8-desoxygartanin were isolated from G. intermedia, while jacareubin, 6-deoxyjacareubin, and two tetrahydroxyxanthones were obtained from C. brasiliense. These compounds showed trypanocidal activity against Trypanosoma cruzi, which causes Chagas disease. The activity against infective trypomastigotes was also examined and compared to gossypol, berberine chloride, and harmine.
The effect of corn oil in sperm parameters and levels of some hormone, elemen...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the effects of corn oil on sperm parameters, hormone levels, biochemical parameters, and trace elements in male rabbits. Fifteen male rabbits were divided into three groups: a control group given water and two experimental groups given 2 ml/day or 2.5 ml/day of corn oil. The results showed corn oil significantly increased sperm parameters but insignificantly affected hormone levels, biochemical parameters, and trace elements. Corn oil may improve semen quality in animals and humans by optimizing fatty acid levels important for sperm membrane structure and function.
Acute and subchronic toxicity of mulberry fruitsEditya Apriliani
This document summarizes a study that investigated the acute and subchronic toxicity of mulberry fruits in rats. In the acute toxicity test, rats were given a single dose of 2000 mg/kg of mulberry fruit extract and observed for 14 days. No signs of toxicity or deaths were observed. In the subchronic toxicity test, rats were given oral doses of 2, 10, or 500 mg/kg/day of mulberry fruit extract for 90 days. Body weights, organ weights, hematological and clinical chemistry parameters were measured. No abnormalities were found except for some changes in BUN and glucose levels that were still within normal ranges. Histopathological examination also found no abnormalities. The results suggest mulberry fruits do not
Effect of tocopherol extraction of lepidium sativum seeds in sperm parameters...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of tocopherol extracted from Lepidium sativum (garden cress) seeds on sperm parameters in male rabbits. The study found that orally administering 33.6 mg/kg of body weight per day of the tocopherol extract for 50 days significantly increased testicular and epididymal sperm concentration, sperm motility, viability and reduced abnormal morphology. This suggests the tocopherol extract from garden cress seeds has the potential to enhance human fertility.
Methanol Extract of Unfermented Theobroma Cacao Promotes Normal Lipid Profile...ijtsrd
"Abnormal lipid metabolism is a major pathogenic factor for various cardiovascular diseases. The present study investigated the lipid profile of methanol extract of unfermented Theobroma cacao TC in Wistar rats. 24 Male Wistar rats were divided equally into four groups. Group 1 was the control group, and was administered 0.9 normal saline. Groups 2, 3 and 4 were administered 200mg kg, 400mg kg and 800mg kg methanol extract of unfermented TC. Administration was via oral gavage and lasted for 21 days. The rats were sacrificed under chloroform anaesthesia. Blood was collected through cardiac puncture, allowed to clot, and later centrifuged to get serum. Laboratory assays were done for serum concentrations of total cholesterol Tc , triacylglycerides TAG , high density lipoprotein HDL c , and low density lipoprotein LDL c . Administration of TC extract resulted in an increase p 0.05 serum concentration of HDL c, with a consequent reduction in the serum concentrations of Tc, TAG, and LDL c when compared with the control. The observed results showed that consumption of unfermented Theobroma cacao within the experimental dose promotes normal lipid profile of Wistar rats. Thus, if these results are extrapolated to man, consumption of unfermented Theobroma cacao is encouraged. Eyuwa Ignatius Agwupuye | Justin Atiang Beshel | Assumpta Chioma Anosike | Lawrence U. Ezeanyika ""Methanol Extract of Unfermented Theobroma Cacao Promotes Normal Lipid Profile of Wistar Rats"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21730.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/other/21730/methanol-extract-of-unfermented-theobroma-cacao-promotes-normal-lipid-profile-of-wistar-rats/eyuwa-ignatius-agwupuye"
This document outlines the syllabus for the subject Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics at Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University. The syllabus covers 14 sections that include topics such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination of drugs, pharmacokinetic models, bioavailability and bioequivalence. Some key areas covered are factors affecting drug absorption, distribution and elimination processes in the body, pharmacokinetic parameters and concepts such as volume of distribution, clearance and half-life. Mathematical treatments of compartment models and methods to determine pharmacokinetic parameters are also included.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated pesticide residue levels of imidacloprid and abamectin on tomato, cucumber, and pepper plants after spraying. Researchers sprayed the pesticides at concentrations commonly used by farmers in Palestine and measured residue levels on plant parts and in soil over 10 days using HPLC. Residue levels of both pesticides were higher than levels found in previous studies and exceeded maximum residue limits for the first 5 days. Abamectin residues were higher than imidacloprid residues, and both pesticides showed higher soil residues compared to plant residues. The degradation rates of the pesticides in soil followed first-order kinetics with high correlation.
Screening Fenugreek genotypes for high callus induction and growth | IJAARInnspub Net
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenume-graecum) is a medicinal herb that has anti-diabetic properties. 4-hydroxyisoleucine, an important metabolite of this plant, is a good candidate for improving hepatic insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients. In vitro production of metabolites mainly relies on the ability of the tissue culture system to produce more and viable cells with maximum production rate. Callus induction is the first step of establishing plant cell based bioreactors which needs potential genotypes with higher and faster callus production. To find such genotypes, screening them is indispensable. In this research, we screened 21 Iranian landraces of fenugreek for callus induction and growth on MS medium supplemented with some plant growth regulators. The results showed different capacity of the screened genotypes in callus induction (P<0.05). Also, the type of explant had a significant effect on callus induction (P<0.05). Calli were able to produce 4-Hydroxyisulosine 67% of the amount in vivo samples.
The word “banana” is a general term comprising a number of species or hybrids in the genus Musa of family Musaceae. Many studies reported that banana is a good source of phenolic compounds, which are having potential health benefits in human beings. The phytochemical composition of eight banana varieties was investigated. Quantitative estimation of phytochemicals revealed that highest alkaloid and tannin content was noticed in variety Nendran (3.76% and 4.40 mg/100g respectively). Whereas, variety Rasakadali exhibited highest flavonoid content (9.49 mg/100). Total phenol and saponin content was found higher in variety Kadali (0.82% and 11.6 mg/100g respectively).
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and potassium permanganate (KMnO4) on the total antioxidant capacity, phenols, and flavonoids of guava fruit cultivar Lucknow-49 during storage. The study found that total antioxidant capacity and total flavonoids increased during ripening and were highest in 1-MCP treated fruits stored at room temperature. Total phenolic content decreased during ripening and was highest in untreated fruits followed by 1-MCP treated fruits. The results indicate that 1-MCP treatment can help extend shelf life and maintain quality by retaining higher antioxidant levels in stored guava fruits.
This study investigated the effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on testosterone propionate (TP)-induced benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) in castrated rats. Rats were divided into groups receiving TP to induce BPH, TP with MeJA or finasteride, or controls. Results showed that TP increased prostate size and markers of oxidative stress in BPH rats. Treatment with MeJA or finasteride reduced prostate size and oxidative stress markers. The study suggests that MeJA may ameliorate BPH through its antioxidant effects.
Protective Effect of Alysicarpus Monilifer L., Against CCl4 induced Hepatotox...ijtsrd
Alysicarpus monilifer L. is a widely used plant in the north coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh, India, has been used in indigenous system of medicine. The roots are used for the treatment of leprosy and urinary troubles. The decoction of roots is prescribed for cough. The boiled leaves are used as purgative. The herb is credited with anti- pyretic, anti- periodic and expectorant properties, febrifuge and also recommended for cutanious scabies and boils and to cure pain. Acute toxicity tests were conducted as per OECD guidelines on Alysicarpus monilifer L. whole plant. The hydro-alcoholic extract of the aerial parts at 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg b.w., was tested in Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity of rats followed by histopathological examination of the isolated livers of the control and the treated groups . The potential effects in protecting liver function by reducing the elevated levels of various serum biochemical parameters in a dose dependent manner, reducing oxidative stress, and histopathological alterations in the rat model of CCl4 “induced liver damage was demonstrated. The results showed significant protective effect against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. The study on qualitative phytochemical screening also identified some important bioactive phytochemical principles such as steroids, triterpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates and glycosides in this plant which were also validated as antioxidants and biologically active phytoconstituents. This report of hepatoprotective activity of Alysicarpus monilifer L. throws light on attenuation of hepatotoxic effects of CCl4 challenged rats by membrane stabilization through antioxidation K. Manikya Kumari | V. Padmaja"Protective Effect of Alysicarpus Monilifer L., Against CCl4 induced Hepatotoxicity in Albino Rats" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd114.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/114/protective-effect-of-alysicarpus-monilifer-l-against-ccl4-induced-hepatotoxicity-in-albino-rats/k-manikya-kumari
Influence of gongronema latifolium leaf extracts treatment on some hepatic...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the effects of extracts from the leaves of Gongronema latifolium on hepatic enzyme activity in rats. Rats were treated with various doses of ethanolic and water extracts for 7 days. Blood samples were then analyzed for liver enzyme levels. The results showed that the extracts increased the activity of AST and ALT liver enzymes at doses of 25mg/kg, indicating potential liver cell damage. The extracts also increased serum amylase levels in a dose-dependent manner. However, the extracts did not significantly affect blood urea levels. The conclusion is that while G. latifolium extracts may have some medical benefits, chronic high dose use could adversely impact liver function.
Antigonadotrophic effect of spondias mombin leaf extract in male wistar ratsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of an aqueous leaf extract of Spondias mombin on male Wistar rats. The rats were divided into three groups: a control group and two experimental groups that received oral doses of 400mg/kg or 800mg/kg of the leaf extract daily for 28 days. After sacrifice, the anterior pituitary glands were examined and serum levels of FSH, LH, and testosterone were measured. The experimental groups showed regression of gonadotropin cells in the anterior pituitary compared to controls. Hormonal assays also revealed significantly lower levels of FSH, LH, and testosterone in the experimental groups. The study concludes that the Spondias mom
Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Effects of the Flavonoid-rich Fraction of th...IOSRJPBS
The leaves of Jatropha tanjorensis are edible and used in herbal medicine in the treatment of diseases associated with oxidative stress. The present study demonstrates the antioxidative effect of the flavonoid-rich fraction of the methanol extract of Jatropha tanjorensis leaves (FRJT) against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties of FRJT were determined by serum biochemical enzymes; alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and GPx), heamatological pararmeters (PCV, Hb and WBC) and histology study. The results obtained showed a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the activities of liver marker enzymes across the pre-treated groups compared with the untreated rats. Assay of antioxidant enzymes showed that the extract significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced SOD and GPx activities whereas CAT activity was non-significantly (p ˃ 0.05) increased when compared with the untreated animals. PCV, Hb and WBC levels were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in the untreated group. However, supplementation with FRJT and Silymarin ameliorated the induced depletion of blood in the pre-treated animals. Histological examination of the liver tissue showed marked reduction in fatty degeneration across the pre-treated groups when compared with the untreated group. The results in this study indicate that FRJT exhibited varying levels of protection against CCl4-induced oxidative stress in rat models. These results also indicate that the flavonoid-rich fraction contains antioxidants, which mop up free radicals in the system and support its use in the treatment of diseases resulting from oxidative damage.
Antinociceptive and Diuretic Activities of Tagetes erecta LinnJing Zang
In the present investigation, the possible antinociceptive and diuretic activities of methanolic extract of Tagetes erecta has been tested in animal models. The methanol extract of both aerial part and root of the plant exhibited significant antinociceptive activity at higher dose (400 mg/kg body weight) in Swiss albino mice. The root extract was found to reduce the writhing more effectively than that of aerial part which is comparable to that produced by aminopyrine, used as standard drug. In addition, crude whole plant extract was also showed efficient diuresis at higher dose 400 mg/kg tested. Diuretic activity was proved by the electrolyte loss ratio (Na+/K+ excretion ratio) and we used furosemide as the reference.
Evaluation of anti diabetic potential of leaves of nelumbo nucifera in strept...pharmaindexing
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the anti-diabetic potential of leaves from the Nelumbo nucifera plant in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. A methanolic extract of N. nucifera leaves was tested for anti-diabetic effects over 15 days in diabetic rats. Oral administration of the extract at doses of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg significantly reduced blood glucose levels and body weight loss compared to diabetic controls, demonstrating anti-diabetic effects. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of compounds like saponins and carbohydrates in the extract that may contribute to its anti-diabetic activity.
This document summarizes a study on the effect of Alccofine powder on the properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC). Six different SCC mixes were tested: a control mix without Alccofine and mixes with 5%, 10%, and 15% Alccofine content. Test results showed that SCC mixes with 10% Alccofine exhibited superior fresh and hardened properties compared to mixes with lower or higher Alccofine content. Specifically, the 10% Alccofine mix displayed higher compressive strength, flowability, passing ability, and resistance to segregation. The study concluded that addition of an optimized amount of Alccofine, in this case 10%, can improve the self-compatibility
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Diverse distribution-study-of-c-14-through-out-the-major-crops-of-punjab-paki...Ijcem Journal
This study measured the distribution of carbon-14 (C-14) in wheat and maize plants that were treated with C-14 labeled malathion pesticide. Greater C-14 content was found in the roots of wheat and leaves of maize. Maize showed a higher absorption of pesticides than wheat, possibly due to its larger fat content and higher transpiration rate. Some C-14 remained in the soil after planting. The study demonstrates how labeled pesticides translocate and accumulate in different plant tissues and soil over time.
This document summarizes the isolation and identification of trypanocidal constituents from Garcinia intermedia leaves and Calophyllum brasiliense heartwood. Guttiferone A and 8-desoxygartanin were isolated from G. intermedia, while jacareubin, 6-deoxyjacareubin, and two tetrahydroxyxanthones were obtained from C. brasiliense. These compounds showed trypanocidal activity against Trypanosoma cruzi, which causes Chagas disease. The activity against infective trypomastigotes was also examined and compared to gossypol, berberine chloride, and harmine.
The effect of corn oil in sperm parameters and levels of some hormone, elemen...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the effects of corn oil on sperm parameters, hormone levels, biochemical parameters, and trace elements in male rabbits. Fifteen male rabbits were divided into three groups: a control group given water and two experimental groups given 2 ml/day or 2.5 ml/day of corn oil. The results showed corn oil significantly increased sperm parameters but insignificantly affected hormone levels, biochemical parameters, and trace elements. Corn oil may improve semen quality in animals and humans by optimizing fatty acid levels important for sperm membrane structure and function.
Acute and subchronic toxicity of mulberry fruitsEditya Apriliani
This document summarizes a study that investigated the acute and subchronic toxicity of mulberry fruits in rats. In the acute toxicity test, rats were given a single dose of 2000 mg/kg of mulberry fruit extract and observed for 14 days. No signs of toxicity or deaths were observed. In the subchronic toxicity test, rats were given oral doses of 2, 10, or 500 mg/kg/day of mulberry fruit extract for 90 days. Body weights, organ weights, hematological and clinical chemistry parameters were measured. No abnormalities were found except for some changes in BUN and glucose levels that were still within normal ranges. Histopathological examination also found no abnormalities. The results suggest mulberry fruits do not
Effect of tocopherol extraction of lepidium sativum seeds in sperm parameters...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of tocopherol extracted from Lepidium sativum (garden cress) seeds on sperm parameters in male rabbits. The study found that orally administering 33.6 mg/kg of body weight per day of the tocopherol extract for 50 days significantly increased testicular and epididymal sperm concentration, sperm motility, viability and reduced abnormal morphology. This suggests the tocopherol extract from garden cress seeds has the potential to enhance human fertility.
Methanol Extract of Unfermented Theobroma Cacao Promotes Normal Lipid Profile...ijtsrd
"Abnormal lipid metabolism is a major pathogenic factor for various cardiovascular diseases. The present study investigated the lipid profile of methanol extract of unfermented Theobroma cacao TC in Wistar rats. 24 Male Wistar rats were divided equally into four groups. Group 1 was the control group, and was administered 0.9 normal saline. Groups 2, 3 and 4 were administered 200mg kg, 400mg kg and 800mg kg methanol extract of unfermented TC. Administration was via oral gavage and lasted for 21 days. The rats were sacrificed under chloroform anaesthesia. Blood was collected through cardiac puncture, allowed to clot, and later centrifuged to get serum. Laboratory assays were done for serum concentrations of total cholesterol Tc , triacylglycerides TAG , high density lipoprotein HDL c , and low density lipoprotein LDL c . Administration of TC extract resulted in an increase p 0.05 serum concentration of HDL c, with a consequent reduction in the serum concentrations of Tc, TAG, and LDL c when compared with the control. The observed results showed that consumption of unfermented Theobroma cacao within the experimental dose promotes normal lipid profile of Wistar rats. Thus, if these results are extrapolated to man, consumption of unfermented Theobroma cacao is encouraged. Eyuwa Ignatius Agwupuye | Justin Atiang Beshel | Assumpta Chioma Anosike | Lawrence U. Ezeanyika ""Methanol Extract of Unfermented Theobroma Cacao Promotes Normal Lipid Profile of Wistar Rats"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21730.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/other/21730/methanol-extract-of-unfermented-theobroma-cacao-promotes-normal-lipid-profile-of-wistar-rats/eyuwa-ignatius-agwupuye"
This document outlines the syllabus for the subject Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics at Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University. The syllabus covers 14 sections that include topics such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination of drugs, pharmacokinetic models, bioavailability and bioequivalence. Some key areas covered are factors affecting drug absorption, distribution and elimination processes in the body, pharmacokinetic parameters and concepts such as volume of distribution, clearance and half-life. Mathematical treatments of compartment models and methods to determine pharmacokinetic parameters are also included.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated pesticide residue levels of imidacloprid and abamectin on tomato, cucumber, and pepper plants after spraying. Researchers sprayed the pesticides at concentrations commonly used by farmers in Palestine and measured residue levels on plant parts and in soil over 10 days using HPLC. Residue levels of both pesticides were higher than levels found in previous studies and exceeded maximum residue limits for the first 5 days. Abamectin residues were higher than imidacloprid residues, and both pesticides showed higher soil residues compared to plant residues. The degradation rates of the pesticides in soil followed first-order kinetics with high correlation.
Screening Fenugreek genotypes for high callus induction and growth | IJAARInnspub Net
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenume-graecum) is a medicinal herb that has anti-diabetic properties. 4-hydroxyisoleucine, an important metabolite of this plant, is a good candidate for improving hepatic insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients. In vitro production of metabolites mainly relies on the ability of the tissue culture system to produce more and viable cells with maximum production rate. Callus induction is the first step of establishing plant cell based bioreactors which needs potential genotypes with higher and faster callus production. To find such genotypes, screening them is indispensable. In this research, we screened 21 Iranian landraces of fenugreek for callus induction and growth on MS medium supplemented with some plant growth regulators. The results showed different capacity of the screened genotypes in callus induction (P<0.05). Also, the type of explant had a significant effect on callus induction (P<0.05). Calli were able to produce 4-Hydroxyisulosine 67% of the amount in vivo samples.
The word “banana” is a general term comprising a number of species or hybrids in the genus Musa of family Musaceae. Many studies reported that banana is a good source of phenolic compounds, which are having potential health benefits in human beings. The phytochemical composition of eight banana varieties was investigated. Quantitative estimation of phytochemicals revealed that highest alkaloid and tannin content was noticed in variety Nendran (3.76% and 4.40 mg/100g respectively). Whereas, variety Rasakadali exhibited highest flavonoid content (9.49 mg/100). Total phenol and saponin content was found higher in variety Kadali (0.82% and 11.6 mg/100g respectively).
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and potassium permanganate (KMnO4) on the total antioxidant capacity, phenols, and flavonoids of guava fruit cultivar Lucknow-49 during storage. The study found that total antioxidant capacity and total flavonoids increased during ripening and were highest in 1-MCP treated fruits stored at room temperature. Total phenolic content decreased during ripening and was highest in untreated fruits followed by 1-MCP treated fruits. The results indicate that 1-MCP treatment can help extend shelf life and maintain quality by retaining higher antioxidant levels in stored guava fruits.
This study investigated the effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on testosterone propionate (TP)-induced benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) in castrated rats. Rats were divided into groups receiving TP to induce BPH, TP with MeJA or finasteride, or controls. Results showed that TP increased prostate size and markers of oxidative stress in BPH rats. Treatment with MeJA or finasteride reduced prostate size and oxidative stress markers. The study suggests that MeJA may ameliorate BPH through its antioxidant effects.
Protective Effect of Alysicarpus Monilifer L., Against CCl4 induced Hepatotox...ijtsrd
Alysicarpus monilifer L. is a widely used plant in the north coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh, India, has been used in indigenous system of medicine. The roots are used for the treatment of leprosy and urinary troubles. The decoction of roots is prescribed for cough. The boiled leaves are used as purgative. The herb is credited with anti- pyretic, anti- periodic and expectorant properties, febrifuge and also recommended for cutanious scabies and boils and to cure pain. Acute toxicity tests were conducted as per OECD guidelines on Alysicarpus monilifer L. whole plant. The hydro-alcoholic extract of the aerial parts at 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg b.w., was tested in Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity of rats followed by histopathological examination of the isolated livers of the control and the treated groups . The potential effects in protecting liver function by reducing the elevated levels of various serum biochemical parameters in a dose dependent manner, reducing oxidative stress, and histopathological alterations in the rat model of CCl4 “induced liver damage was demonstrated. The results showed significant protective effect against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. The study on qualitative phytochemical screening also identified some important bioactive phytochemical principles such as steroids, triterpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates and glycosides in this plant which were also validated as antioxidants and biologically active phytoconstituents. This report of hepatoprotective activity of Alysicarpus monilifer L. throws light on attenuation of hepatotoxic effects of CCl4 challenged rats by membrane stabilization through antioxidation K. Manikya Kumari | V. Padmaja"Protective Effect of Alysicarpus Monilifer L., Against CCl4 induced Hepatotoxicity in Albino Rats" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd114.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/114/protective-effect-of-alysicarpus-monilifer-l-against-ccl4-induced-hepatotoxicity-in-albino-rats/k-manikya-kumari
Influence of gongronema latifolium leaf extracts treatment on some hepatic...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the effects of extracts from the leaves of Gongronema latifolium on hepatic enzyme activity in rats. Rats were treated with various doses of ethanolic and water extracts for 7 days. Blood samples were then analyzed for liver enzyme levels. The results showed that the extracts increased the activity of AST and ALT liver enzymes at doses of 25mg/kg, indicating potential liver cell damage. The extracts also increased serum amylase levels in a dose-dependent manner. However, the extracts did not significantly affect blood urea levels. The conclusion is that while G. latifolium extracts may have some medical benefits, chronic high dose use could adversely impact liver function.
Antigonadotrophic effect of spondias mombin leaf extract in male wistar ratsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of an aqueous leaf extract of Spondias mombin on male Wistar rats. The rats were divided into three groups: a control group and two experimental groups that received oral doses of 400mg/kg or 800mg/kg of the leaf extract daily for 28 days. After sacrifice, the anterior pituitary glands were examined and serum levels of FSH, LH, and testosterone were measured. The experimental groups showed regression of gonadotropin cells in the anterior pituitary compared to controls. Hormonal assays also revealed significantly lower levels of FSH, LH, and testosterone in the experimental groups. The study concludes that the Spondias mom
Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Effects of the Flavonoid-rich Fraction of th...IOSRJPBS
The leaves of Jatropha tanjorensis are edible and used in herbal medicine in the treatment of diseases associated with oxidative stress. The present study demonstrates the antioxidative effect of the flavonoid-rich fraction of the methanol extract of Jatropha tanjorensis leaves (FRJT) against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties of FRJT were determined by serum biochemical enzymes; alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and GPx), heamatological pararmeters (PCV, Hb and WBC) and histology study. The results obtained showed a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the activities of liver marker enzymes across the pre-treated groups compared with the untreated rats. Assay of antioxidant enzymes showed that the extract significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced SOD and GPx activities whereas CAT activity was non-significantly (p ˃ 0.05) increased when compared with the untreated animals. PCV, Hb and WBC levels were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in the untreated group. However, supplementation with FRJT and Silymarin ameliorated the induced depletion of blood in the pre-treated animals. Histological examination of the liver tissue showed marked reduction in fatty degeneration across the pre-treated groups when compared with the untreated group. The results in this study indicate that FRJT exhibited varying levels of protection against CCl4-induced oxidative stress in rat models. These results also indicate that the flavonoid-rich fraction contains antioxidants, which mop up free radicals in the system and support its use in the treatment of diseases resulting from oxidative damage.
Antinociceptive and Diuretic Activities of Tagetes erecta LinnJing Zang
In the present investigation, the possible antinociceptive and diuretic activities of methanolic extract of Tagetes erecta has been tested in animal models. The methanol extract of both aerial part and root of the plant exhibited significant antinociceptive activity at higher dose (400 mg/kg body weight) in Swiss albino mice. The root extract was found to reduce the writhing more effectively than that of aerial part which is comparable to that produced by aminopyrine, used as standard drug. In addition, crude whole plant extract was also showed efficient diuresis at higher dose 400 mg/kg tested. Diuretic activity was proved by the electrolyte loss ratio (Na+/K+ excretion ratio) and we used furosemide as the reference.
Evaluation of anti diabetic potential of leaves of nelumbo nucifera in strept...pharmaindexing
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the anti-diabetic potential of leaves from the Nelumbo nucifera plant in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. A methanolic extract of N. nucifera leaves was tested for anti-diabetic effects over 15 days in diabetic rats. Oral administration of the extract at doses of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg significantly reduced blood glucose levels and body weight loss compared to diabetic controls, demonstrating anti-diabetic effects. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of compounds like saponins and carbohydrates in the extract that may contribute to its anti-diabetic activity.
This document summarizes a study on the effect of Alccofine powder on the properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC). Six different SCC mixes were tested: a control mix without Alccofine and mixes with 5%, 10%, and 15% Alccofine content. Test results showed that SCC mixes with 10% Alccofine exhibited superior fresh and hardened properties compared to mixes with lower or higher Alccofine content. Specifically, the 10% Alccofine mix displayed higher compressive strength, flowability, passing ability, and resistance to segregation. The study concluded that addition of an optimized amount of Alccofine, in this case 10%, can improve the self-compatibility
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document evaluates the thermooxidation stabilities of additive-free base oils used in two commercially available grades of automotive crankcase oil (SAE-28W50 and SAE-10W40). The base oils were obtained by stripping the commercial oils of their additive components. The base oils were then thermally oxidized using a modified Turbine Oil Oxidation Test apparatus at increasing temperatures up to 380°C. The stabilities were evaluated based on parameters like Total Acid Number and Total Oxidation Products. Results showed that the synthetic base oil (SAE-10W40) was the least stable, followed by the blended base oil, while the mineral base oil (SAE-28
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document compares the cooling properties of a locally formulated radiator coolant (Sample C) to water (Sample A) and a commercial coolant (Sample B). Sample C had the highest boiling point at 110°C, followed by Sample B at 101°C, then Sample A (water) at 100°C. This means Sample C can absorb more heat before boiling over. Sample C also had the highest specific heat capacity at 4238 Jkg-1K-1, providing better heat absorption than the other samples. The locally formulated Sample C performed best in raising the boiling point and absorbing heat, indicating it can cool engines more effectively than the other coolants tested.
This document describes an algorithm for automating the process of human emotion detection from digital images. The algorithm has two main parts: database generation and emotion detection. For database generation, faces are detected from images using skin segmentation and color thresholds. Lips are then detected and cropped from faces to generate templates for different emotions, which are stored in a database. For emotion detection, lips are detected and cropped from a new input image and compared to the templates using cross-correlation to identify the best match and recognize the emotion. The algorithm provides a simple and fast way to detect emotions from images by analyzing lips, compared to other methods using speech recognition or brain activity analysis.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document provides guidelines for the design and construction of ultra thin white topping (UTWT) on asphalt pavements. Some key points:
- UTWT involves placing a thin (50-150mm), fiber-reinforced concrete overlay on an existing asphalt pavement to improve ride quality, load capacity, and subgrade quality.
- Salient features of UTWT include its thinness, extensive surface preparation to bond the concrete and asphalt, short joint spacings (0.6-1.8m), and use of high-strength, fiber-reinforced concrete mixtures for early opening.
- UTWT concrete mixes use materials like fly ash, slag, and silica f
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document summarizes a study on the environmental awareness of rural residents in Hamirpur District, Himachal Pradesh, India. The study surveyed 1208 residents across 25 villages. It assessed their awareness of different environmental issues through a questionnaire. The results showed high awareness of local issues like air, water, and noise pollution, but lower awareness of global issues like climate change. Most respondents gained environmental knowledge from TV and newspapers. While awareness levels were reasonably high, more work is still needed to increase awareness and promote environmentally responsible behavior.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
1. The document proposes an efficient method for inter-carrier interference (ICI) cancellation and peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction in MIMO-OFDM wireless systems.
2. It develops an expectation-maximization algorithm to jointly estimate carrier frequency offset and channel impulse response. It also designs a minimum mean-square error precoding matrix to reduce PAPR.
3. The key contribution is a progressive parallel inter-carrier interference canceller based on factor graphs. It iteratively reconstructs and cancels ICI across subcarriers in both the frequency and space domains to improve performance.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document proposes a new Password Guessing Resistant Protocol (PGRP) to improve the security of password-based authentication against large-scale online attacks while maintaining usability for legitimate users. PGRP limits automated bots to 3 login attempts per username before requiring an Automated Turing Test (ATT), while allowing legitimate users logging in from known devices up to 30 failed attempts without an ATT. PGRP tracks user devices and login patterns to distinguish human and bot behavior. The protocol was tested in several scenarios and was found to effectively prevent password guessing while providing a better user experience compared to existing ATT-based methods.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The document discusses a case study of rural electrification through solar photovoltaic systems on Sagar Island in West Bengal, India. It describes the 10 solar power stations that have been installed on the island between 1996-2006 by the West Bengal Renewable Energy Development Agency to provide electricity to over 2000 families for 6 hours per day. The study analyzes the rural electrification scenario through renewable energy on the isolated island and finds that solar power has benefited residents but that connecting the isolated renewable power plants to the grid presents challenges.
Bioactive constituents, antioxidant activity and in vitro cancerAlexander Decker
The document analyzes the antioxidant and anticancer properties of juices from nine varieties of Moroccan prickly pear fruit. It finds that the juices contain significant antioxidants like phenolics and flavonoids. Testing shows the juices have dose-dependent inhibitory effects on cancer cell growth in vitro. The results suggest the health benefits of different prickly pear varieties and provide information to make best use of them in food and medical applications.
Changes in functional compounds, antioxidant capacity, sensory profile of paste, in the processing of cocoa beans, from three geographic areas
Aide Quispe1, Pedro Camasca 2, Pedro P. Peláez 1*
1 Universidad Nacional Agraria de la Selva, Carretera Central 1,21, Tingo María, Perú.
2 Cooperativa Agraria Cafetalera Divisoria Ltda, Caserío Mapresa km. 4.40 C.F.B. Santa Martha, Tingo María, Perú.
* Corresponding author:
Pedro Pablo Peláez Sánchez
E-mail address: pedro.pelaez@unas.edu.pe
Tel: +51 962686829
Alteration in Protein Metabolic Profiles in Liver Tissue of Rats during Dimet...iosrjce
The document summarizes a study on the effects of the organophosphate pesticide dimethoate on protein metabolic profiles in the liver tissue of rats. Rats were treated with 1/10th of the lethal dose of dimethoate for 10, 20, or 30 days. Liver tissues were then analyzed for levels of the enzymes AST and ALT, which are involved in amino acid metabolism. Results showed significant increases in AST and ALT levels in the liver tissues of dimethoate-treated rats compared to controls, indicating disruption of protein metabolism. The increases were also dose- and time-dependent, with higher doses and longer exposure times causing greater changes. This demonstrates that chronic exposure to sub-lethal doses of
This document examines the thermal stability, antioxidant activity, and photo-oxidation of natural polyphenols. Specifically, it investigates standard polyphenol solutions (catechin, gallic acid, vanillic acid) and vegetal extracts from spruce bark and grape seeds. The key findings are:
1) Polyphenols showed relative thermal stability when exposed to temperatures from 60-100°C, with degradations ranging from 15-30% after 4 hours.
2) Gallic acid and catechin exhibited the highest antioxidant activity based on DPPH radical scavenging assays.
3) UV exposure caused significant degradation of polyphenols, removing around 40% of vanillic acid, 50%
This document summarizes a study that examined the histological effects of Peganum harmala seed extract on the spleen, liver enzymes, and blood parameters of albino rats. Rats were administered normal saline or 1%, 2%, or 3% doses of P. harmala extract daily for one month. Higher doses caused more severe structural changes in the spleen, including hemorrhaging, degeneration, and necrosis. The extract also significantly affected body and liver weight. Blood glucose and cholesterol decreased significantly with treatment. While some liver enzymes were affected, white and red blood cell counts remained unchanged. Histological examination showed dose-dependent damage to spleen tissue.
Genetic Variability for Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Content in Fo...CrimsonpublishersNTNF
This document reports on a study that assessed genetic variability for total phenolic content and antioxidant activity in 139 genotypes of four pulse crops: chickpea, lentil, pigeonpea, and blackgram. Significant genetic variation was found for both total phenolic content and antioxidant activity across all genotypes. Blackgram genotypes had the highest mean phenolic content and antioxidant activity, followed by pigeonpea, chickpea, and lentil. Within each crop, phenolic content and antioxidant activity varied between genotypes. Highly significant correlations between phenolic content and antioxidant activity were found for all crops except pigeonpea. The study indicates genetic diversity exists that can be exploited for improving antioxidant levels in these important pulse crops.
Influence of drying process on the functional properties of some plantsAlexander Decker
1) The document examines the effect of different drying methods (air, convective oven, and microwave oven) on the functional properties of four green leafy vegetables (celery, coriander, dill, and parsley).
2) Fresh plants had the highest contents of antioxidants (total phenols, carotenoids, chlorophyll) and antioxidant capacity, followed by air drying, then oven drying, and microwave drying resulted in the greatest losses.
3) Drying, especially at higher temperatures, significantly reduced the moisture content as well as the bioactive compounds in the plants. Microwave drying led to the greatest decreases in total phenols, carotenoids, chlorophyll, and antioxidant capacity compared to
Background: Dennentia tripetalla (Pepper Fruit) belongs to the Annonaceae family and is abundant in Nigeria. Its
fruit in folklore medicine is used for treatment of varying ailments. While ample research evidence exists on the
plants fruit and seed, no current study exists on the toxicological profile of the plant leaves.
Methods: qualitative and quantitative phytochemicals and In vitro antioxidant assays were carried out using
standard methods. The acute toxicity study indicates that the LD50 was higher than 2000 mg/Kg body weight. Subchronic
toxicity studies was carried out using five groups of rats. Group 1 served as control, 2–5 received 100 mg/
Kg, 200 mg/Kg, 500 mg/Kg and 1000 mg/Kg body weight orally for 28 days.
Results: Post-administration biochemical analysis indicates there was increased weight in rats administered 100
mg/kg and 200 mg/kg while it reduced in the 500 mg/kg group. Significant elevations of liver function markers
were reported for 200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg respectively. Serum and hepatic protein profiles remained unaltered.
Renal function analysis revealed elevated serum urea and creatinine for 200 and 500 mg/kg groups, elevated serum
Na+ and Ca+ and reduced serum Cl− for the 500 mg/Kg group. Elevated Kidney K+ and Ca+ levels, reduced Cl−
were significantly observed in 500 mg/Kg group. Significant rise in hepatic and renal lipid peroxidation was
observed in 200 and 500 mg/Kg groups. There were observed disarmament of the antioxidant defense systems
occasioned by rise and drop in tissue (hepatic, renal, testes, heart) Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (Cat),
Glutathione-s-transferase (GST), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in the test groups relative to control.
Histopathological examination indicated architectural aberrations at 500 and 1000 mg/kg.
Conclusions: It concluded that the plant had significant phytochemical and antioxidant properties of medical
interest and possessed toxic properties in rats when administered at a dose above 200 mg/Kg over a prolonged
period of time.
IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacyiosrphr_editor
This study examined the effects of an aqueous fruit extract of Solanum macrocarpum on endocrine function in rats with chronic hyperlipidemia induced by triton-X. The extract was administered at doses of 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg to hyperlipidemic rats, and endocrine markers including thyroid hormones, testosterone, estrogen, and insulin were measured at 24, 48, and 72 hours. The results showed that the extract significantly increased levels of TSH, T4, testosterone, estrogen and insulin in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting the extract may lower lipids by positively influencing endocrine function. The mechanisms by which the extract regulates lipids and potentially reduces heart disease risk require further
Effects of organic and mineral fertilizers on total antioxidant, polyphenolic...Alexander Decker
This study examined the effects of organic and mineral fertilizers on antioxidant, polyphenol, and carotenoid content in orange-fleshed sweet potato tubers. Organic fertilizer significantly increased all three phytochemicals, with annual applications having the highest levels. Mineral fertilizers also significantly affected levels, with combinations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium influencing different compounds. The combination of minimal mineral doses with annual or biennial organic fertilizer produced the highest antioxidant, polyphenol, and carotenoid concentrations in the tubers.
Its about how fruit ripening occurs and how we can manipulate ripening process by using biotechnology to delay ripening and to reduce postharvest losses
Growth Pattern, Molecular Identification and Bio molecules Analysis of FOMITO...journal ijrtem
Abstract : Fomitopsis feei, a brown rot fungus is identified tentatively using morphological characteristics and confirmed phylogenetically by 28S rDNA analysis and sequence was submitted in EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database. Its growth pattern was studied on eight different solid media and found to be good on Malt extract agar medium. Biomolecules such as proteins and lipid were screened qualitatively and estimated quantitatively. Aminoacid analysis by chromatography and fatty acid analysis by FAME were also done and revealed that tryptophan (20.53%), valine (20.51%) and cis-linoleic acid (43.38%) and palmetic acid (17.88%) were in high percentage.
Key words : Fomitopsis feei, growth, molecular identification and biomolecules
The document describes a study that tested natural products from three Mexican medicinal plants as substrates and inhibitors of two sulfotransferase enzymes (SULT1A1 and SULT2A1). Four xanthones, two flavonoids, and two coumarins were isolated from Calophyllum brasiliense and two Lonchocarpus species. Assays found that three xanthones and one coumarin were substrates for SULT1A1, while the coumarin was the only substrate for SULT2A1. The xanthones potently inhibited SULT1A1 but only weakly inhibited SULT2A1. The flavonoids inhibited both SULTs similarly, while
Phytochemical composition and antiradical activity of Sakersia africana Hook....Open Access Research Paper
The valorization of the medicinal plants of our country and determination of their impact on health due to their abundance of substances with various pharmacological effects are our principal objective. This study was evaluated the phytochemical screening and radical 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity of different extracts of Sakersia africana Hook. f.. The results revealed that Sakersia africana Hook. f. is rich in phenols compounds, sterols, triterpenes, alkaloids and reducing compound. The values in total phenols and proanthocyanidines are ranging respectively from 391.58 ± 0.04 to 777 ± 0.03 mg/100 g of drugs and 113.5 ± 3.17 to 653.5 ± 36.83 mg/100 g of drugs. Results also show that different extracts tested present antiradical activity with values of IC50 ranging from 164.21± 0.014 to 195.54± 0.012 % and abundance in bioactive compounds. This study could justify the use of Sakersia africana of some chronic diseases.
This document discusses the production of guava juice. It notes that guava is a rich source of vitamin C and is commonly consumed fresh. The production of cloudy and clarified guava juices has potential but optimal processing conditions have not been determined. Enzyme treatments using pectinases, arabinase and cellulase can help increase juice yield and clarify the juice. Temperature and time of enzyme treatments impact yield and vitamin C content. Ripe, firm fruit without bruises are best for processing to clear juice.
Extraction of beta glucan from oat and its lipoprotein profileDr Asif Ahmad
This document summarizes a study that extracted β-glucan from oat at various temperatures and pH levels. Higher extraction temperatures and neutral pH levels increased the yield of gum pellet extracted and the recovery of β-glucan. Extraction at 50°C and pH 7 was found to extract the highest amounts of soluble and total dietary fiber, while removing more impurities from the gum pellet. Rats fed diets containing the extracted gum pellet at this condition showed reductions in serum glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL cholesterol levels compared to controls.
Comparative Assessment of Total Polyphenols and Antioxidant Activity of Comme...AnuragSingh1049
Green Tea, made from Camellia sinensis plant leaves, is one of the most popular drinks in the world. For the past decades, scientists have studied this plant in terms of potential health benefits. Research has shown that green tea helps prevent stroke, malignancy and infections. In this paper, antioxidant activity and total phenol content of 4 samples of green tea from local Tuzla stores were investigated, of which two were of foreign origin. The antioxidant activity of the samples was analyzed using FRAP and DPPH methods. The obtained results show that the highest content of total phenols and the largest antioxidant capacity has a sample of foreign origin. The content of total phenols in the samples ranges from 60.01 to 79.34 mg GAE/g. The highest FRAP value is 3.34 mmol/g. The antioxidant capacity was also confirmed by the DPPH method. The IC50 value ranges from 0.014 to 0.030 mg/mL.
ABSTRACT- Secondary metabolites or phytochemicals from plants have eminent pharmacological activities such as
anti-oxidative, anti-allergic, antibiotic, hypoglycaemic and anti-carcinogenic. These secondary metabolites protect the
cells from the damage caused by unstable molecules known as free radicals. They can inhibit oxidation of free radicals in
both human body and food system. Food industry uses both natural and synthetic antioxidants to extend shelf life of
products. But the application of synthetic antioxidant has been limited due to its carcinogenicity. Recently research is
being focused on fruit materials, which are considered rich source of antioxidant compounds. In this study the
phytoconstituents of seed extracts of two varieties of Cucumis melo L, namely Cucumis melo cantalupensis and Cucumis
melo reticulatus, were studied for their antioxidant property by DPPH free radical scavenging method. In this
investigation, chloroform, petroleum ether, acetone, aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the fruit seed were made using cold
extraction process. Phytochemical study reveals that anthroquinones, quinines, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, phenols and
steroids were present in aqueous extract of both the samples. The total phenolic content of their seed extracts were found
to be 8.8 mg GAE/g of dry sample and 9.2 mg GAE/g of dry sample respectively. The phenolic content was found to be
linearly proportional to the antioxidant ability of the samples.
Key-words- Cucumis melo cantalupensis, Cucumis melo reticulates, DPPH, Antioxidant, Phenolic content,
Phytochemicals
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Biomedical Knowledge Graphs for Data Scientists and Bioinformaticians
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
||Volume||2 ||Issue|| 7 ||Pages|| 01-05||2013||
ISSN(e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN(p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 1
Physiological, Biochemical and Cellular Changes Associated With
the Ripening Of Bitter Less Bitter Gourd
(Momordica Dioica Roxb. Ex Willd.) Fruits
1,
Payal T. Shah and 2,
T. V. Ramana Rao
1,
Department Of Biosciences Sardar Patel University VALLABH VIDYANAGAR- 388 120 Gujarat, INDIA
2,
Asst. Professor Shree P. M. Patel Collage, ANAND, Gujarat: INDIA
-------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT ---------------------------------------------------
Fruits of Momordica dioica were selected at seven sequential developmental stages, starting from very young
stage to post ripened stage and were analyzed. From the study physiological and biochemical changes it was
concluded that gradual decrease was found in chlorophyll-a (5.25 fold), chlorophyll-b (13.0 fold), total
chlorophyll (8.23 fold), starch (6.5 fold) and free amino acids (14.4 fold), while in case of total proteins
decrease was observed from pre-mature stage to post ripened stage 67.2 percent. In case of RNA, decrease was
found 55.1 percent from mature stage to post ripened stage. However, gradual increase level was found only in
carotenoids (2.5 fold) and in total sugars (209 percent), non-reducing sugars (317 percent) and phenol (2.9
fold) increase was found from very young stage to pre-ripened stage. In contrast the amount of anthocyanins,
reducing sugars and DNA was unstable.Hydrolytic enzymes viz., Amylase, Invertase and Peroxidase; the
activity of Amylase decreased from mature stage to post ripened stage (86.73 percent). While activities of
Invertase and Peroxidase was noticed in 94.3 percent decreased and 44.64 percent increased from very young
stage to mature stage respectively.In contrast, the activities of cell wall degrading enzymes (such as cellulase,
polygalactouronase (PG) and pectin methyl esterase (PME)) 6.38 fold increase activity was noticed in cellulase
activity from very young stage to ripened stage while during ripening PG activity gradually increased with 2.37
fold, whereas the activity of PME was noticed inconsistent. These biochemical changes also reflect on cellular
changes such as increasing cell number, enlargement of cell, decreasing cell content, separation of middle
lamella etc., were observed during the mature stage to post ripened stage. The low production of ethylene and
an increased rate of respiration indicates that the bitter less bitter gourd fruit falls under the category of
climacteric fruits.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 10 June 2013, Date of Publication: 10.July 2013
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
Momordica dioica (Bitter less bitter gourd, kakrol, Teasle gourd) is a perennial, dioecious climber
with thickened roots, which belongs to cucurbitaceae family occurring in Southern Asia. Bitter less bitter gourd
is relatively small and oval in shape. This fruit is in demand for internal as well as external markets due to its
medicinal properties and is also rich in calcium, phosphorus, iron and carotenoids. Its immature fruits are
berries; softly echinate which are used as a vegetable (More and Nayar, (1998). Luo, et al., (1998) found three
triterpenes and two steroidal compounds were isolated from the dry root of Momordica dioica. Their structures
were elucidated by spectral analyses (MS, IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR and DEPT) and chemical methods.Ali and
Srivastava (1998) found two new chemical constituents for the first time from the fruit of Momordica dioica
along with the known sterol compound and an unknown pentacylic triterpene isolated from the seeds. A more
or similar study on phyotochemical constituent was previously studied by Shantha, and Radhakrishnaiah (1993)
in the Momordica sps. From the above report it was derived that this plant is not only helpful for the medicinal
purpose but is also commercially important. There are very few reports cited on physiological studies such as
increase in respiration, ethylene production, carotenoids synthesis, chlorophyll degradation and hormonal
changes was previously reported (Kays and Hayes (1978); Zheng, (1986) Tan et al., (1999), Rodriguez et al.,
(1976), Huong & Raymundo (1999), Basu et al., (1994), in M. charantia but not in M. dioica as a result this
fruit was selected for present study.For giving idea about fruit ripening this study was alienated in five divisions
(i) Changes in pigments (ii) Changes in primary metabolites (iii) Changes in hydrolytic and cell wall degrading
enzymes (iv) Changes in cellular structure & (iv) Changes in respiration rate and ethylene production.
2. Physiological, Biochemical And Cellular Changes…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 2
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The fruits of bitter gourd bitter less were collected from local fields at seven sequential stages, starting
from very young stage to post-ripening stage. The length and breadth were measured for the collected fruit
samples before they were subjected for their physiological and biochemical analyses and their remarkable data
were tabulated (Table 1, Pl. 1.1). Biochemical analysis of pigments (Chlorophyll, Carotenoids & Anthocyanins)
and primary metabolites (Sugars, Starch, Total Proteins, Total Phenols & Free Amino Acids) were measured
from the collected fruit samples by using different methods cited by Thimmaiah (1999). The estimation of
nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) was performed by the methods of Devi (2002). Amylase, Invertase, Peroxidase,
Polygalactrouronase and Pectin Methyl Esterase were extracted and assayed according to the procedure
described by Selveraj and Pal (1984) & Thimmaiah (1999). Data presented at each stage were the mean of three
replicates (± Standard error, S.E.). Data of the experiment were subjected to statistical analysis using Duncan’s
multiple range test (DMRT) (Bliss, 1967).The histological and ultra structure studies were carried out from the
last four stages (including mature stage to post ripening stage) of bitter gourd fruits. The collected fruits were
fixed in Formalin Acetic Acid (FAA) (Berlyn & Miksche, 1976). Customary methods described by Johansen (6)
were followed for the dehydration and embedding of these FAA fixed materials. The sections of 8 - 10 µm thick
were cut with the AO Spencer's rotary microtome from the paraffin embedded materials and then they were
stained with safranin - fast green combination. The stained sections of fruit were observed under Carl-Zeiss
MP3 400 Microscope and photomicrographs were taken with same microscope with an Image Analyzer Facility.
For the TEM studies, the preparation of fruit materials has been done as per the methods cited by Dawes (1971)
and the ultra thin sections were observed under the Philips Tecnai (High Tension 200 KV) TEM. The amount of
ethylene synthesis and the rate of respiration were measured from mature, pre- ripening, ripening and post
ripening stages with the Perkinelmer Autosystem XL Gas Chromatography as per the procedures cited by
Thimmaiah (1999).
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1.Changes in Pigments:-
The quantitative analysis of the Chlorophylls revels that the amount of Chlorophyll a (0.042 mg/gm),
Chlorophyll b (0.065mg/gm) and Total chlorophyll (0.107 mg/gm) were very high in very young stage, but as
the fruit proceeds towards the maturation, ripening and post ripening stages the amount of chl. a (0.008 mg/gm),
chl. b (0.005 mg/gm) and total chl. (0.013 mg/gm) were found declined 5.25 fold, 13.0 fold and 8.23 folds
respectively. Carotenoids (0.067 mg/gm) were found gradually increasing from very young stage to almost 2.5
folds at post ripening stage (0. 170mg /gm). Anthocyanins dose not show consistency in their quantity during
the maturation, ripening and post ripening stages of fruit. The maximum amount of anthocyanins (6.365 mg/gm)
found in the young stage of fruit.Merzlyak et al., 2003 found that during the analysis of pigments, amount of
chlorophyll were decline, carotenoids increases due to the pigments changes at terminal stages of leaf and fruit
development in many plant species. At these stages plant tissues retain certain amounts of carotenoids or
carotenoids synthesis was stimulated on the background of chlorophyll degradation. The increasing level of
caroetnoids and decreasing level of chlorophyll also recently noticed by Wang and Zhong (2005) during
ripening of tomato fruit. The decreasing level of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and Total chlorophyll and
increased level of carotenoids were also previously reported in the cucurbits during ripening and storage period
by Tan et al., (1999), Rodriguez et al., (1976) and Huong & Raymundo(1999). Anthocyanins were found
unstable during ripening which was observed by Underhill and Critchley (1993) in Litchi fruit due to
polyphenol oxidase degradation.
3.2.Changes in primary metabolites:-
The quantitative analyses of sugars (i.e. total sugars, reducing sugars and non reducing sugars) indicate
that the amount of total sugars was gradually increased from very young stage (0.986 mg/gm) to pre-ripened
stage (3.047 mg/gm) but there after their amount declines which displayed 209 percent increase. However, the
quantum of reducing sugars does not show consistency. In contrast non-reducing sugars was gradually increased
from very young stage (0.686 mg/gm) to pre-ripened stage (2.864 mg/gm) which displayed 317 percent
increase, but thereafter declining nature was seen in remaining stages.A more or similar observation was also
noticed in the apple fruit during there ripening process (Sabir et al., 2004). From the data it was concluded that
increase in sugar might be due to hydrolysis of polysaccharides or due to less acidity and ascorbic acid contents.
The contents of reducing sugar and non-reducing in spongy tissue may be also due to lower activities of
invertase and amylase (Luiz et al., 2001).The amount of starch was observed 1.380 mg/gm at very young stage
but thereafter a steady decline was found in the post ripened stage 0.211 mg/gm which displayed 6.5 fold
decrease. According to Luiz et al., 2001 during development stage of mango, starch was hydrolyzed. However,
as the fruit becomes over-ripe, only traces of starch were detected and amylase activity was substantially
reduced.
3. Physiological, Biochemical And Cellular Changes…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 3
The sugars in the pulp spongy tissue were accounted by the presence of higher content of starch, which
remained unhydrolysed due the low activity of amylase.The quantitative analyses of the total proteins, free
amino acids and total phenols in M. dioica reveal that initially the amount of total protein does not show
consistency during their growth development and ripening process. The amount of total protein was decrease
from pre-mature stage (7.644 mg/gm) to post ripened stage (2.500 mg/gm), which showed 67.2 percent
decrease. The amount of total phenol was gradually increasing from very young stage (2.074 mg/gm) to pre-
ripened stage (6.123 mg/gm) which showed 2.95 fold increase thereafter it declines in later stages. In, contrast
of proteins and phenols the amount of free amino acids shows 14.4 fold gradual decrease.Hulme et al., (1968)
and Dilley (1972) reported that in the early stages of fruit protein synthesis is stimulated and reaches a peak
value of climacteric thereafter it declines slowly and gradually during ripening process. An increase in protein
synthesis during early climacteric period has been measured in many fruits observed by Sharma (2000). The
sharp decrease in free amino acids towards maturity and onset of ripening has been attributed to their
incorporation into protein required for the synthesis of various ripening enzymes (Frunkel, Klein and Dilley,
1965). This declining trend of amino acids has been noticed by a number of workers during the approach of fruit
maturity (Sharma, (2000)) According to (Dilley, 1970 and Sharma, 2000) the phenolics content of most fruits
declines from high levels during early growth to low levels when the fruit is considered to be physiologically
mature and therefore, susceptible to the induction of ripening. A more or similar observation was found by
Kumar and Goswami (1985) that the presence of higher concentration of phenolics during early stage of
development provides protection mechanism to the phytohormones like auxins, gibberellin and cytokines, which
play an important role in cell division and cell enlargement. The quantitative analysis of nucleic acids (i.e. DNA
& RNA) has been carried out in the seven sequential developmental stages of fruit. The amount of DNA
remains inconsistent during ripening while, RNA does not shows consistency in earlier stages. RNA was found
decrease from mature stage (0.261 mg/gm) to post ripened stage (0.117 mg/gm), which displayed 55.1 percent
decrease.
During the climacteric period the RNA was increased and there after its decline up to ripening stage,
while in the case of DNA it is fluctuated during the ripening noticed by (Sharma 2000).Amylase activity was
found to be gradually declining from very mature stage (0.377 activity) to the post ripened stage (0.050
activity), which displayed 86.73 percent decrease. In contrast, Invertase shows increase in first stage (0.037
activity) and declines upto mature stage (0.019 activity), which displayed 94.3 percent decrease and remains
unstable for remaining stages. In case of Peroxidase was gradually increased from very young stage (0.274
activity) to mature stage (0.495 activity) that displayed 44.64 percent increase. These hydrolytic enzymes were
observed very high in the early stage of development and thereafter they declined towards the ripening due to
starch disappearance, hydrolysis of sugar, climacteric periods or related to growth development process
respectively. The activities of hydrolytic enzymes increased from early mature stage to peel colour turning stage
and declined in later ripening stage of pineapple fruit during ripening was observed by Selveraj (1993). A more
or similar observation also noticed by previously Hulme (1970) and Seymour et al., (1993).
The activities of cell wall degrading enzymes viz., Cellulase, Polygalactrouronase (PG) and Pectin
Methyl Esterase (PME) during the ripening of fruit were presented in (Table 1.5A, Fig. 1.5B). From analyzed of
cell wall degrading enzymes indicate that there was an increment noticed in the activities of cellulase from very
young stage (0.013 activity) to ripened stage (0.083 activity) which displayed 6.38 fold increase. PG enzymes
were gradually increase 2.37 fold during ripening. While the activity of PME was gradually decline from mature
stage (1.009 activity) to post ripened stage (0.800 activity) which displayed 20.7 percent decrease.It has been
widely recognized that cell wall changes are related to fruit softening and that these modification are due to the
action of cell wall enzymes. The accumulation of these enzymes during ripening and their often-concerted
activity will result, eventually, in degradation to many cell wall polymers leading to cell separation and
associated softening. During ripening increasing activities of cell wall softening enzymes were reported by
Selveraj & Raju (2000) in Kagzi Lime fruit.
3.3.Changes in cellular structure:-
Histological Studies:-
The development anatomy of fruit has provided information about the prepositional cell division and
cell enlargement in various parts of fruit. For better understanding of histological changes the fruits were
selected from the mature stage to post ripened stage. It was found that mesocarps cells were divided into three
categories (i) Outer mesocarps (ii) Middle mesocarps (iii) Inner mesocarps cell. Middle mesocarps cells and
inner mesocarps cells are parenchyma cell, which contain abundant starch grains, as the middle mesocarps cells
were comparatively thick; hence they were distinguished from the inner ones.
4. Physiological, Biochemical And Cellular Changes…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 4
At mature stage in the formation of inner mesocarps cells parenchyma cells were very small in size and
contained abundant starch due to cell division and cell enlargement. In the starting process of pre-ripened and
ripened stage the cell number and cell size were increased while, starch grain was decrease. However, in the last
stage the cells were collapsed and empty or contained very less amount of starch grains. During the different
developmental stages of Momordica dioica fruit more or similar histological changes was reported by
Thanki(1978) (Plate 2.2).White (2002) concluded that “Anatomically, fruit are swollen ovaries that may also
contain associated flower parts. Their development follows fertilization, and occurs simultaneously with seed
maturation. Initially, fruits enlarge through cell division and then by increasing cell volume”.
3.4.ULTRA STRUCTURE STUDIES:-
This study helps in understanding the cell wall softening or changes in cell wall. For this reason the
fruit were selected from mature stage to post-ripened stage. In the earlier development stages the cell wall
becomes very hard but when the ripening process starts the cell wall becomes soft due to presence of cell wall
degrading enzymes polygalactouronase(PG), pectin methyl esterase(PME) and cellulase. The investigations of
plasma lamella was observed at mature stage, which was cited near cell wall, while, in pre-ripened stage the cell
wall enlarged in their position, which contains granular cytoplasm, ribosome like bodies and nucleus. However,
during the ripening and post ripening stages cell wall becomes despoiled. These structural patterns were also
previously noticed by Thanki (1978) and Whitaker and Davis(1962) in cucurbitaceae fruit.
Brummell et al., (2004) concluded that cell wall softening occur due to differences in cell wall
thickness and composition, cell size, cell shape, packing, contents and turgor.
Changes in respiration rate and ethylene production:-
3.5.ETHYLENE AND RESPIRATION:-
The ethylene production was increase from pre-ripened stage to the post-ripened stage of the fruit,
while the rate of the respiration was increased from mature stage to ripened stage, their after decline nature
observed in the post ripened stage (Fig 2.6).According to Hardenuburg et al., (1986), Zong et al., (1995), Kays
& Hays (1978) and Zheng (1986) conclude that the fruits of bitter gourd (M. charantia) was climacteric fruit
due increasing rate of respiration and low production of ethylene. A more or similar observation was also
noticed in M. dioica fruit.
3.6.ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE:-
The analysis of variance revels that the changes of fruit ripening such as Chl. a, Chl. b, Total
chlorophyll, carotenoids, amino acids and the activities of amylase and peroxidase were highly significant
(Tables 2.1, 2.3 & 2.4), while less significance was observed in total sugars, starch and cellulase activity (Tables
2.2 & 2.5). However, no significance was found in case of anthocyanins, reducing sugars, non- reducing sugars,
total proteins, total phenols, nucleic acids, invertase, PG and PME activities (Tables 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 and 2.5)
REFERENCES:
[1] Ali, M. and V. Srivastava (1998). Characterization of phytoconstituents of the fruits of Momordica dioica. Indian J. of Pharm.
Sci. 60(5): 287-289
[2] Basu, P. S., S. Banerjee, and S. Das 1994. Hormonal regulation of flowering and fruit development: effects of dikegulac on
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