This study investigated the chronic toxic effects of carrageenan on the thyroid gland and pancreas in rats and the possible protective effects of diacerein. Rats were divided into groups receiving carrageenan, diacerein, or a combination. Biochemical, histological and immunohistochemical analysis was performed after 3 months. Carrageenan significantly increased oxidative damage in the thyroid and decreased thyroid function markers compared to controls. Diacerein ameliorated these effects when given with carrageenan. Histologically, carrageenan caused hypothyroid changes while the combination caused milder changes. Carrageenan increased proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in the thyroid, indicating oxidative damage, which was
Anti-diabetic activity of Jasminum trichotomum aerial parts methanolic extrac...pharmaindexing
This study evaluated the anti-diabetic effects of the methanolic extract of Jasminum trichotomum aerial parts in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Rats were divided into five groups: normal control, diabetic control, diabetic treated with 100 mg/kg of the extract, diabetic treated with 200 mg/kg of the extract, and diabetic treated with glibenclamide. Treatment with the extract at both doses and glibenclamide significantly reduced blood glucose and improved other diabetes-related parameters compared to the diabetic control group over 21 days. Histopathological analysis also showed regeneration of beta cells in pancreas tissues from extract-treated groups. The results suggest that the methanolic extract of J
Biochemical effect of Aqueous Carica papaya Seed and Leaf Extracts on Serum B...iosrjce
The cost of administering modern anti diabetic drugs is usually beyond the reach of most people in
the low income group especially those in the developing world where the disease is on the increase. This has led
to the current shift to the use of preparations from various parts of plants because of the current increase in the
knowledge of their toxicity, side effects, active constituents and doses. This study was conducted to compare the
effects of the aqueous Carica papaya seed and leaf extracts on serum biochemistry of alloxan induced diabetic
rats especially glucose level. Male Wister rats weighing 150-200g were induced with single freshly prepared
alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg body weight).Diabetes was confirmed after seven days in alloxan-induced rats
showing fasting blood glucose levels ≥ 200mg/dl. The diabetic rats were randomly allocated into three
experimental groups which received Seed extract, leaf extract or normal saline depending on the group. The
extracts were administered orally for twenty-eight days after which the animals were sacrificed and blood
samples were collected for Biochemical analyses. The results showed that both extracts have significant
hypoglycaemic, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects although extract of the seed proved to be more
potent than that of the leaf
This research paper evaluated the hepatoprotective activity of Tephrosia purpurea Linn stem. The stem was extracted with methanol and subjected to phytochemical screening which revealed the presence of flavonoids, phytosterols, alkaloids and proteins. An acute toxicity study found the extract was safe up to a dose of 2000 mg/kg. Hepatoprotective activity was evaluated against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Biochemical parameters (SGPT, SGOT, ALP, bilirubin) were assessed. The methanol extract reduced these serum levels and exhibited dose-dependent hepatoprotective activity comparable to the standard drug silymarin. Phytoc
Effects of Metformin, Pioglitazone and Aqueous Extract of Delonix Regia on Bl...iosrjce
The effects of Delonix regia extract (d200mg, d300mg, and d400mg), metformin (m8.3mg, m12.5mg
and m16.5mg), pioglitazone (p0.5mg, p0.7mg and p0.9mg) and combined formulation of metformin and extract
(m6.25d150mg) on glycated hemoglobin status in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Albino wistar rats. Diabetic
status of these rats was assessed by estimating fasting blood glucose levels. A total of 150 albino rats were used
for the investigation and were grouped into twelve groups of twelve rats each as follows; Group I: normal
control rats (NCR). Group II: Diabetic control rats (DCR). Group III: Diabetic rats treated with d200mg.
Group IV: Diabetic rats treated with d300mg. Group V: Diabetic rats treated with d400mg. Group VI: Diabetic
rats treated with m8.3mg. Group VII: Diabetic rats treated with m12.5mg. Group VIII: Diabetic rats treated
with m16.5mg. Group IX: Diabetic rats treated with p0.5mg. Group X: Diabetic rats treated with p0.75mg.
Group XI: Diabetic rats treated with p1.0mg. Group XII: Diabetic rats treated with m125d300mg each for male
and female respectively, for a total of 56 days. After every two weeks interval of treatment for eight weeks three
rats from each group were sacrificed and blood sample were collected and analyzed for various parameters.
The result obtained showed an elevated level of glycated hemoglobin in diabetic-induced wistar albino rats
compared with normal control rats. However, there was reversal of the effects when treated with the
drug/extract. Also there was reduction in the blood glucose level of the diabetic rats treated with metformin
(from 6.37±0.69 to 5.20±0.62mmol/l), pioglitazone (from 7.30±0.21mmol/l to 4.70±0.46), aqueous extract of
Delonixregia (from 8.20±0.81mmol/l to 6.10±0.60) and combined formulation of metformin and extract (from
7.81±0.34 to 4.80±0.17), at p<0.05 confidence level when compared with diabetic control rats in the various
weeks of treatment respectively
µCT analysis reveals that Cissus quadrangularis L. Stem and Trigonella foenum...RahulGupta2015
Cissus quadrangularis L. (hadjod) and Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (fenugreek) plant parts are used for fracture healing and as an antidiabetic agent, respectively in traditional medicine. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of C. quadrangularis stem bark extract (CQ) and T. foenum-graecum seed extract (TFG) therapy for the treatment of type I diabetes induced osteopenia. Alloxan (dissolved in 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH = 4.5); intraperitoneally injected @ 130 mg/kg body weight) induced type I diabetic rats were treated with individual and combined doses of ethanol extracts of CQ and TFG for consecutive 30 days @ 250 and 500 mg per kg body weight, orally. Insulin (0.5 IU/kg body weight) was chosen as standard. Body weight and fasting blood glucose were recorded. Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) analysis of the femur and tibia were performed using micro-computed tomography (µCT) scan to measure histomorphometric parameters of trabecular and cortical regions and bone mineral density (BMD). Elevated level of fasting blood glucose was restored to the vehicle-treated group after treatment with CQ and TFG. Both the extracts significantly improved trabecular histomorphometric parameters, viz. BMD, percent bone volume, trabecular number, trabecular separation, connection density. Cortical mean total cross-sectional bone area, cross-sectional thickness, mean total cross-sectional tissue area were comparable to the vehicle-treated group. CQ and TFG combination therapy showed a marked improvement in bone microarchitecture and can be given together as a potential alternative medicine to insulin for prevention of type I diabetes induced osteopathy. Therefore, it can be considered in the management of diabetic osteopathy in humans.
Effects of Ethanol Extract of Garcinia Kola on Biochemical Markers of Liver F...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
1) The document reports on a pre-clinical study that investigated the effects of Aegle marmelos (bael) leaf extract on blood glucose levels in normal and diabetic mice.
2) 32 mice were divided into groups: normal mice given normal feed, normal mice given bael extract, diabetic mice given normal feed, and diabetic mice given bael extract. Diabetes was induced via alloxan injection.
3) Blood samples were taken from the mice at various intervals and blood glucose was measured. It was found that bael extract was effective in reducing and maintaining normal blood glucose levels in both normal and hyperglycemic mice.
This study investigated the chronic toxic effects of carrageenan on the thyroid gland and pancreas in rats and the possible protective effects of diacerein. Rats were divided into groups receiving carrageenan, diacerein, or a combination. Biochemical, histological and immunohistochemical analysis was performed after 3 months. Carrageenan significantly increased oxidative damage in the thyroid and decreased thyroid function markers compared to controls. Diacerein ameliorated these effects when given with carrageenan. Histologically, carrageenan caused hypothyroid changes while the combination caused milder changes. Carrageenan increased proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in the thyroid, indicating oxidative damage, which was
Anti-diabetic activity of Jasminum trichotomum aerial parts methanolic extrac...pharmaindexing
This study evaluated the anti-diabetic effects of the methanolic extract of Jasminum trichotomum aerial parts in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Rats were divided into five groups: normal control, diabetic control, diabetic treated with 100 mg/kg of the extract, diabetic treated with 200 mg/kg of the extract, and diabetic treated with glibenclamide. Treatment with the extract at both doses and glibenclamide significantly reduced blood glucose and improved other diabetes-related parameters compared to the diabetic control group over 21 days. Histopathological analysis also showed regeneration of beta cells in pancreas tissues from extract-treated groups. The results suggest that the methanolic extract of J
Biochemical effect of Aqueous Carica papaya Seed and Leaf Extracts on Serum B...iosrjce
The cost of administering modern anti diabetic drugs is usually beyond the reach of most people in
the low income group especially those in the developing world where the disease is on the increase. This has led
to the current shift to the use of preparations from various parts of plants because of the current increase in the
knowledge of their toxicity, side effects, active constituents and doses. This study was conducted to compare the
effects of the aqueous Carica papaya seed and leaf extracts on serum biochemistry of alloxan induced diabetic
rats especially glucose level. Male Wister rats weighing 150-200g were induced with single freshly prepared
alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg body weight).Diabetes was confirmed after seven days in alloxan-induced rats
showing fasting blood glucose levels ≥ 200mg/dl. The diabetic rats were randomly allocated into three
experimental groups which received Seed extract, leaf extract or normal saline depending on the group. The
extracts were administered orally for twenty-eight days after which the animals were sacrificed and blood
samples were collected for Biochemical analyses. The results showed that both extracts have significant
hypoglycaemic, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects although extract of the seed proved to be more
potent than that of the leaf
This research paper evaluated the hepatoprotective activity of Tephrosia purpurea Linn stem. The stem was extracted with methanol and subjected to phytochemical screening which revealed the presence of flavonoids, phytosterols, alkaloids and proteins. An acute toxicity study found the extract was safe up to a dose of 2000 mg/kg. Hepatoprotective activity was evaluated against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Biochemical parameters (SGPT, SGOT, ALP, bilirubin) were assessed. The methanol extract reduced these serum levels and exhibited dose-dependent hepatoprotective activity comparable to the standard drug silymarin. Phytoc
Effects of Metformin, Pioglitazone and Aqueous Extract of Delonix Regia on Bl...iosrjce
The effects of Delonix regia extract (d200mg, d300mg, and d400mg), metformin (m8.3mg, m12.5mg
and m16.5mg), pioglitazone (p0.5mg, p0.7mg and p0.9mg) and combined formulation of metformin and extract
(m6.25d150mg) on glycated hemoglobin status in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Albino wistar rats. Diabetic
status of these rats was assessed by estimating fasting blood glucose levels. A total of 150 albino rats were used
for the investigation and were grouped into twelve groups of twelve rats each as follows; Group I: normal
control rats (NCR). Group II: Diabetic control rats (DCR). Group III: Diabetic rats treated with d200mg.
Group IV: Diabetic rats treated with d300mg. Group V: Diabetic rats treated with d400mg. Group VI: Diabetic
rats treated with m8.3mg. Group VII: Diabetic rats treated with m12.5mg. Group VIII: Diabetic rats treated
with m16.5mg. Group IX: Diabetic rats treated with p0.5mg. Group X: Diabetic rats treated with p0.75mg.
Group XI: Diabetic rats treated with p1.0mg. Group XII: Diabetic rats treated with m125d300mg each for male
and female respectively, for a total of 56 days. After every two weeks interval of treatment for eight weeks three
rats from each group were sacrificed and blood sample were collected and analyzed for various parameters.
The result obtained showed an elevated level of glycated hemoglobin in diabetic-induced wistar albino rats
compared with normal control rats. However, there was reversal of the effects when treated with the
drug/extract. Also there was reduction in the blood glucose level of the diabetic rats treated with metformin
(from 6.37±0.69 to 5.20±0.62mmol/l), pioglitazone (from 7.30±0.21mmol/l to 4.70±0.46), aqueous extract of
Delonixregia (from 8.20±0.81mmol/l to 6.10±0.60) and combined formulation of metformin and extract (from
7.81±0.34 to 4.80±0.17), at p<0.05 confidence level when compared with diabetic control rats in the various
weeks of treatment respectively
µCT analysis reveals that Cissus quadrangularis L. Stem and Trigonella foenum...RahulGupta2015
Cissus quadrangularis L. (hadjod) and Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (fenugreek) plant parts are used for fracture healing and as an antidiabetic agent, respectively in traditional medicine. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of C. quadrangularis stem bark extract (CQ) and T. foenum-graecum seed extract (TFG) therapy for the treatment of type I diabetes induced osteopenia. Alloxan (dissolved in 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH = 4.5); intraperitoneally injected @ 130 mg/kg body weight) induced type I diabetic rats were treated with individual and combined doses of ethanol extracts of CQ and TFG for consecutive 30 days @ 250 and 500 mg per kg body weight, orally. Insulin (0.5 IU/kg body weight) was chosen as standard. Body weight and fasting blood glucose were recorded. Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) analysis of the femur and tibia were performed using micro-computed tomography (µCT) scan to measure histomorphometric parameters of trabecular and cortical regions and bone mineral density (BMD). Elevated level of fasting blood glucose was restored to the vehicle-treated group after treatment with CQ and TFG. Both the extracts significantly improved trabecular histomorphometric parameters, viz. BMD, percent bone volume, trabecular number, trabecular separation, connection density. Cortical mean total cross-sectional bone area, cross-sectional thickness, mean total cross-sectional tissue area were comparable to the vehicle-treated group. CQ and TFG combination therapy showed a marked improvement in bone microarchitecture and can be given together as a potential alternative medicine to insulin for prevention of type I diabetes induced osteopathy. Therefore, it can be considered in the management of diabetic osteopathy in humans.
Effects of Ethanol Extract of Garcinia Kola on Biochemical Markers of Liver F...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
1) The document reports on a pre-clinical study that investigated the effects of Aegle marmelos (bael) leaf extract on blood glucose levels in normal and diabetic mice.
2) 32 mice were divided into groups: normal mice given normal feed, normal mice given bael extract, diabetic mice given normal feed, and diabetic mice given bael extract. Diabetes was induced via alloxan injection.
3) Blood samples were taken from the mice at various intervals and blood glucose was measured. It was found that bael extract was effective in reducing and maintaining normal blood glucose levels in both normal and hyperglycemic mice.
Ecuadorian Rainforest, LLC is a supplier of all natural fruit, herb, marine, spice and vegetable ingredients.
This presentation highlights the health benefits of ingredients found in Latin America.
For more information, a sample or pricing please use the contact form or email us at info@intotherainforest.com
Hepatoprotective Effect of Cestrum parqui L. aerial parts and Phytochemical ...Jing Zang
This study deals with the investigation of hepatoprotective effect of 70% methanolic extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts and determination of the bioactive components of the plant. The hepatoprotective effect of Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) was analysed on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury. The administration of a single dose of 40% CCl4 (1ml/kg b.w.) causes an increase in the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspirate aminotransferase (AST) enzymes and so pretreated orally of a dose from Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) and silymarin (200 mg/kg) for three consecutive days prior to The administration of a single dose of CCl4 significantly prevented the increase in the activities of these enzymes. Histological analysis showed that Cestrum parqui methanol extract at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg and silymarin reduced the incidence of liver lesions including vacuole formation, neutrophil infiltration and necrosis of hepatocytes induced by CCl4. The extract cause a negative result on the antioxidative enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GRd) and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) level in liver, as compared to those in the CCl4-treated group and this suggests that the hepatoprotective activity of the extract is due to the antioxidant effect of the extract. Phytochemical analysis of the methanol extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts showed that it contained different phytoconstituents, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, terpenes and carbohydrates.
Effect of ethanolic extract of piper nigrum ijrpppharmaindexing
- The document describes a study investigating the effect of ethanolic extract of Piper nigrum Linn. fruits on the pharmacodynamics of atorvastatin in hyperlipidemic rats.
- Rats were fed a standard cholesterol diet for 30 days to induce hyperlipidemia and then divided into groups receiving atorvastatin alone or in combination with the extract.
- Blood samples were collected and analyzed for lipid profiles on days 1 and 8. Atorvastatin alone and in combination with the extract significantly reduced lipid levels compared to the hyperlipidemic control group, suggesting the extract increases the efficacy of atorvastatin.
buchanania lanzan hepatocarcinoma presentationSrota Dawn
1) The study evaluated the anticancer potential of the ethanolic extract of Buchanania lanzan leaves against diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats.
2) Administration of the extract at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg reduced serum markers of liver damage and oxidative stress in DEN-treated rats compared to the DEN alone group.
3) Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, gallic acid and glycosides in the extract, which may contribute to its chemo preventive effects against liver cancer.
Evaluation of anti diabetic potential of leaves of nelumbo nucifera in strept...pharmaindexing
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the anti-diabetic potential of leaves from the Nelumbo nucifera plant in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. A methanolic extract of N. nucifera leaves was tested for anti-diabetic effects over 15 days in diabetic rats. Oral administration of the extract at doses of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg significantly reduced blood glucose levels and body weight loss compared to diabetic controls, demonstrating anti-diabetic effects. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of compounds like saponins and carbohydrates in the extract that may contribute to its anti-diabetic activity.
The document describes a study that investigated the effects of ethanolic extract of Garcinia kola seed on reproductive parameters in male Wistar rats. The extract was administered orally at doses of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg for 3 and 6 weeks. Preliminary analysis found the extract contained various phytochemicals and was considered safe up to a dose of 5000 mg/kg. After 3 weeks, testicular weight decreased significantly in treated groups while sperm count and motility increased. After 6 weeks, epididymal weight increased significantly in the high dose group while testicular changes were not significant. The extract appeared to enhance sperm characteristics at both time points without major toxicity.
Liver Histological Response of Hyperlipidemic Male Rat (Rattus norvegicus) to...AI Publications
The leaf of lakum (Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin.) contains compounds that are expectedly antihyperlipidemic. This study aims to determine the liver histological response to the lakum leaf extract and its effect on the levels of SGOT and SGPT in hyperlipidemic male rats (Rattus norvegicus). The male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups. P0 was a group of rats that were given standard feed, P1 was a group that were fed with high fat diet, P2 was a group that were fed high fat diet and lakum leaf extract with a dose of 40mg/200g BW (body weight)/day, and P3 was a group were fed high fat diet and simvastatin at a dose of 0.18mg/200g BW/day. High fat diet was given for 30 days, whilst treatments were implemented for 28 days. The histological descriptions showed that the hepatocyte cell repair occurred in the treatment group that was given lakum leaf extract but there were no significant differences in liver weight as well as SGOT and SGPT levels. Lakum leaf extract can be used as an antihyperlipidemic agent whilst maintaining the histology of hepatocytes and would not interfere with the liver function of the hyperlipidemic male rats.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Characterization of jec absorbed compounds in lactating rat's milk and suckli...Norhafilda Ismail
Jamu Ratus, a widespread use of traditional complementary herbal remedies upon post-partum recovery. The herbal remedies constituents may comprising abundance of herbs and spices namely Piper sp., Alpinia sp., Kaempferia galangal, Curcuma sp. which representing the complexity of herbal formulas and the presence of ubiquitous of bioactive compounds. Preliminary studies has been conducted using different concentrations of therapeutic dosages as given; 0mg/kg/day as control; 150mg/kg/day; 500mg/kg/day and 1500mg/kg/day in lactating rat’s milk and suckling neonates after giving birth within 1 month upon gestation period. The main objectives is to characterize the absorbed of JEC compounds derived from ethanolic fractions compounds using lactating’ rats milks and plasma tissues from liver and brain’s (n=30) of suckling neonates. The subjected samples tested were collected, weighed and further analysed using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC); High Performance of Chromatography (HPLC) and Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) using different phase of solvent as eluents. The presence of flavonoids compounds even at lower dosage of therapeutic dosage (150mg/kg/day) given in neonatal tissues brain persistent with time and dosage given; giving good insight in understanding of xenobiotic metabolism in the liver. The bioaccumulation of absorbed JEC compounds in neonatal brain and liver tissues showing the bioavailability of the drug itself to retain, persistent with time of drug exposure. Albeit the vulnerability of the neonatal liver and brain in early stage development upon drug interference to transverse into the brain tissues; thus, implicated the toxicity potential whilst exhibits and affecting cognitive development and physiological activities and henceforth need to be further resolved.
Key Words;, JEC compounds, xenobiotic , TLC, HPLC and LCMS.
2.a OPTIMIZATION CHARACTERIZATION OF JEC ABSORBED COMPOUNDS IN LACTATING RATS...Norhafilda Ismail
This document summarizes a study that characterized compounds from Jamu Ratus, a traditional Malaysian herbal remedy, absorbed in the milk of lactating rats and tissues of suckling neonates. Lactating rats were orally administered Jamu Ratus ethanolic extract (JEC) at different dosages and their milk and neonate tissues were analyzed. Thin layer chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry identified flavonoid compounds in neonatal tissues, even at low dosages, indicating bioavailability and persistence over time. While herbal remedies are traditionally claimed to benefit postpartum recovery, this study found the absorbed JEC compounds bioaccumulated in neonatal liver and brain tissues, implicating potential
The document discusses a study on the hepatoprotective effects of Rhodiola imbricata rhizome extract against paracetamol-induced liver toxicity in rats. The study aims to evaluate the rhizome extract for its ability to protect the liver against damage caused by paracetamol overdose. Rats are divided into several groups testing various doses of the rhizome extract, a standard drug, and a control. Biochemical markers and histopathological examination are used to analyze the effects on the liver. The results show that the rhizome extract maintained normal liver enzyme and lipid levels compared to the toxicity group, indicating it has a protective effect on the liver similar to the standard drug.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This study evaluated the safety of rambutan rind extract (RRE) in male rats. In the acute toxicity study, the lethal dose (LD50) of RRE was found to be greater than 5000 mg/kg. Significant decreases in body weight gain and food consumption were observed at doses above 1000 mg/kg. In the sub-chronic toxicity study, no mortality or signs of toxicity were observed at doses up to 1000 mg/kg/day for 30 days. At 2000 mg/kg/day, the mortality rate was 12.5%. Significant decreases in body weight gain, food consumption, and plasma triglyceride and blood urea nitrogen levels were observed. Histopathological examination found no changes
Hepatoprotective Activity of Cinnamon Zeylanicum Leaves against Alcohol Induc...IJERA Editor
Plants play an important role in the life of human, as the major source of food, as well as for the maintenance and improvement of health and for the elimination of the enemies since ages. Plants are the basic source of knowledge of modern medicine. The present study was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of aqueos extract of aerial parts of Cinnamon zeylanicum are evaluated in alcohol induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Silymarin (100mg/kg) was given as reference standard. The aqueos extract of aerial parts of Cinnamon zeylanicum have shown very significant hepatoprotection against alcohol induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats in reducing SGOT, SGPT, Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and GGT and levels of total bilirubin and total protein were investigated and showed an increase in alcohol induced rats when compared to control. The extracts of the test plant exhibited significant (p < 0.05) hepatoprotective activity against the alcohol induced liver models by improving liver function which was indicated by reduction in the levels of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, GGT, total bilirubin and total protein.
This document summarizes a presentation on new targets and agents for hepatocellular carcinoma. It discusses several new targets including VEGFR, PDGFR, c-MET, FGFR4, TGF-β, and PD-1/PDL1 that are being investigated with new agents. Regorafenib and nivolumab are highlighted as agents that have shown survival benefits in late stage trials for HCC. Other agents discussed include tepotinib as a c-MET inhibitor and galunisertib as a TGF-β inhibitor. Combination approaches are also a focus, including using PD-L1 inhibitors with other agents and combining galunisertib with sorafenib.
The document summarizes toxicologic pathology of the liver from xenobiotic exposure. It describes various non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions that can occur, including cytologic alterations, degeneration, vascular changes, cell death, inflammation, proliferative lesions, and controversial lesions. It emphasizes that specific hepatic changes often do not occur in isolation and lesion distribution and characteristics can help distinguish pathological processes.
This document discusses hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), including its risk factors, methods of inducing HCC in mice for research purposes, biomarkers for detecting HCC, and assays used to study oxidative stress related to HCC development. Specifically, it covers the four main risk factors for HCC, common ways to induce HCC in mice, biomarkers like AFP, AST, and ALT that indicate liver damage and cancer, and assays measuring enzymes and lipid peroxidation involved in the body's response to oxidative stress.
This document discusses liver carcinogenesis and the use of rat and mouse models. It provides an overview of carcinogenesis as a multistage process involving initiation, promotion, and progression. It then focuses on rodent hepatocarcinogenesis, describing the progression from foci of altered hepatocytes to adenomas to carcinomas. Several animal models used to study hepatocarcinogenesis are outlined, including chemically induced and genetically engineered models. Factors that influence tumor development like age, sex, and strain differences in rodents are also summarized.
The document describes various types of rodent liver lesions including neoplastic lesions such as hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas, cholangiomas and cholangiocarcinomas, hepatoblastomas, hepatocholangiomas and hepatocholangiocarcinomas, Ito cell tumors, histiocytic sarcomas, hemangiomas and hemangiosarcomas, as well as lymphomas, erythroleukemia, and mononuclear cell leukemia. Photomicrographs are provided to illustrate characteristics such as nodular growth patterns, cellular pleomorphism, and infiltrative properties of these rodent liver tumors and cancers.
Liver cancer diagnostics and Future trendsThet Su Wynn
Liver cancer is usually diagnosed through a combination of tumor marker tests, imaging scans, and biopsy. Serum markers like AFP, AFP-L3, and PIVKA-II provide early screening but lack specificity. Ultrasound, CT, and MRI scans use contrast agents to detect hypervascular lesions during arterial wash-in and wash-out, but are not definitive. Biopsy confirms the diagnosis by examining tissue samples for liver cell abnormalities, fibrosis, and marker expression through histology and IHC staining. Future areas of research include improved non-invasive diagnostic tools using genetic markers like miRNA profiles and tumor-specific genes.
Ecuadorian Rainforest, LLC is a supplier of all natural fruit, herb, marine, spice and vegetable ingredients.
This presentation highlights the health benefits of ingredients found in Latin America.
For more information, a sample or pricing please use the contact form or email us at info@intotherainforest.com
Hepatoprotective Effect of Cestrum parqui L. aerial parts and Phytochemical ...Jing Zang
This study deals with the investigation of hepatoprotective effect of 70% methanolic extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts and determination of the bioactive components of the plant. The hepatoprotective effect of Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) was analysed on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury. The administration of a single dose of 40% CCl4 (1ml/kg b.w.) causes an increase in the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspirate aminotransferase (AST) enzymes and so pretreated orally of a dose from Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) and silymarin (200 mg/kg) for three consecutive days prior to The administration of a single dose of CCl4 significantly prevented the increase in the activities of these enzymes. Histological analysis showed that Cestrum parqui methanol extract at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg and silymarin reduced the incidence of liver lesions including vacuole formation, neutrophil infiltration and necrosis of hepatocytes induced by CCl4. The extract cause a negative result on the antioxidative enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GRd) and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) level in liver, as compared to those in the CCl4-treated group and this suggests that the hepatoprotective activity of the extract is due to the antioxidant effect of the extract. Phytochemical analysis of the methanol extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts showed that it contained different phytoconstituents, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, terpenes and carbohydrates.
Effect of ethanolic extract of piper nigrum ijrpppharmaindexing
- The document describes a study investigating the effect of ethanolic extract of Piper nigrum Linn. fruits on the pharmacodynamics of atorvastatin in hyperlipidemic rats.
- Rats were fed a standard cholesterol diet for 30 days to induce hyperlipidemia and then divided into groups receiving atorvastatin alone or in combination with the extract.
- Blood samples were collected and analyzed for lipid profiles on days 1 and 8. Atorvastatin alone and in combination with the extract significantly reduced lipid levels compared to the hyperlipidemic control group, suggesting the extract increases the efficacy of atorvastatin.
buchanania lanzan hepatocarcinoma presentationSrota Dawn
1) The study evaluated the anticancer potential of the ethanolic extract of Buchanania lanzan leaves against diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats.
2) Administration of the extract at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg reduced serum markers of liver damage and oxidative stress in DEN-treated rats compared to the DEN alone group.
3) Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, gallic acid and glycosides in the extract, which may contribute to its chemo preventive effects against liver cancer.
Evaluation of anti diabetic potential of leaves of nelumbo nucifera in strept...pharmaindexing
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the anti-diabetic potential of leaves from the Nelumbo nucifera plant in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. A methanolic extract of N. nucifera leaves was tested for anti-diabetic effects over 15 days in diabetic rats. Oral administration of the extract at doses of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg significantly reduced blood glucose levels and body weight loss compared to diabetic controls, demonstrating anti-diabetic effects. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of compounds like saponins and carbohydrates in the extract that may contribute to its anti-diabetic activity.
The document describes a study that investigated the effects of ethanolic extract of Garcinia kola seed on reproductive parameters in male Wistar rats. The extract was administered orally at doses of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg for 3 and 6 weeks. Preliminary analysis found the extract contained various phytochemicals and was considered safe up to a dose of 5000 mg/kg. After 3 weeks, testicular weight decreased significantly in treated groups while sperm count and motility increased. After 6 weeks, epididymal weight increased significantly in the high dose group while testicular changes were not significant. The extract appeared to enhance sperm characteristics at both time points without major toxicity.
Liver Histological Response of Hyperlipidemic Male Rat (Rattus norvegicus) to...AI Publications
The leaf of lakum (Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin.) contains compounds that are expectedly antihyperlipidemic. This study aims to determine the liver histological response to the lakum leaf extract and its effect on the levels of SGOT and SGPT in hyperlipidemic male rats (Rattus norvegicus). The male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups. P0 was a group of rats that were given standard feed, P1 was a group that were fed with high fat diet, P2 was a group that were fed high fat diet and lakum leaf extract with a dose of 40mg/200g BW (body weight)/day, and P3 was a group were fed high fat diet and simvastatin at a dose of 0.18mg/200g BW/day. High fat diet was given for 30 days, whilst treatments were implemented for 28 days. The histological descriptions showed that the hepatocyte cell repair occurred in the treatment group that was given lakum leaf extract but there were no significant differences in liver weight as well as SGOT and SGPT levels. Lakum leaf extract can be used as an antihyperlipidemic agent whilst maintaining the histology of hepatocytes and would not interfere with the liver function of the hyperlipidemic male rats.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Characterization of jec absorbed compounds in lactating rat's milk and suckli...Norhafilda Ismail
Jamu Ratus, a widespread use of traditional complementary herbal remedies upon post-partum recovery. The herbal remedies constituents may comprising abundance of herbs and spices namely Piper sp., Alpinia sp., Kaempferia galangal, Curcuma sp. which representing the complexity of herbal formulas and the presence of ubiquitous of bioactive compounds. Preliminary studies has been conducted using different concentrations of therapeutic dosages as given; 0mg/kg/day as control; 150mg/kg/day; 500mg/kg/day and 1500mg/kg/day in lactating rat’s milk and suckling neonates after giving birth within 1 month upon gestation period. The main objectives is to characterize the absorbed of JEC compounds derived from ethanolic fractions compounds using lactating’ rats milks and plasma tissues from liver and brain’s (n=30) of suckling neonates. The subjected samples tested were collected, weighed and further analysed using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC); High Performance of Chromatography (HPLC) and Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) using different phase of solvent as eluents. The presence of flavonoids compounds even at lower dosage of therapeutic dosage (150mg/kg/day) given in neonatal tissues brain persistent with time and dosage given; giving good insight in understanding of xenobiotic metabolism in the liver. The bioaccumulation of absorbed JEC compounds in neonatal brain and liver tissues showing the bioavailability of the drug itself to retain, persistent with time of drug exposure. Albeit the vulnerability of the neonatal liver and brain in early stage development upon drug interference to transverse into the brain tissues; thus, implicated the toxicity potential whilst exhibits and affecting cognitive development and physiological activities and henceforth need to be further resolved.
Key Words;, JEC compounds, xenobiotic , TLC, HPLC and LCMS.
2.a OPTIMIZATION CHARACTERIZATION OF JEC ABSORBED COMPOUNDS IN LACTATING RATS...Norhafilda Ismail
This document summarizes a study that characterized compounds from Jamu Ratus, a traditional Malaysian herbal remedy, absorbed in the milk of lactating rats and tissues of suckling neonates. Lactating rats were orally administered Jamu Ratus ethanolic extract (JEC) at different dosages and their milk and neonate tissues were analyzed. Thin layer chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry identified flavonoid compounds in neonatal tissues, even at low dosages, indicating bioavailability and persistence over time. While herbal remedies are traditionally claimed to benefit postpartum recovery, this study found the absorbed JEC compounds bioaccumulated in neonatal liver and brain tissues, implicating potential
The document discusses a study on the hepatoprotective effects of Rhodiola imbricata rhizome extract against paracetamol-induced liver toxicity in rats. The study aims to evaluate the rhizome extract for its ability to protect the liver against damage caused by paracetamol overdose. Rats are divided into several groups testing various doses of the rhizome extract, a standard drug, and a control. Biochemical markers and histopathological examination are used to analyze the effects on the liver. The results show that the rhizome extract maintained normal liver enzyme and lipid levels compared to the toxicity group, indicating it has a protective effect on the liver similar to the standard drug.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This study evaluated the safety of rambutan rind extract (RRE) in male rats. In the acute toxicity study, the lethal dose (LD50) of RRE was found to be greater than 5000 mg/kg. Significant decreases in body weight gain and food consumption were observed at doses above 1000 mg/kg. In the sub-chronic toxicity study, no mortality or signs of toxicity were observed at doses up to 1000 mg/kg/day for 30 days. At 2000 mg/kg/day, the mortality rate was 12.5%. Significant decreases in body weight gain, food consumption, and plasma triglyceride and blood urea nitrogen levels were observed. Histopathological examination found no changes
Hepatoprotective Activity of Cinnamon Zeylanicum Leaves against Alcohol Induc...IJERA Editor
Plants play an important role in the life of human, as the major source of food, as well as for the maintenance and improvement of health and for the elimination of the enemies since ages. Plants are the basic source of knowledge of modern medicine. The present study was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of aqueos extract of aerial parts of Cinnamon zeylanicum are evaluated in alcohol induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Silymarin (100mg/kg) was given as reference standard. The aqueos extract of aerial parts of Cinnamon zeylanicum have shown very significant hepatoprotection against alcohol induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats in reducing SGOT, SGPT, Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and GGT and levels of total bilirubin and total protein were investigated and showed an increase in alcohol induced rats when compared to control. The extracts of the test plant exhibited significant (p < 0.05) hepatoprotective activity against the alcohol induced liver models by improving liver function which was indicated by reduction in the levels of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, GGT, total bilirubin and total protein.
This document summarizes a presentation on new targets and agents for hepatocellular carcinoma. It discusses several new targets including VEGFR, PDGFR, c-MET, FGFR4, TGF-β, and PD-1/PDL1 that are being investigated with new agents. Regorafenib and nivolumab are highlighted as agents that have shown survival benefits in late stage trials for HCC. Other agents discussed include tepotinib as a c-MET inhibitor and galunisertib as a TGF-β inhibitor. Combination approaches are also a focus, including using PD-L1 inhibitors with other agents and combining galunisertib with sorafenib.
The document summarizes toxicologic pathology of the liver from xenobiotic exposure. It describes various non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions that can occur, including cytologic alterations, degeneration, vascular changes, cell death, inflammation, proliferative lesions, and controversial lesions. It emphasizes that specific hepatic changes often do not occur in isolation and lesion distribution and characteristics can help distinguish pathological processes.
This document discusses hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), including its risk factors, methods of inducing HCC in mice for research purposes, biomarkers for detecting HCC, and assays used to study oxidative stress related to HCC development. Specifically, it covers the four main risk factors for HCC, common ways to induce HCC in mice, biomarkers like AFP, AST, and ALT that indicate liver damage and cancer, and assays measuring enzymes and lipid peroxidation involved in the body's response to oxidative stress.
This document discusses liver carcinogenesis and the use of rat and mouse models. It provides an overview of carcinogenesis as a multistage process involving initiation, promotion, and progression. It then focuses on rodent hepatocarcinogenesis, describing the progression from foci of altered hepatocytes to adenomas to carcinomas. Several animal models used to study hepatocarcinogenesis are outlined, including chemically induced and genetically engineered models. Factors that influence tumor development like age, sex, and strain differences in rodents are also summarized.
The document describes various types of rodent liver lesions including neoplastic lesions such as hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas, cholangiomas and cholangiocarcinomas, hepatoblastomas, hepatocholangiomas and hepatocholangiocarcinomas, Ito cell tumors, histiocytic sarcomas, hemangiomas and hemangiosarcomas, as well as lymphomas, erythroleukemia, and mononuclear cell leukemia. Photomicrographs are provided to illustrate characteristics such as nodular growth patterns, cellular pleomorphism, and infiltrative properties of these rodent liver tumors and cancers.
Liver cancer diagnostics and Future trendsThet Su Wynn
Liver cancer is usually diagnosed through a combination of tumor marker tests, imaging scans, and biopsy. Serum markers like AFP, AFP-L3, and PIVKA-II provide early screening but lack specificity. Ultrasound, CT, and MRI scans use contrast agents to detect hypervascular lesions during arterial wash-in and wash-out, but are not definitive. Biopsy confirms the diagnosis by examining tissue samples for liver cell abnormalities, fibrosis, and marker expression through histology and IHC staining. Future areas of research include improved non-invasive diagnostic tools using genetic markers like miRNA profiles and tumor-specific genes.
This document provides an overview of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It discusses the anatomy, epidemiology, screening, diagnosis, staging and management of HCC. HCC is commonly caused by viral hepatitis and cirrhosis. Diagnosis involves imaging such as ultrasound, CT or MRI showing characteristic arterial enhancement and venous washout. Staging systems include AJCC, Okuda, CLIP and BCLC which incorporate tumor burden, liver function and performance status. Management options include surgical resection, liver transplantation, ablation and arterially directed therapies like TACE.
Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common primary liver tumor. Risk factors include hepatitis B and C infections, alcohol use, and exposure to aflatoxins. It typically presents with nonspecific symptoms in patients with underlying liver disease or cirrhosis. Diagnosis involves blood tests like alpha-fetoprotein along with imaging modalities. Treatment options depend on tumor stage and liver function, and may include surgical resection, liver transplantation, ablation, or chemoembolization. Prevention focuses on hepatitis B vaccination and screening high-risk groups to detect cancer early.
The patient, a 45-year-old female, presented with right upper quadrant pain, decreased appetite, vomiting, and pruritis. On examination, she was obese and the right hypochondriac region was tender. The probable diagnosis is obstructive jaundice. Biochemical investigations to confirm include elevated conjugated bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase on liver function tests, and bile salts and bile pigments in the urine.
Hepatoprotective Activity of Methanolic Extract of Whole Plant of Pulicaria W...IOSRJPBS
Natural remedies from medicinal plants are considered to be effective and safe alternative treatment for liver injury. The present study was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extract of whole plant of Pulicaria wightiana in wistar rats. The studies were conducted using the two popular inducing agents Paracetamol (2 g/kg, p.o.) in 1% NaCMC and Carbon tetrachloride (1 ml/kg). Silymarin (100 mg/kg, p.o.) was used as reference drug in the respective models. The effect was estimated by measuring the enzymatic levels and histo- pathological studies. The methanolic extract of whole plant of Pulicaria wightiana has shown very significant hepatoprotection against both Paracetamol and CCl4 - induced hepatotoxicity study models in wistar rats. This was evidenced by marked reduction in marker enzymes in serum. Histopathological studies also confirmed the hepatoprotective nature of the extract
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the anti-obesity effects of the methanolic extract of Tricholepis glaberrima in high fat diet and monosodium glutamate induced obesity models in rats. Wistar rats were fed either a high fat diet or administered monosodium glutamate to induce obesity over 28 days. The rats were then treated with 100 or 200 mg/kg doses of the methanolic plant extract or a standard drug (Orlistat). Treatment with the plant extract significantly reduced body weight gain, fat pad weight, cholesterol, triglycerides and liver enzymes in both models, showing anti-obesity effects. Further studies are needed to establish its efficacy and safety for potential use in
Antinociceptive and Diuretic Activities of Tagetes erecta LinnJing Zang
In the present investigation, the possible antinociceptive and diuretic activities of methanolic extract of Tagetes erecta has been tested in animal models. The methanol extract of both aerial part and root of the plant exhibited significant antinociceptive activity at higher dose (400 mg/kg body weight) in Swiss albino mice. The root extract was found to reduce the writhing more effectively than that of aerial part which is comparable to that produced by aminopyrine, used as standard drug. In addition, crude whole plant extract was also showed efficient diuresis at higher dose 400 mg/kg tested. Diuretic activity was proved by the electrolyte loss ratio (Na+/K+ excretion ratio) and we used furosemide as the reference.
Anti ulcer activity of simarouba glauca against ethanol and indomethacin indu...pharmaindexing
1) The study investigated the anti-ulcer activity of the chloroform extract of Simarouba glauca leaves in rats with ethanol-induced and indomethacin-induced ulcers.
2) The extract was found to inhibit ulcer formation in a dose-dependent manner for both models. At a dose of 400 mg/kg, it provided 82.63% protection against ethanol-induced ulcers and 62.65% protection against indomethacin-induced ulcers.
3) The results demonstrate that the chloroform extract of Simarouba glauca has significant anti-ulcer properties, likely by decreasing acidity and increasing mucosal defense in the
This study investigated the antioxidant activity of Cee'Rich Vitamin C supplement in rats with chemically-induced liver toxicity. Rats were given carbon tetrachloride to cause liver damage and were treated with Cee'Rich Vitamin C supplement at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg for 10 days. Biomarkers of liver damage (serum SGPT, SGOT, LDH) were decreased and antioxidant enzyme levels (SOD) were increased in rats treated with Cee'Rich compared to those that received only carbon tetrachloride, indicating a protective effect on the liver. The presence of flavonoids in Cee'Rich were found to exhibit significant antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties, protecting
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
Polygonum Persicaria (Linn.) and its Active Principle have a hepatoprotective...AI Publications
The aim of this analysis was to see whether the aqueous extract of the roots of Polygonum persicaria (PP) and its active principle, Tannic Acid (TA), had a hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect in rats provided Carbon tetrachloride (1.5 ml/kg, i.p). Twenty albino wistar rats were divided into five groups: control, CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity, hepatotoxicity with Polygonum persicaria and Tannic acid, and a normal group given 100 mg/kg silymarin. After 14 days, the rats were sacrificed. Toxicity testing was carried out on 12 rats. They were randomly allocated to one of three groups: control, Polygonum persicaria 200 mg/kg (B.wt), and Tannic acid 200 mg/kg (B.wt). The amounts of liver homogenate enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, glucose-6-phosphatase dehydrogenase, and glutathione reductase enzymes) were greatly restored by extracts of PP and TA at the tested concentrations, supporting the biochemical results. Tannic acid, in contrast to Polygonum persicaria, tends to have a greater liver defensive role toward carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity, as well as antioxidant properties and mild anticancer activity against cell viability at higher concentrations. The histological alterations in the liver indicated the injury. Polygonum persicaria & its active principle Tannic acid has strong antioxidant properties as well as hepatoprotective effects against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity, as demonstrated by these observations.
Influence of gongronema latifolium leaf extracts treatment on some hepatic...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the effects of extracts from the leaves of Gongronema latifolium on hepatic enzyme activity in rats. Rats were treated with various doses of ethanolic and water extracts for 7 days. Blood samples were then analyzed for liver enzyme levels. The results showed that the extracts increased the activity of AST and ALT liver enzymes at doses of 25mg/kg, indicating potential liver cell damage. The extracts also increased serum amylase levels in a dose-dependent manner. However, the extracts did not significantly affect blood urea levels. The conclusion is that while G. latifolium extracts may have some medical benefits, chronic high dose use could adversely impact liver function.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Evaluation of Anti-ulcer Activity of Aqueous Extract Combretum paniculatum Ve...BRNSSPublicationHubI
The study investigated the anti-ulcer activity of the aqueous leaf extract of Combretum paniculatum in rats and mice. Various concentrations of the extract (200, 400, 800 mg/kg) were used to treat acidified ethanol-induced ulcers in mice and rats. The extract significantly reduced gastric ulcer indices in a dose-dependent manner, with the highest dose (800 mg/kg) inhibiting ulcers by 82.3%. The median lethal dose was determined to be over 2000 mg/kg, indicating the extract is relatively non-toxic. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, phenols, alkaloids, terpenoids, and glycosides. The study
1) The study investigated the effects of Clitoria ternatea leaf and flower extracts on alloxan-induced diabetic rats over 84 days.
2) Oral administration of the extracts significantly reduced blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and kidney/liver markers, while increasing insulin, glycogen stores, and beneficial cholesterol.
3) The leaf extract showed slightly better effects than the flower extract in regulating these biochemical parameters and enzymes related to glucose metabolism.
Pharmcological screening of antidepressant activity of plant Tricholepis glab...gynomark
ABSTRACT
Tricholepis glaberrima (Asteraceae), popularly known as “Brahmdandi” has been used for the treatment of variety
of disease. The main objective of this research work was to evaluate the antidepressant activity of Tricholepis
glaberrima in rats. The study was undertaken to evaluate the possible antidepressant effect of Tricholepis
glaberrima aerial parts using forced swimming test and tail suspension test models of depression. Imipramine has
been taken as a standard drug with a dose of 10mg/kg, Group-1(untreated), group-2 (standard) received
imipramine orally. Group 3, 4 and 5 received METG at the doses of 200, 400 and 600mg/kg respectively.
Methanolic extract of aerial parts of Tricholepis glaberrima produced significant antidepressant like effect at the
dose of 600mg/kg in both models of FST and TST which indicated reduction in immobility time. The efficacy of
METG at 600mg/kg found to be comparable to that of standard drug Imipramine at 10mg/kg. The results of
present study indicated that methanolic extract of aerial parts of Tricholepis glaberrima possesses significant
antidepressant activity compared to that of standard drug imipramine.
KEYWORDS: Tricholepis glaberrima, Forced swimming test, Tail suspension test, Methanolic extract of
Tricholepis glaberrima, Imipramine.
The mood changes are part of our daily life, when
reactions to these situations become extreme that leads to
clinical condition called depression and it is associated
with lots of morbidity. Hence, it is very important to
address these problems and find effective remedies. Thus
the antidepressant study of tricholepis glaberrima was
done on different groups of white albino rats at the doses
of (200mg/kg, 400mg/kg and 600mg/kg) by using forced
swimming test (fst) and tail suspension test (tst). Results
showed that the administration of the methanolic extract
of tricholepis glaberrima (metg) produced a decreased
immobility time of rats and at the dose of 600mg/kg
produced significant antidepressant like effect in both
FST and TST models of depression and their efficacies
were found to be comparable to Imipramine (10mg/kg).
The results concluded that the shortening of immobility
time in the (FST) and (TST) mainly depends on the
enhancement of central 5HT and catecholamine
neurotransmitters, these effects are thought to be due to
the presence of chemical constituents like, alkaloids,
flavonoids and glycosides. Hence Tricholepis glaberrima
aerial parts extract possesses antidepressant effect in
animal models of depression. Further investigations in
this line is essential to establish its other therapeutic
benefits.
ABSTRACT
Background:The main objective of the study is to determine the anti-arthritic effect of whole plant ethanolic extract of Polygonum glabrum
belonging to the family Polygonaceae in Female wistar rats using the Freund’s Complete Adjuvant (FCA) model . Methods:The plants areal
parts were collected near Tirupathi hills, Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh in India. The Phytoconstituents were identified through the
chemical tests. Ethanol (95%) was used to obtain the whole plant extraction through Soxhlet extractor. Female SD rats were used for antiarthritic
screening. Arthritis was induced using FCA, and the anti-arthritic effect of the ethanolic extract of P.glabrum was studied at doses
of 250 and500 mg/kg. The effects were compared with those of indomethacin (10 mg/kg). At the end of the study, theliver enzyme levels were
determined and a radiological examination was carried out. Results and Discussion:The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic
extract of Polygonum glabrum showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and saponins. P. glabrum at 250 and 500 mg/kg
significantly inhibited the FCA-induced arthritis in the rats. This was manifested by as a decrease in the paw volume. The arthritic control
animals exhibited a significant decrease in body weight compared with control animals without arthritis. P. glabrum treated animals showed
dose dependent reduction in decrease in body weight and arthritis.At the same time, P.glabrum significantly altered the biochemical and
haematological changes induced by FCA (P < 0.05). The anti-arthritic effect of P.glabrum was comparable with that of Indomethacin.
Conclusion:The whole plant extract of P.glabrum showed significant anti-arthritic activity against FCA-induced arthritis in female Wistar
rats.
This study investigated the hepatoprotective effects of the marine microalga Dunaliella salina against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver toxicity in rats. Rats were fed D. salina at doses of 2.5 g/kg and 5 g/kg body weight for 2 weeks. Their liver enzymes and total protein were measured after being given carbon tetrachloride and compared to controls. Rats fed 5 g/kg D. salina showed the highest levels of protection, with serum AST and ALT levels 61.3% and 80.7% of the controls respectively, compared to 90.8% and 144.7% for rats fed synthetic beta-carotene. Total protein levels were also better
Antioxidant and Antitumor Activities on Catunaregum spinosapharmaindexing
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the antioxidant and antitumor activities of the methanol extract of Catunaregum spinosa (MECS) in Dalton's ascites lymphoma (DAL) bearing mice. MECS was administered at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg for 14 days after tumor inoculation. MECS caused a decrease in tumor volume, viable cell count, and packed cell volume, while increasing lifespan. It also positively impacted hematological and biochemical parameters and increased antioxidant levels. The results suggest MECS has significant antitumor effects in DAL-bearing mice.
Polyherbal formulation development for anti asthmatic activitypharmaindexing
This document describes the development and evaluation of polyherbal formulations for anti-asthmatic activity. Three plants - Tylophora indica, Tephrosia purpurea, and Vitex negundo - were selected based on their reported antiasthmatic properties. Extracts were obtained from the plants and used to prepare two tablet formulations and one capsule formulation. The formulations were evaluated for quality parameters like hardness, friability, and disintegration time, which met pharmacopeia standards. The formulations showed significant antiasthmatic activity in a histamine-induced bronchospasm animal model compared to the standard drug chlorpheniramine maleate. Further stability and clinical studies are needed to confirm the quality and efficacy
Polyherbal formulation development for anti asthmatic activitypharmaindexing
This document describes the development and evaluation of polyherbal formulations for the treatment of asthma. Three plants - Tylophora indica, Tephrosia purpurea, and Vitex negundo - were selected based on their reported antiasthmatic, antihistaminic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Two tablet formulations and one capsule formulation were prepared using in-house and commercial extracts of the plants. The formulations were evaluated for various physical properties and found to meet pharmacopeia standards. Testing in guinea pigs showed the formulations had significant antiasthmatic effects compared to the standard drug chlorpheniramine maleate. Further stability and clinical studies are needed to confirm quality and efficacy.
Protective Effect of Alysicarpus Monilifer L., Against CCl4 induced Hepatotox...ijtsrd
Alysicarpus monilifer L. is a widely used plant in the north coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh, India, has been used in indigenous system of medicine. The roots are used for the treatment of leprosy and urinary troubles. The decoction of roots is prescribed for cough. The boiled leaves are used as purgative. The herb is credited with anti- pyretic, anti- periodic and expectorant properties, febrifuge and also recommended for cutanious scabies and boils and to cure pain. Acute toxicity tests were conducted as per OECD guidelines on Alysicarpus monilifer L. whole plant. The hydro-alcoholic extract of the aerial parts at 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg b.w., was tested in Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity of rats followed by histopathological examination of the isolated livers of the control and the treated groups . The potential effects in protecting liver function by reducing the elevated levels of various serum biochemical parameters in a dose dependent manner, reducing oxidative stress, and histopathological alterations in the rat model of CCl4 “induced liver damage was demonstrated. The results showed significant protective effect against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. The study on qualitative phytochemical screening also identified some important bioactive phytochemical principles such as steroids, triterpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates and glycosides in this plant which were also validated as antioxidants and biologically active phytoconstituents. This report of hepatoprotective activity of Alysicarpus monilifer L. throws light on attenuation of hepatotoxic effects of CCl4 challenged rats by membrane stabilization through antioxidation K. Manikya Kumari | V. Padmaja"Protective Effect of Alysicarpus Monilifer L., Against CCl4 induced Hepatotoxicity in Albino Rats" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd114.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/114/protective-effect-of-alysicarpus-monilifer-l-against-ccl4-induced-hepatotoxicity-in-albino-rats/k-manikya-kumari
Similar to Anticancer potential of Polyalthia longifolia fruits in DEN/PB induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in rats (20)
Patient compliance: Challenges in management of cardiac diseases in Kuala Lum...pharmaindexing
Background
The objective of this study was to investigate the degree of compliance among cardiac patients who attend the health facilities in Kuala Lumpur and Perak, Malaysia. The reasons for non-compliance and recommendations from healthcare professionals were also evaluated.
Method
A cross-sectional study of 400 patients and 100 healthcare professionals was carried out. This study utilizes variables on external factors and internal factors as the measurement tools. The questionnaire which consists of Morisky self-reported medication adherence questions was administered to patients and causes for non-compliance sought. Questionnaire for healthcare professionals was used to determine strategies that can improve compliance rate.
Results
The study revealed a 15.8% of high adherence rate, 54.3% of moderate adherence rate and 30% of poor adherence to cardiovascular disease medications. The chi-square tests showed the strong association between dependent and independent variables. The model chosen for testing the patient compliance through external and internal factors gives an R2 value of 85.0% with an adjusted R2 of 84.7%. The F value (317.187) was also significant (p=0.000) which means that the variables have better fit in the multivariate model. The major reasons determined for non-adherence were attitudes and beliefs, lifestyle, side effects and cost of medications. The study recommends that pharmacists and dispensing technicians should be adequately qualified to provide proper counselling to cardiac patients on their medicines and disease conditions.
Conclusion
The result of this study is of value to health care providers. Compliance to cardiovascular medications will avoid treatment failures encountered in therapy.
Overview on Recurrence Pregnancy Loss etiology and risk factorspharmaindexing
Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) can be defined as more than two to three consecutive miscarriages before 20 weeks’ gestation; it affects approximately 1% to 2% of women. RPL is a multifactorial disease. It is very important to study the etiology and risk factors of RPL to find the best diagnostic tests and suitable therapeutic intervention. This article will discuss the current understanding etiologies and risk factors of RPL.
Novel treatments for asthma: Corticosteroids and other anti-inflammatory agents.pharmaindexing
Asthma management is a challenge due to the prevalence of disease in the world. Based on the immunological and inflammatory mechanisms of asthma, corticosteroids and anti-inflammatory participate greatly in the treatment plan. Due to different reasons, there is still an unmet need to develop new agents in this field. A lot of compounds with anti-inflammatory effect are investigated in both pre-clinical and clinical studies.
A review on liver disorders and screening models of hepatoprotective agentspharmaindexing
The liver is a vital organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. It has a wide range of functions, including detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of bio chemicals necessary for digestion. The liver is necessary for survival; there is currently no way to compensate for the absence of liver function long term, although liver dialysis can be used short term.
Carbamazepine induced Steven Johnson syndrome: A case reportpharmaindexing
Drugs are the most common cause that induces Steven Johnson syndrome (SJS) and includes antiepileptic drugs, antiretroviral drugs, anti-tuberculosis drugs, Sulphonamides, fluoroquinolones, penicillins, non-Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Multivitamins. The genetic markers are also the cause for carbamazepine induced Steven Johnson Syndrome. In our study, the antiepileptic drug (Carbamazepine) is the cause for Steven Johnson Syndrome. A female patient aged 25 years came to the hospital with the complaints of bubbling over the skin and all over the body with papillary vesicles associated with pain and irritation, fever, myalgia, and nausea. The patient is known case of Phenytoin induced Steven Johnson Syndrome. In this case the patient developed the Steven Johnson Syndrome approximately after one month after starting the carbamazepine.By the withdrawal of the drug, the condition of the patient was improved.
Monoherbal formulation development for laxative activitypharmaindexing
The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia specifically approves flaxseed as a poultice for boils externally and demulcent or laxative internally. In this study monoherbal formulation development for laxative activity of flaxseed was undertaken. The plantLinumusitatissimumhasshowed higher percentage of total ash as well as alcohol soluble extractive values. The aqueous extract of Linumusitatissimumwas prepared by using pilot scale extraction plant and spray drying unit. The qualitative phytochemical studies reveal the presence of amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins and proteins. From the available literatures it was found that Linumusitatissimum contains more number of amino acids. The formulated tablets showed acceptable pharmacopoeial limits and complies with specifications for thickness, hardness, friability and weight variation. The formulation has showed better laxative activity indicating additive property of the combined phytoconstituents of the plant.
Monoherbal formulation development for laxative activitypharmaindexing
The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia specifically approves flaxseed as a poultice for boils externally and demulcent or laxative internally. In this study monoherbal formulation development for laxative activity of flaxseed was undertaken. The plantLinumusitatissimumhasshowed higher percentage of total ash as well as alcohol soluble extractive values. The aqueous extract of Linumusitatissimumwas prepared by using pilot scale extraction plant and spray drying unit. The qualitative phytochemical studies reveal the presence of amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins and proteins. From the available literatures it was found that Linumusitatissimum contains more number of amino acids. The formulated tablets showed acceptable pharmacopoeial limits and complies with specifications for thickness, hardness, friability and weight variation. The formulation has showed better laxative activity indicating additive property of the combined phytoconstituents of the plant.
Pneumonia and respiratory failure from swine origin influenza H1n1pharmaindexing
Swine influenza (swine flu) became alarming health concern when World Health Organization declared as “public health emergency of international concern” on April 25, 2009. After documentation of human-to-human transmission of the virus in at least three countries of two WHO regions, the WHO raised the pandemic level to 6.1 During the 1918, flu pandemic infected one-third of the world's population (an estimated 500 million people) and caused approximately 50 million deaths.2 In 1976, an outbreak of swine influenza occurred in New Jersey, USA, which involved more than 200 cases, some of them severe, resulting in one death.3 In 1988, another fatality was reported as a complication of swine influenza.
A descriptive study on newborn care among postnatal mothers in selected mater...pharmaindexing
The newborn health challenge faced by India is more formidable than that experienced by any other country in the world. The newborn health is inevitably affected by the traditional care practices of the mothers causing high infant morbidity and mortality.The aim of the study were determine the knowledge, attitude and practice of postnatal mothers regarding new born care and find out the association between knowledge, attitude and practice of postnatal mothers regarding new born care and to determine the association between these as well as with the selected demographic variables. A descriptive study was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of postnatal mothers regarding new born care in selected maternity centres in Madurai. Survey approach was employed to select sample and it consisted of 100 postnatal mothers. Data was collected using structured interview schedule. Findings of the study showed that 65% of postnatal mothers had moderate knowledge; 61% had favourable attitude and 57% of them had high practice of new born care. There was a significant association between knowledge and attitude (r=+0.567), knowledge and practice (r=+0.388), attitude and practice (r=+0.321) .There was a significant association between knowledge and education, monthly family income and obstetrical score at p<0.05. Findings of the study indicated the need to conduct frequent assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice of postnatal mothers regarding new born care. Awareness and attitude of the mothers towards new born care still has lots of lacunae especially in those who belong to the lower socio economic statusand poorly educated postnatal mothers. So it is imperative to provide comprehensive training in the field of new born care for mothers during pregnancy
Late 19th century was evident of intelligent biomaterial; which has changed researcher’s perspective towards science and technology. This intelligent biomaterial are envisioned to have huge impact on Healthcare from sequential signalling of biomedical molecule, mimicking natural gene, an effective drug carrier, to high resolution diagnostic tool.From drug discovery aspect many of NCE fail to reach therapeutic potential due to PK/ PD profile. Nanotechnology has changed the face of drug discovery form chemical evaluation to structure of proteins in signalling pathways and development of chemical antibody. Nanotechnology from lab to market approval is long process due to regulatory evaluation. Though it seems to be bright future market it has to go through a long process from being innovation to complete market product. This makes whole process expensive making investor reluctant to invest in big projects.Western world is aware of dramatic potential of nano-projects; which has its limitation in financial investments; with major challenge of transforming nano science to commercial pharmaceutical product.
The Flaws in health practice in post-operative management of a patient in ter...pharmaindexing
This case study summarizes the treatment of a 4-year old child with congenital urinary tract obstruction who presented with constipation, fever, and cough. Laboratory tests found low electrolyte levels, high blood acids, and kidney damage. The child's treatment included surgery, dialysis to correct electrolyte imbalances, and antibiotics for chest infection. However, the case study notes discrepancies in the post-operative treatment, including questionable antibiotic selection and prescribing of calcium channel blockers not recommended for children. The study concludes there is a need for clinical pharmacists on the healthcare team to improve rational medication use.
Corticosteroid induced disorders – An overviewpharmaindexing
Glucocorticoids are important in the treatment of many inflammatory, allergic, immunologic, and malignant disorders, and the toxicity of glucocorticoids is one of the commonest causes of iatrogenic illness associated with chronic inflammatory disease.Glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy is characterized by fast-twitch or type II muscle fiber atrophy. Corticosteroid (CS) therapy is widely used in the treatment of rheumatic diseases.Osteoporosis remains one of its major complications.Steroid induced glaucoma is a form of open angle glaucoma occurring as an adverse effect of corticosteroid therapy. Glucocorticoids induce hepatic and extrahepatic insulin resistance.Glucocorticoid treatment impairs both glucose transport in fat and muscle cells. Corticosteroid-induced psychosis represents a spectrum of psychological changes that can occur at any time during treatment. Cushing’s syndrome describes the signs and symptoms associated with prolonged exposure to inappropriately high levels of the hormone cortisol. Physicians must be aware of these adverse effects and be equipped to manage them.
Anti-inflammatory activity of pupalia lappacea L. Jusspharmaindexing
Pupalia lappacea (L) Juss is an erect shrub used in folklore medicine to treat bone fractures and in inflammatory conditions. Methanolic extract of aerial parts shown is claimed in traditional medicine that the leaves of the plant are used in the treatment of inflammation. In the present study, the methanolic extract of Pupalia lappacea was screened for its anti-inflammatory activity using carageenan induced rat paw edema egg white induced paw oedema models. The methanolic extract at the dose of 200 mg/kg p.o exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan induced paw edema model (p<0.01). In egg white induced model, methanolic extract at the dose of 200 mg/kg inhibited paw oedema significantly (p<0.01) indicating that both test samples inhibit the increase in number of fibroblasts and synthesis of collagen and mucopolysaccharides during prostaglandin formation during the inflammation. These experimental results have established a pharmacological evidence for the folklore claim of the drug to be used as an anti inflammatory agent. HPTLC analysis of the extract shows the presence of gallic acid 1.24mg/ml, ferulic acid 2.00mg/ml, chlorogenic acid 46.25mg/ml and rutin 7.02mg/ml of the extract which were responsible for the claimed anti-inflammatory action in the animal models studied.
Lucinactant: A new solution in treating neonatal respiratory distress syndrom...pharmaindexing
This document summarizes research on Lucinactant, a novel synthetic surfactant approved by the FDA in 2012 for treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). It contains a peptide called sinapultide that mimics the function of human surfactant protein B. Studies found Lucinactant was as effective as or more effective than previous animal-derived surfactants in reducing mortality from RDS, but its pharmacokinetics are not fully understood. The document reviews clinical trials and mechanisms of Lucinactant and discusses its efficacy, safety profile, and potential cost benefits compared to other surfactants.
Bioactivity screening of Soil bacteria against human pathogenspharmaindexing
This study aimed to isolate soil bacteria with potential bioactive properties against human pathogens. 36 bacterial strains were isolated from 3 soil samples and screened against common pathogens. 14 isolates showed antibacterial activity, including against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, E. coli, Klebsiella aerogenes, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aureginosa and Salmonella typhi. The 3 most active bacterial isolates were selected for further production and isolation of their bioactive metabolites. Testing found the metabolites had prominent antibacterial effects against the clinical pathogens studied, indicating their potential as a source of new antimicrobials given the rise in drug resistance.
A study on sigmoid Volvulus presentation and managementpharmaindexing
A study on sigmoid volvulus presentation and management was a 2yr retrospective study done at RMMCH.The diagnosis of sigmoid volvulus was made from a history of large bowel obstruction (constipation, abdominal distension, and abdominal pain), which were often recurrent and plain abdominal radiographs.The morbidity associated isSuperficial wound infection occurred in four patients. All the infected wounds eventually healed with conservative measures. Clinical anastomotic dehiscence was noted in 1 patient for which during relaparotomy proximal colostomy and mucous fistula was done. The mortality associated is shown is there were 9 deaths of which 7 were due to sepsis and 2 were due to comorbid illness. Two out of eight patients for whom a colopexy was done had a recurrent attack of sigmoid volvulus. The duration of hospital stay ranged between 10 and 21 days. Use of sigmoidoscopic detorsion for viable colon should be encouraged. Sigmoidopexy, which is associated with a recurrence rate of 20% in our series of patients, should be used selectively.Hartmann’s procedure is a safe option in sigmoid volvulus with gangrenous bowel. Primary anastomosis in emergency situation can be carried out with morbidity and mortality in patients with viable colon
Evaluation of Preliminary phytochemical on various some medicinal plantspharmaindexing
The present study was carried out to evaluate the physical status and percentage yield of methanolic extract and its fractions of whole plant of Leucas cephalotes, leaves of Hiptage benghalensis and leaves of Kydia calycina were recorded for future references and Preliminary phytochemical screening of MLC, MHB and MKC revealed the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, steroidal and phenolic compounds. MLC revealed the presence of all the above mentioned phytoconstituents except saponins and also MKC steroidal compounds. The fractions of MLC, MHB and MKC revealed the presence of glycosides, phenolic compounds, steroids and flavonoids.
Comparision of in vitro antibacterial activity of cefoperazone and levofloxac...pharmaindexing
This study compared the in vitro antibacterial activity of cefoperazone and levofloxacin against various clinical isolates. 120 bacterial isolates from patient samples were tested for susceptibility to cefoperazone and levofloxacin using disc diffusion. Results showed levofloxacin had lower resistance than cefoperazone for E. coli and P. aeruginosa, while cefoperazone was more effective against S. aureus. However, resistance to both antibiotics was gradually increasing, highlighting the need for regular surveillance of antibiotic susceptibility.
Concept of srotas from ayurvedic perspective with special reference to neurologypharmaindexing
Ayurveda is a life science. The researchers of ayurveda could rule out the presence of srotas (channels) spreading throughout the human body. These srotas (channels) are governed by vayu which is using all the srotas (channels) of the body to carry out the functional and physiological activities of the human body without which the human society will not exist. Several synonymous words have been described by the ayurvedicacharyas for srotas. Some are micro and some are macro in structures and they adopt the same colour of the particular dhatus of the body to which it belongs. The aim of the study is to justify that srotas are nothing but innurmerable channels or pathways of the nervous system governed by electric current without which no functional and physiological activities of the human body will develope.
Health promotion survey in overweight and obese students of universities in n...pharmaindexing
Introduction
Overweight and obesity is one of the major health problems in the UK and worldwide. Approximately two-thirds of the population in the UK is either overweight or obese. Overweight and obesity is an important issue that causes distress to most women. Health promotion is the best method to educate overweight and obese women. It is defined as the process enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health by Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. It is aimed to enhance the well-being of the individuals and their positive attitudes towards prevention of various diseases. In order to make any improvement to the health promotion for overweight and obesity, the risk factors and the opinions from the public should first be identified and addressed.
Methods
Cross-sectional survey design was selected with a questionnaire that consisted of 20 open and close ended questions. A sample size of 196 was determined. The data thus gathered was analyzed using SPSS V20 (Statistical Package for Social Science version 20). Descriptive statistics (fx) and (SD) were used and Chi-square X2 test for association was employed.
Results
Out of the total 196 responses, only (40%) of the students had normal weight (SD 1.1), (25%) students had a good understanding of health promotion (SD 1.6), half (50%) appeared concerned about their weight (SD 0.5), (60%) had an obese family member (0.5). The BMI of students was associated with the presence of an obese member in their family and their weight as a concern for them. (P-value <0.05).
Conclusion
The health promotion service is beneficial as it was found to have raised concerns in the mind of the students regarding over weight and obesity. However it was observed that the understanding of health promotion service was different among students and this is the root of the problem.
Research, Monitoring and Evaluation, in Public Healthaghedogodday
This is a presentation on the overview of the role of monitoring and evaluation in public health. It describes the various components and how a robust M&E system can possitively impact the results or effectiveness of a public health intervention.
As Mumbai's premier kidney transplant and donation center, L H Hiranandani Hospital Powai is not just a medical facility; it's a beacon of hope where cutting-edge science meets compassionate care, transforming lives and redefining the standards of kidney health in India.
THE SPECIAL SENCES- Unlocking the Wonders of the Special Senses: Sight, Sound...Nursing Mastery
Title: Unlocking the Wonders of the Special Senses: Sight, Sound, Smell, Taste, and Balance
Introduction:
Welcome to our captivating SlideShare presentation on the Special Senses, where we delve into the extraordinary capabilities that allow us to perceive and interact with the world around us. Join us on a sensory journey as we explore the intricate structures and functions of sight, sound, smell, taste, and balance.
The special senses are our primary means of experiencing and interpreting the environment, each sense providing unique and vital information that shapes our perceptions and responses. These senses are facilitated by highly specialized organs and complex neural pathways, enabling us to see a vibrant sunset, hear a symphony, savor a delicious meal, detect a fragrant flower, and maintain our equilibrium.
In this presentation, we will:
Visual System (Sight): Dive into the anatomy and physiology of the eye, exploring how light is converted into electrical signals and processed by the brain to create the images we see. Understand common vision disorders and the mechanisms behind corrective measures like glasses and contact lenses.
Auditory System (Hearing): Examine the structures of the ear and the process of sound wave transduction, from the outer ear to the cochlea and auditory nerve. Learn about hearing loss, auditory processing, and the advances in hearing aid technology.
Olfactory System (Smell): Discover the olfactory receptors and pathways that enable the detection of thousands of different odors. Explore the connection between smell and memory and the impact of olfactory disorders on quality of life.
Gustatory System (Taste): Uncover the taste buds and the five basic tastes – sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami. Delve into the interplay between taste and smell and the factors influencing our food preferences and eating habits.
Vestibular System (Balance): Investigate the inner ear structures responsible for balance and spatial orientation. Understand how the vestibular system helps maintain posture and coordination, and explore common vestibular disorders and their effects.
Through engaging visuals, interactive diagrams, and insightful explanations, we aim to illuminate the complexities of the special senses and their profound impact on our daily lives. Whether you're a student, educator, or simply curious about how we perceive the world, this presentation will provide valuable insights into the remarkable capabilities of the human sensory system.
Join us as we unlock the wonders of the special senses and gain a deeper appreciation for the intricate mechanisms that allow us to experience the richness of our environment.
Simple Steps to Make Her Choose You Every DayLucas Smith
Simple Steps to Make Her Choose You Every Day" and unlock the secrets to building a strong, lasting relationship. This comprehensive guide takes you on a journey to self-improvement, enhancing your communication and emotional skills, ensuring that your partner chooses you without hesitation. Forget about complications and start applying easy, straightforward steps that make her see you as the ideal person she can't live without. Gain the key to her heart and enjoy a relationship filled with love and mutual respect. This isn't just a book; it's an investment in your happiness and the happiness of your partner
Cyclothymia Test: Diagnosing, Symptoms, Treatment, and Impact | The Lifescien...The Lifesciences Magazine
The cyclothymia test is a pivotal tool in the diagnostic process. It helps clinicians assess the presence and severity of symptoms associated with cyclothymia.
Satisfying Spa Massage Experience at Just 99 AED - Malayali Kerala Spa AjmanMalayali Kerala Spa Ajman
Our Spa Massage Center Ajman prioritizes efficiency to ensure a satisfying massage experience for our clients at Malayali Kerala Spa Ajman. We offer a hassle-free appointment system, effective health issue identification, and precise massage techniques.
Our Spa in Ajman stands out for its effectiveness in enhancing wellness. Our therapists focus on treating the root cause of issues, providing tailored treatments for each client. We take pride in offering the most satisfying Pakistani Spa service, adjusting treatment plans based on client feedback.
For the most result-oriented Russian Spa treatment in Ajman, visit our Massage Center. Our Russian therapists are skilled in various techniques to address health concerns. Our body-to-body massage is efficient due to individualized care and high-grade massage oils.
The story of Dr. Ranjit Jagtap's daughters is more than a tale of inherited responsibility; it's a narrative of passion, innovation, and unwavering commitment to a cause greater than oneself. In Poulami and Aditi Jagtap, we see the beautiful continuum of a father's dream and the limitless potential of compassion-driven healthcare.
Basics of Electrocardiogram
CONTENTS
●Conduction System of the Heart
●What is ECG or EKG?
●ECG Leads
●Normal waves of ECG.
●Dimensions of ECG.
● Abnormalities of ECG
CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF THE HEART
ECG:
●ECG is a graphic record of the electrical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity precedes the mechanical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity has two phases:
Depolarization- contraction of muscle
Repolarization- relaxation of muscle
ECG Leads:
●6 Chest leads
●6 Limb leads
1. Bipolar Limb Leads:
Lead 1- Between right arm(-ve) and left arm(+ve)
Lead 2- Between right arm(-ve) and left leg(+ve)
Lead 3- Between left arm(-ve)
and left leg(+ve)
2. Augmented unipolar Limb Leads:
AvR- Right arm
AvL- Left arm
AvF- Left leg
3.Chest Leads:
V1 : Over 4th intercostal
space near right sternal margin
V2: Over 4th intercostal space near left sternal margin
V3:In between V2 and V4
V4:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
clavicular line
V5:Over left 5th intercostal space on the anterior
axillary line
V6:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
axillary line.
Normal ECG:
Waves of ECG:
P Wave
•P Wave is a positive wave and the first wave in ECG.
•It is also called as atrial complex.
Cause: Atrial depolarisation
Duration: 0.1 sec
QRS Complex:
•QRS’ complex is also called the initial ventricular complex.
•‘Q’ wave is a small negative wave. It is continued as the tall ‘R’ wave, which is a positive wave.
‘R’ wave is followed by a small negative wave, the ‘S’ wave.
Cause:Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
Duration: 0.08- 0.10 sec
T Wave:
•‘T’ wave is the final ventricular complex and is a positive wave.
Cause:Ventricular repolarization Duration: 0.2 sec
Intervals and Segments of ECG:
P-R Interval:
•‘P-R’ interval is the interval
between the onset of ‘P’wave and onset of ‘Q’ wave.
•‘P-R’ interval cause atrial depolarization and conduction of impulses through AV node.
Duration:0.18 (0.12 to 0.2) sec
Q-T Interval:
•‘Q-T’ interval is the interval between the onset of ‘Q’
wave and the end of ‘T’ wave.
•‘Q-T’ interval indicates the ventricular depolarization
and ventricular repolarization,
i.e. it signifies the
electrical activity in ventricles.
Duration:0.4-0.42sec
S-T Segment:
•‘S-T’ segment is the time interval between the end of ‘S’ wave and the onset of ‘T’ wave.
Duration: 0.08 sec
R-R Interval:
•‘R-R’ interval is the time interval between two consecutive ‘R’ waves.
•It signifies the duration of one cardiac cycle.
Duration: 0.8 sec
Dimension of ECG:
How to find heart rhytm of the heart?
Regular rhytm:
Irregular rhytm:
More than or less than 4
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is Regular :
Heart rate =
300/No.of large b/w 2 QRS complex
= 300/4
=75 beats/mins
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is irregular:
Heart rate = 10×No.of QRS complex in 6 sec 5large box = 1sec
5×6=30
10×7 = 70 Beats/min
Abnormalities of ECG:
Cardiac Arrythmias:
1.Tachycardia
Heart Rate more than 100 beats/min
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Health Tech Market Intelligence Prelim Questions -Gokul Rangarajan
The Ultimate Guide to Setting up Market Research in Health Tech part -1
How to effectively start market research in the health tech industry by defining objectives, crafting problem statements, selecting methods, identifying data collection sources, and setting clear timelines. This guide covers all the preliminary steps needed to lay a strong foundation for your research.
This lays foundation of scoping research project what are the
Before embarking on a research project, especially one aimed at scoping and defining parameters like the one described for health tech IT, several crucial considerations should be addressed. Here’s a comprehensive guide covering key aspects to ensure a well-structured and successful research initiative:
1. Define Research Objectives and Scope
Clear Objectives: Define specific goals such as understanding market needs, identifying new opportunities, assessing risks, or refining pricing strategies.
Scope Definition: Clearly outline the boundaries of the research in terms of geographical focus, target demographics (e.g., age, socio-economic status), and industry sectors (e.g., healthcare IT).
3. Review Existing Literature and Resources
Literature Review: Conduct a thorough review of existing research, market reports, and relevant literature to build foundational knowledge.
Gap Analysis: Identify gaps in existing knowledge or areas where further exploration is needed.
4. Select Research Methodology and Tools
Methodological Approach: Choose appropriate research methods such as surveys, interviews, focus groups, or data analytics.
Tools and Resources: Select tools like Google Forms for surveys, analytics platforms (e.g., SimilarWeb, Statista), and expert consultations.
5. Ethical Considerations and Compliance
Ethical Approval: Ensure compliance with ethical guidelines for research involving human subjects.
Data Privacy: Implement measures to protect participant confidentiality and adhere to data protection regulations (e.g., GDPR, HIPAA).
6. Budget and Resource Allocation
Resource Planning: Allocate resources including time, budget, and personnel required for each phase of the research.
Contingency Planning: Anticipate and plan for unforeseen challenges or adjustments to the research plan.
7. Develop Research Instruments
Survey Design: Create well-structured surveys using tools like Google Forms to gather quantitative data.
Interview and Focus Group Guides: Prepare detailed scripts and discussion points for qualitative data collection.
8. Sampling Strategy
Sampling Design: Define the sampling frame, size, and method (e.g., random sampling, stratified sampling) to ensure representation of target demographics.
Participant Recruitment: Plan recruitment strategies to reach and engage the intended participant groups effectively.
9. Data Collection and Analysis Plan
Data Collection: Implement methods for data gathering, ensuring consistency and validity.
Analysis Techniques: Decide on analytical approaches (e.g., statistical
The facial nerve, also known as cranial nerve VII, is one of the 12 cranial nerves originating from the brain. It's a mixed nerve, meaning it contains both sensory and motor fibres, and it plays a crucial role in controlling various facial muscles, as well as conveying sensory information from the taste buds on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
HEALTH ASSESSMENT IN NURSING USING THE NURSING PROCESSpptx
Anticancer potential of Polyalthia longifolia fruits in DEN/PB induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in rats
1. A.J.M.Christina, et al / Int. J. of Res. in Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics Vol-3(3) 2014 [163-168]
www.ijrpp.com
~ 163~
ISSN Print: 2278 – 2648 IJRPP |Vol.3 | Issue 3 | July-Sep-2014
ISSN Online: 2278-2656 Journal Home page: www.ijrpp.com
Research article Open Access
Anticancer potential of Polyalthia longifolia fruits in DEN/PB
induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in rats.
A.J.M.Christina1
*, Jayaraman Rajangam2
, Bibhu Prasad Panda1
1
Taylors University, Malaysia.
2
KarpagamUniversity,Coimbatore, TamilNadu, India.
.*Corresponding author: A.J.M.Christina,,
E-mail id: JosephineMariaChristina.Arokiasamy@taylors.edu.my
ABSTRACT
This study was designed to evaluate the anticancer potential of methanolic extract of fruits of Polyalthia
longifolia(MEFPL)in N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) induced and phenobarbital (PB) promoted hepatocellular
carcinoma (HCC) in male albinoWistarrats.A single intraperitoneal injection of N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN,200
mg/kg) was administered. After 14 days, phenobarbital was given orally for up to 14 weeks to promotethe liver
cancer. The hepatocarcinomainduced rats were treated with MEFPL (200 and 400 mg/kg) for 28 days. After the
experimental period, the liver was examined for the number and size of nodules present. Also the serumlevel of
tumour marker, Alpha-fetoprotein(AFP) and DNA and RNA in liverwere assessed. The number of nodules in liver,
serumAlpha fetoprotein, DNA and RNA content in liver were reduced by the extract. Histopathology of liver
revealed improvement in the architecture that was damaged by DEN and PB. To conclude, results of present study
strongly support the anticancer potential of MEFPL against DEN/PB induced hepatocarcinogenesis.
Keywords; Polyalthia longifolia, N-nitrosodiethylamine, Phenobarbital, hepatocellular carcinoma, Antioxidants,
Abbreviations:HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; DEN, N-nitrosodiethylamine, P.longifolia, Alpha-fetoprotein.
INTRODUCTION
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most
common life threatening malignancies which
accounts for nearly 85% of the primary malignant
tumours of the liver1
and is the third most common
cause of cancer related death worldwide 2,3
.HCC is
more common in men than women, with an incidence
ratio around 3:11,4
. Earlier studies suggested that, the
incidence of HCC is multifactorial which includes
infections, nutritional, metabolic, endocrine factors
and exposure to hepatocarcinogens like DEN and
alcohol etc5
.
Literatrure supports the use of DEN as acarcinogen
and/or lesion initiator in animal models6
. Diethyl
nitrosamine has been shown to be metabolized to
its active ethyl radical metabolite, that causes DNA
mutation.7,8
. Literature reveals that DNA mutations
International Journal of Research in
Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics
2. A.J.M.Christina, et al / Int. J. of Res. in Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics Vol-3(3) 2014 [163-168]
www.ijrpp.com
~ 164~
are induced by oxidative stress also. Hence plants
containing antioxidant principles are being
investigated against cancers resulting from DNA
mutations. One such plant is Polyalthia longifolia.
Polyalthia longifolia (family: Annonaceae) is a lofty
evergreen tree found in India and Sri Lanka,
commonly planted for its effectiveness in alleviating
noise pollution. In India, the seeds and bark of the
plant are used as febrifuge in the Balasore district of
Orissa 9
. The extract of stem bark of the plant and the
alkaloids isolated from it have been reported for
antibacterial and antifungal activities 10
. Its aqueous
extract stimulates the isolated ileum and uterus,
depresses heart rate, decrease blood pressure and
respiration rate in experimental ani-mals11
. The crude
extracts of the seeds of the plant have also shown
remarkable antibacterial activities12
and plants of
Annonaceae family contain antitumor and anti-cancer
active principles13,14
. Moreover, the various parts of
Polyalthia longifolia yielded more than twenty
cytotoxic compounds along with flavonoids,
triterpinoids and phenolic compounds. In view of the
above, Polyalthia longifolia was chosen to study its
anticancer role against DEN (initiator) and PB
(promoter) induced HCC in rats.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Plant material
Polyalthia longifolia fruits were collected from
Irumbulikurichi, Ariyalur district, Tamilnadu, India
and authenticated by G.V.S Murthy, botanical survey
of India (BSI), southern circle, Coimbatore,
Tamilnadu, India (BSI/SC/5/23/11-12/Tech-1759).
Preparation of methanolic extract from the
fruits of Polyalthia longifolia
The chopped and shade dried fruits were powdered
and passed through a 40-mesh sieve, then subjected
to extraction with methanol in a Soxhlet apparatus.
The solvent from the methanolic extract was
completely removed and concentrated to dryness at
40°c under reduced pressure in a rotary vacuum
evaporator. The Polyalthia longifolia fruits yielded
brown semisolid residue of methanolic extract,
weighing 9.0% w/w with respect to the dried starting
material15.
Experimental animals
This study was carried out on adult Wistar male
albino rats (150-180g). They were housed in room
temperature of 25+10
C and fed with rodent pellet
diet. The food was withdrawn 18-24 h before the
experiment though water was allowed ad libitum. The
experimental protocols were approved by
institutional animal ethics committee (IAEC
KMCRET/Pharm/06/2012) and conducted according
to the CPCSEA guidelines for the use and care of
experimental animals, New Delhi, India.
Experimental Design
The rats were divided into six groups, each group
consisting of six animals. DEN was administered at a
dose of 200 mg/kg body weight in saline to induce
cancer in the animals of groups II to V. Two weeks
after administration of DEN, Phenobarbital at a
concentration of 0.05% was incorporated into rat
chow for upto 14 weeks to promote the
hepatocarcinogenesis. After the induction period,
group III and group IV were treated with MEFPL
orally at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively
for 28 days and group V animals received standard
drug silymarinthe known hepato protective and anti
hepatocellular carcinoma compound at a dose of 200
mg/kg. Finally, group VI animals which have not
been treated with DEN received MEPL extract alone
at a dose of 400 mg/kg. p.o to check for any adverse
effect of the extract on the animals.
Treatment Protocol
Groups I - Control- Normal saline (0.9%)
Group II -DEN [200 mg/kg + PB 0.05% for
14 weeks]
Group III-HCC bearing rats+ MEPL
Extract 200 mg/kg.p.o for 28 Days
Group IV-HCC bearing rats+ MEPL
Extract 400 mg/kg.p.o for 28 Days
Group V- DEN+ Sylimarin200 mg/kg
Group VI- MEPL Alone 400 mg/kg.p.o for
28 Days
Measurement of tumor marker-AFP
At the end of week 20 starting from the first day of
DEN administration, blood was collected from retro
orbital plexus and serum was separated for the
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estimation of Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP).Serum AFP
was estimated using ELISA kit supplied by Coral
Clinical Systems, India.
Morphological observation of liver
After collection of blood, the animals were sacrificed
by cervical dislocation and the abdominal cavity of
rats was dissected immediately and the liver was
rapidly removed, washed in ice-cold saline,
weighed and blotted dry. Weight of liver was also
noted. The weight of liver relative to body weight
was also calculated. Also the livers were
morphologically observed for the presence of nodules
and the number and size of the nodules were
recorded.
Estimation of nucleic acid from liver
The amount of nucleic acids viz DNA16
and RNA17
of
liver were estimated following standard methods.
Statistical analysis
Data were expressed as the mean ± S.E.M. Means
were compared by one way analysis of variance
(ANOVA) followed by Dunnett test. A value of p<
0.05 was considered as significant.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results
Alfa fetoprotein protein activity (AFP)
The effect of MEFPL on AFP is given in Table No 1.
The level of α-fetoprotein in serum significantly
increased in DEN treated animals (0.85±0.05,
P<0.01) as compared to control group
(0.31±0.02).Treatment with MEFPL 200 and MEFPL
400 mg/kg b.w. showed significant decrease in level
(P<0.001) of AFP as compared to DEN treated group.
The animals treated with standard drug silymarin at a
dose level of 200 mg/kg b.w. showed significant
decrease (P<0.05) in the level of serum AFP activity
as compared to DEN treated group. This reduction
was more the two doses of the extract.
Administration of MEFPL at the doses of 200 and
400 mg/kg remarkably reduced the level of AFP in a
dose dependent manner.
Effect of MEFPL on body and liver weight
The measurement of the body weight was done on
weekly basis for 28 days. The weight of liver, and its
weight relative to body weight by the end of the study
in all experimental groups were listed in Table No
1.The DEN received animals showed significant
decrease (159±8.23) in the final body weight when
compared with normal saline received control group
(192±12.39).The animals subjected to the treatment
with either MEFPL extract (200 and 400 mg/kg.p.o;
Group III & IV) andsilymarin (Group V) exhibited
significant improvement in the final body weight
when compared with DEN treated animals. The
results suggest that MEFPL had practically beneficial
effect on the growth response of the animals.
Morphological observations of Liver
Effect of MEPL on hepatic nodule incidence
The Table No 2 shows the nodule incidence and total
number of nodules caused by the carcinogen DEN
followed by the efficacy of MEFPL 200,400
mg/kg.p.o and silymarin treatment. DEN treated
groups (DEN + PB) showed 100% nodule incidence
whereas Group III and Group IV (DEN + PB +
MEFPL 200,400 mg/kg.p.o) animals showed a
significant decrease (67 % and 33% respectively) in
tumour incidence compared to DEN received groups.
Effect of MEPL on the size of hepatic nodule
The average number of nodules with nodular sizes in
millimetre in animals that received DEN and MEPL
are shown in Table No 3. The MEFPL 200,400
mg/kg.p.o treated groups III and IV and silymarin
treated group showed a significant decrease in the
average number of nodules in tumour induced
animals as 10.50±1.13, 7.16±0.97, 4.90±0.78
(P<0.05) respectively when compared with DEN
treated animals (18.16±1.27).The nodular size was
also significantly reduced in MEFPL treated animals
compared to DEN induced group animals. However
this reduction is statistically insignificant.
Estimation of nucleic acids
Table 4represents the levels of nucleic acids DNA
and RNA in liver of control and experimental
animals. In DEN received animals, the levels DNA
and RNA were significantly elevated (P<0.001) when
compared to control groups whereas MEFPL
treatment, significantly reduced the elevated hepatic
levels of DNA and RNA in a dose dependent manner.
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DISCUSSION
Many studies support the use of DEN as a
hepatocarcinogen. It has been reported that DEN by
itself can induce hepatic neoplastic lesions18
.Earlier
studies report that in DEN induced and Phenobarbital
promoted hepato carcinoma tumour initiation and
promotion is evident from increased incidence of
nodules in liver19
.In the present study, tumour
initiation and promotion is confirmed from increased
number of nodules, and size of nodules in the liver of
DEN received groups. All the animals that were
treated with DEN developed nodules in liver which
clearly indicates the total incidence of nodulogenesis.
Inhibition of nodulogenesis by both the doses of
MEFPL (200 and 400 mg/kg b.w) indicates its
anticancer potential. However there was no
significant difference as far as the size of the nodules
is concerned. However the anticancer potential is
further evidenced by the fall in the level of AFP. AFP
is reported to be clear tumour marker of hepatic
carcinoma20
and its level markedly rises in hepatic
carcinomas. The effect of the extract on AFP further
substantiates the anticancer potential. Moreover the
extract produced useful effects through its action on
DNA and RNA. During carcinogenesis there will be
cell proliferation and hence increase in DNA level. In
the present study, there was an increase in the amount
of DNA content in tumor bearing animals when
compared to control animals. However the extract
reduced the levels of DNA &RNA further
substantiating the anticancer potential.
CONCLUSION
The present study clearly indicates the anticancer
potential of MEFPL from its modifying effect on
tumour marker enzyme and nucleic acid levels.
Further it inhibited the nodulogenesis in liver.
However, additional studies are warranted to explore
further the mechanism of anticancer potential of
MEFPL as a protective agent against DEN/PB
induced hepatocarcinogenesis.
Table 1. Effect of MEFPL on body weight, liver and AFP in DEN/PB treated groups of rats.
Treatment
Initial body
Weight (g)
Final body
weight
(g)
Liver
weight
(g)
Relative weight
of liver
(Liver/100 g b.w)
AFP
(ng/mL)
Control
(NS-0.9%)
174±9.28 192±12.39 8.07±2.24 4.20±0.21 0.31±0.02
DEN + PB
( 200 +0.05%)
168±6.27 159±8.23a
10.78±1.82 6.77±1.31 a
0.85±0.05a
DEN + MEFPL (200
mg/kg.p.o)
170±1.27 187±2.31 b
9.34±0.48 4.99±0.34 b
0.63±0.03b
DEN + MEFPL
( 400mg/kg.p.o)
167±1.28 188±2.26 b
8.54±0.52 4.47±0.13 b
0.53±0.03b
DEN+Silymarin(200
mg/kg )
164±5.89 200±2.23 b
8.35±0.34 4.54±0.23 b
0.38±0.02b
MEFPL alone
(400 mg/kg.p.o)
170±1.33 180±1.71 9.27±0.52 5.15±0.24 0.32±0.02
Values are presented as mean±S.E.M. of six rats in each group. a
p<0.001 as compared with control group .b
P<0.001
as compared with DEN treated group.
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Table 2. Effect of MEFPL on the incidence of hepatic nodules in DEN/PB induced hepato
carcinogenesis
Treatment Total no.
of rats
No. of rats
with nodules
Average no.
of Nodules
Nodule
incidence
Control
(NS-0.9%)
6 - - -
DEN + PB
( 200 +0.05%)
6 6 18.16±1.27 100
DEN + MEFPL
(200 mg/kg.p.o)
6 4 10.50±1.13* 67
DEN + MEFPL
( 400mg/kg.p.o)
6 2 7.16±0.97* 33
DEN+Silymarin
(200 mg/kg )
6 1 4.90±0.78* 17
MEFPL alone
(400 mg/kg.p.o)
6 - - -
The percentage was calculated by dividing the number of rats with hepatic nodules over the total number of rats per groups.
* represents significance against DEN+PB treated group at p<0.05.
Table.3.Effect of MEFPL on number and size of hepatocellular nodules during DEN/PB induced
hepatocarcinogenesis
Treatment
Relative Size (% of total number)
<1mm >1mm<3mm >3mm
Control (NS-0.9%) - - -
DEN + PB ( 200 +0.05%) 56.0±1.27 34.0±2.04 15.0±2.46
DEN + MEFPL (200 mg/kg.p.o) 54.0±1.31 30.1±1.76 16±2.04
DEN + MEFPL( 400mg/kg.p.o) 53.4±0.82 53.4±1.34 16.2±1.54
DEN+Silymarin(200 mg/kg ) 48.2±0.93 34.4±1.56 17.2±1.69
MEFPL alone (400 mg/kg.p.o) - - -
Values are presented as mean±S.E.M. of six rats in each group. Values were insignificant as compared to DEN+PB treated group.
Table 4. Effect of MEFPL on nucleic acids in liver and kidney experimental animals
Treatment
Liver mg/g of wet tissue
DNA RNA
CONTROL- NS (0.9%) 6.48±0.21 4.32±0.34
DEN + PB
( 200 +0.05% )
8.56±0.24a
6.63±0.27a
DEN + MEFPL
(200 mg/kg.p.o)
8.26±0.31ns
4.76±0.28 b
DEN + MEFPL
( 400 mg/kg.p.o)
6.81±0.27 b
4.57±0.38 b
DEN+Silymarin
(200 mg/kg)
6.67±0.31b
4.38±0.31 b
MEFPL alone
(400 mg/kg.p.o)
6.36±0.22 4.28±0.27
Values are presented as mean±S.E.M. of six rats in each group.
a
p<0.001 as compared with control groups.
b
p<0.001 as compared with DEN treated groups
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