This document compares the cooling properties of a locally formulated radiator coolant (Sample C) to water (Sample A) and a commercial coolant (Sample B). Sample C had the highest boiling point at 110°C, followed by Sample B at 101°C, then Sample A (water) at 100°C. This means Sample C can absorb more heat before boiling over. Sample C also had the highest specific heat capacity at 4238 Jkg-1K-1, providing better heat absorption than the other samples. The locally formulated Sample C performed best in raising the boiling point and absorbing heat, indicating it can cool engines more effectively than the other coolants tested.
This document discusses using nanofluids as cooling fluids in engines to improve heat transfer performance. It begins by providing background on engine cooling systems and how they work. Then it discusses nanofluids, which are fluids containing nanometer-sized particles that can increase thermal conductivity and heat transfer compared to base fluids like water. The document outlines a study that uses computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to analyze heat transfer when different nanofluids flow through an engine block. It discusses modeling the engine block geometry, meshing it, applying boundary conditions and materials properties, and solving the simulation to obtain temperature and heat flux results. The results suggest nanofluids may allow for improved engine cooling system performance.
PR25_SeniorDesign_FallTermProposal_PRESENTATION COPYMathew Smith
This document presents a senior design proposal for a binary refrigerant refrigerator project. The objective is to design, build, and test an optimized domestic refrigerator that uses a binary refrigerant mixture to improve energy efficiency. A binary mixture offers potential efficiency advantages over a single refrigerant by allowing for temperature changes during boiling. Optimization algorithms will be used to select refrigerant mixtures that maximize the refrigerator's coefficient of performance (COP). Analytical and experimental methods will be used to test various refrigerant concentrations and measure the energy required to determine the mixture with the highest COP. The results will aim to provide energy savings for consumers while reducing environmental impacts.
A Review on Design and Development of Three in One Air Cooling SystemIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of a proposed three-in-one air cooling system that uses evaporative cooling, desiccant cooling, and a heat and mass exchanger (HMX) to cool air without increasing humidity. The system combines direct and indirect evaporative cooling for higher effectiveness and lower energy consumption compared to vapor compression air conditioning systems. It also uses a desiccant wheel to control humidity. The HMX allows indirect evaporative cooling of a primary air stream through a wet secondary air stream to lower the temperature without increasing moisture content. This innovative three-in-one system could replace vapor compression systems to reduce electrical energy usage and emissions from air conditioning.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
esearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
The document describes an exergy analysis of an ice rink refrigeration system. The system uses R-134a as the refrigerant and circulates brine water beneath the ice surface. An exergy analysis was conducted on each component of the system, including the evaporator, condenser, compressor, expansion valve, and the overall system. The analysis aimed to identify where the greatest irreversibilities occur and estimate the exergy efficiency of components. This could help improve resource usage and emissions to work towards sustainable development. Key results included the exergy destruction and efficiency of each component, as well as identifying how variables like temperature and mass flow rate affect compressor work and heat loads.
WASTE HEAT RECOVERY IN DOMESTIC REFRIGERATION SYSTEM IN THE APPLICATION OF WA...Journal For Research
Heat is the energy, so energy saving is one of the key matters for the protection of global environment. Heat also radiated from our domestic refrigerator. This waste heat from refrigerator will affect the environmental because as heat in the environment will increases it will cause global warming. So it is necessary that a significant effort should be made for conserving energy through waste heat recovery too. So An attempt has been made to utilize waste heat from condenser of refrigerator. This heat can be used for various of domestic and industrial purposes. In minimum constructional, maintenance and running cost, this system is very useful for domestic purpose. It is valuable alternative approach to increase overall efficiency and reuse the waste heat. The study has shown that such a system is technically feasible and economical. This system is a cabin that we are going to install over the head of the simple refrigerator, this cabin will be an arrangement of coils that will work as a heat exchanger for reuse of waste heat. These coils are hot coils of condenser of the refrigerator that will be modified and will put in the cabin. It can serve the purpose of cooking, geysers etc. Besides, the refrigerator may be used as conventional refrigerator. Further COP will also increase. Heat rejection may occur directly to the air in the case of a conventional household domestic refrigerator having air-cooled condenser. This system rejected less heat to the environment so it is safer in environmental aspects also.
In present days, Refrigerators are cyclic devices working fluid in refrigerator is called Refrigerant. The performance of refrigerators is expressed in terms of coefficient of Performance. And the cooling capacity of a refrigerating system is expressed in terms of Tonne of Refrigeration. Frosting is an unavoidable phenomenon either in domestic refrigerator or in industrial installations. Different methods are available to remove the frost accumulation like water defrost, electric defrost and hot gas defrost methods. Very few techniques are available to reduce the frost accumulation in the evaporator. The main objective of the present work is to reduce the quantity of frost by using coating on the evaporator coil. The coating chosen is to be very smooth, sustain the low temperatures and non wettable . so that there is a chance of forming of frost layers in the evaporator. By doing so, water drips can roll off easily, the dust and other impurities deposited on the surface can be easily removed. Commercially available 662 S - SILICONE GREASE coating material is chosen as coating material. A domestic refrigerator of 165litres capacity working with refrigerant 134a was procured and its pull down characteristics was determined to analyse proper working condition of the refrigerator without coating on the evaporator walls the load was kept inside the refrigerator and the amount of frost deposited was measured for various time intervals. The above process was repeated for various loads. Then the evaporator was coated with 662 S-SILICONE GREASE. The amount of frost deposited on evaporator was measured with the same loads used for without coating for various time intervals. By comparing the experimental results the amount of frost deposited was found to be reduced when 662 S-SILICONE GREASE coating was used. Due to reduction of frost accumulation the power consumption also was found to be reduced.
Keywords: Refrigerator, evaporator, R134A, frost accumulation, 662 S-SILICONE GREASE coating, COP, power consumption
This document discusses using nanofluids as cooling fluids in engines to improve heat transfer performance. It begins by providing background on engine cooling systems and how they work. Then it discusses nanofluids, which are fluids containing nanometer-sized particles that can increase thermal conductivity and heat transfer compared to base fluids like water. The document outlines a study that uses computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to analyze heat transfer when different nanofluids flow through an engine block. It discusses modeling the engine block geometry, meshing it, applying boundary conditions and materials properties, and solving the simulation to obtain temperature and heat flux results. The results suggest nanofluids may allow for improved engine cooling system performance.
PR25_SeniorDesign_FallTermProposal_PRESENTATION COPYMathew Smith
This document presents a senior design proposal for a binary refrigerant refrigerator project. The objective is to design, build, and test an optimized domestic refrigerator that uses a binary refrigerant mixture to improve energy efficiency. A binary mixture offers potential efficiency advantages over a single refrigerant by allowing for temperature changes during boiling. Optimization algorithms will be used to select refrigerant mixtures that maximize the refrigerator's coefficient of performance (COP). Analytical and experimental methods will be used to test various refrigerant concentrations and measure the energy required to determine the mixture with the highest COP. The results will aim to provide energy savings for consumers while reducing environmental impacts.
A Review on Design and Development of Three in One Air Cooling SystemIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of a proposed three-in-one air cooling system that uses evaporative cooling, desiccant cooling, and a heat and mass exchanger (HMX) to cool air without increasing humidity. The system combines direct and indirect evaporative cooling for higher effectiveness and lower energy consumption compared to vapor compression air conditioning systems. It also uses a desiccant wheel to control humidity. The HMX allows indirect evaporative cooling of a primary air stream through a wet secondary air stream to lower the temperature without increasing moisture content. This innovative three-in-one system could replace vapor compression systems to reduce electrical energy usage and emissions from air conditioning.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
esearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
The document describes an exergy analysis of an ice rink refrigeration system. The system uses R-134a as the refrigerant and circulates brine water beneath the ice surface. An exergy analysis was conducted on each component of the system, including the evaporator, condenser, compressor, expansion valve, and the overall system. The analysis aimed to identify where the greatest irreversibilities occur and estimate the exergy efficiency of components. This could help improve resource usage and emissions to work towards sustainable development. Key results included the exergy destruction and efficiency of each component, as well as identifying how variables like temperature and mass flow rate affect compressor work and heat loads.
WASTE HEAT RECOVERY IN DOMESTIC REFRIGERATION SYSTEM IN THE APPLICATION OF WA...Journal For Research
Heat is the energy, so energy saving is one of the key matters for the protection of global environment. Heat also radiated from our domestic refrigerator. This waste heat from refrigerator will affect the environmental because as heat in the environment will increases it will cause global warming. So it is necessary that a significant effort should be made for conserving energy through waste heat recovery too. So An attempt has been made to utilize waste heat from condenser of refrigerator. This heat can be used for various of domestic and industrial purposes. In minimum constructional, maintenance and running cost, this system is very useful for domestic purpose. It is valuable alternative approach to increase overall efficiency and reuse the waste heat. The study has shown that such a system is technically feasible and economical. This system is a cabin that we are going to install over the head of the simple refrigerator, this cabin will be an arrangement of coils that will work as a heat exchanger for reuse of waste heat. These coils are hot coils of condenser of the refrigerator that will be modified and will put in the cabin. It can serve the purpose of cooking, geysers etc. Besides, the refrigerator may be used as conventional refrigerator. Further COP will also increase. Heat rejection may occur directly to the air in the case of a conventional household domestic refrigerator having air-cooled condenser. This system rejected less heat to the environment so it is safer in environmental aspects also.
In present days, Refrigerators are cyclic devices working fluid in refrigerator is called Refrigerant. The performance of refrigerators is expressed in terms of coefficient of Performance. And the cooling capacity of a refrigerating system is expressed in terms of Tonne of Refrigeration. Frosting is an unavoidable phenomenon either in domestic refrigerator or in industrial installations. Different methods are available to remove the frost accumulation like water defrost, electric defrost and hot gas defrost methods. Very few techniques are available to reduce the frost accumulation in the evaporator. The main objective of the present work is to reduce the quantity of frost by using coating on the evaporator coil. The coating chosen is to be very smooth, sustain the low temperatures and non wettable . so that there is a chance of forming of frost layers in the evaporator. By doing so, water drips can roll off easily, the dust and other impurities deposited on the surface can be easily removed. Commercially available 662 S - SILICONE GREASE coating material is chosen as coating material. A domestic refrigerator of 165litres capacity working with refrigerant 134a was procured and its pull down characteristics was determined to analyse proper working condition of the refrigerator without coating on the evaporator walls the load was kept inside the refrigerator and the amount of frost deposited was measured for various time intervals. The above process was repeated for various loads. Then the evaporator was coated with 662 S-SILICONE GREASE. The amount of frost deposited on evaporator was measured with the same loads used for without coating for various time intervals. By comparing the experimental results the amount of frost deposited was found to be reduced when 662 S-SILICONE GREASE coating was used. Due to reduction of frost accumulation the power consumption also was found to be reduced.
Keywords: Refrigerator, evaporator, R134A, frost accumulation, 662 S-SILICONE GREASE coating, COP, power consumption
The document discusses refrigeration systems and domestic refrigerators. It describes the vapor compression refrigeration system as the most popular system used for both domestic and industrial refrigeration and air conditioning. It works by circulating a refrigerant that alternately evaporates and condenses. The vapor absorption system uses an absorbent like water and a refrigerant like ammonia. Domestic refrigerators are used to store food between 0-4°C and freeze food between -13 to -18°C. They can be manual or automatic defrost types. Window and split air conditioners are also discussed.
The document discusses waste heat recovery from a domestic refrigerator. It describes how a waste heat recovery system was designed and retrofitted to the refrigerator in order to capture waste heat from the condenser. The waste heat is then used to keep food warm in an insulated oven attachment and to heat water. This saves significant amounts of energy by reusing heat that would otherwise be lost to the environment. The document also provides background on refrigeration systems, outlining the basic vapor compression cycle used in refrigerators and how each component functions to produce cooling.
This document discusses heat exchangers and provides details about different types of heat exchangers classified based on heat exchange process, fluid flow direction, physical state of fluids, and constructional features. It describes double pipe heat exchangers and the objective of the study to compare the overall heat transfer coefficient of a double pipe heat exchanger without and with twisted sheet inserts of varying twist ratios. Key terms discussed include heat exchangers, regenerators, recuperators, parallel flow, counter flow, cross flow, condensers, and evaporators.
1) The document presents an experimental study on reducing frost accumulation in a refrigerator evaporator coil by applying a 662 S-silicone grease coating.
2) Experiments were conducted with varying water loads kept in the refrigerator over time periods of 25, 50, and 75 hours, with and without the silicone grease coating on the evaporator. Less frost accumulated on the coated evaporator across all experiments.
3) The silicone grease coating is proposed to reduce frost accumulation due to its smooth, low-temperature resistant, and non-wetting properties which allow water droplets to easily roll off the surface. Reducing frost accumulation could improve refrigerator performance and efficiency.
Experimental investigation of waste heat recovery system for domestic refrige...IAEME Publication
This document describes an experimental investigation of a waste heat recovery system for a domestic refrigerator. The system utilizes the waste heat from the refrigerator's condenser, which is typically around 32-43°C, by installing a water tank to recover heat from the compressed refrigerant gas before it enters the condenser via a process called desuperheating. Tests were conducted with the refrigerator operating normally and operating as a refrigerator-water heater. Results found that waste heat recovery from domestic refrigerators is technically feasible and can economically preheat water. The document provides details on the experimental setup, which includes modifications made to a domestic refrigerator to integrate a water tank for desuperheating, and instrumentation used to collect temperature and energy consumption data.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document describes a study that uses a single effect lithium bromide-water vapor absorption cycle to cool the inlet air of a gas turbine power plant. The goal is to improve the performance of the plant. Thermodynamic analyses are carried out for various exhaust gas temperatures from 150-220°C. Results show the cooling capacity can reduce the inlet air temperature up to 5°C when the ambient temperature is 35°C, leading to noticeable efficiency improvements in the gas turbine.
human recourse information system; public sector; performance; satisfaction o...IJERA Editor
Electric Water Heaters are widely used all over the world that can be categorized in two types i.e. Instant Water Heaters & Storage type Water Heaters. The energy consumption for 6 liter water heaters is much higher in the storage type of water heater. As energy is an important factor for economic development of country, therefore there is need to save the energy which implies the focus to use Storage type Water Heaters. In 6 Liter water heater, Existing model converting from 4 star rating to 5 star rating by thermal analysis & insulation. After the theoretical calculation of thickness of glass wool is the practical testing of product with BEE norms & got results for 5 Star Calculation. Finally we are doing the thermal analysis for theoretical & practical verification of the product
The document discusses heat sink design for cooling electronic systems. It compares different design parameters for heat sinks such as fin material, shape, layout, working fluid, and forcing mechanism. Two solutions are proposed to achieve heat fluxes of 2 kW/m^2 and 200 kW/m^2. Sample calculations are shown for a solution using aluminum fins cooled by forced air to achieve a heat flux of 209.377 kW/m^2.
Experimental Investigation of Pool Boiling Enhancement on Different Structure...IRJET Journal
1) The document experimentally investigates pool boiling enhancement on different structured surfaces, including plain, V-shaped, and square structures.
2) The experiment was conducted in a boiling chamber by varying the electric supply and applying/not applying vibration. Surface temperature and heat flux were calculated.
3) The results showed that the square surface provided more appreciable heat flux and heat transfer coefficient compared to the other surfaces. Modifying the surface structure can enhance pool boiling heat transfer.
IRJET- Review on Comparative Analysis of COP of Vapour Compression Refrig...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the comparative analysis of the coefficient of performance (COP) of vapor compression refrigeration systems using different refrigerants. It analyzes the COP of systems using R134a, R407c, and R410a refrigerants. R134a is commonly used but harms the environment, while R407c and R410a are eco-friendly alternatives. The COP varies with evaporating temperature for each refrigerant. The document aims to determine the best refrigerant option based on performance and environmental impact. It provides background on vapor compression refrigeration systems and their basic components, including the compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator.
This document summarizes a study that investigated using a propane-butane mixture as an alternative refrigerant in household refrigerators instead of R-134a. The study found that using a mixed refrigerant of 80% propane and 20% butane by mass achieved higher cooling capacity and lower freezer temperatures compared to R-134a, with energy consumption reduced by nearly 10.8%. Mixed refrigerants are a potential environmentally-friendly alternative to hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) that are banned for depleting the ozone layer. The experimental results indicate that mixed refrigerants show promise as refrigerants in household refrigerators.
This document provides a theoretical investigation of a solar energy driven combined power and refrigeration cycle that uses oil as the heat transfer medium. The cycle integrates a Rankine cycle for power production and an ejector refrigeration cycle for cold production. Thermodynamic analyses of the cycle were conducted to determine first law efficiency of 20% and second law efficiency of 11%. Key cycle components include a heliostat field, central receiver, heat recovery steam generator, turbine, evaporator, condenser and ejector. Effects of parameters such as steam temperature and evaporator temperature on cycle performance were examined.
REFRIGERATION- HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEM BY USING WATER HEATER CHAMBER IN BETWEEN...Dhananjay Parmar
The heat from the condenser side is dissipated to the room air. If this heat is not utilized it simply becomes the waste heat.
The rejected heat could be used to operate any other low grade heat required refrigeration system.
This document discusses the design and analysis of an air-conditioned tricycle that uses thermoelectric cooling. The system uses multiple thermoelectric Peltier modules to absorb heat from the air and provide cooling. Rectangular fins and fiber sheets are used to improve heat transfer from the modules. The design is intended to provide cooling without using ozone-depleting refrigerants. Experimental results showed the thermoelectric system was able to achieve a cooling power of 50W per module with a coefficient of performance between 1.5-2. The document reviews several other studies on thermoelectric cooling systems and their advantages over traditional vapor-compression air conditioners.
Effect of approching temperature on the performance and size of li br water v...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document summarizes an experimental study on the performance of an air-cooled condenser for low pressure steam condensation. Key findings include:
- Mass flow rate of condensed steam decreases with decreases in steam pressure and temperature difference.
- While capacity is sometimes limited by ambient conditions, air-cooled condensers are still preferable to traditional steam surface condensers due to water availability and environmental issues.
- Previous studies have examined the effects of ambient conditions like temperature and wind velocity on the performance of air-cooled condensers. Fins and changes to tube geometry have been used to improve performance.
This document discusses speed control of refrigeration compressors using frequency inverters. It summarizes that frequency inverters allow precise matching of refrigeration capacity to requirements, improving energy efficiency. They provide benefits like primary energy savings from reducing evaporation and optimizing condensation temperatures, and secondary savings from improving evaporator efficiency. Frequency inverters also improve cooling quality by reducing temperature deviations and maintaining higher relative humidity, lowering weight losses of stored goods. Calculations show they can achieve energy savings of 16-25% compared to conventional control systems and improve economic results by reducing losses from dried goods.
This document discusses the design of a 10,500-ton central chilled water plant in Washington D.C. Several design options were evaluated using life-cycle cost analysis. The selected design used a series-series counterflow arrangement of six electric centrifugal chillers with dual refrigerant circuits. This configuration reduced chiller power demands and pumping costs, resulting in the lowest life-cycle cost that was over $1.4 million less than parallel arrangements. The series-series counterflow design lowers the 'lift' required of the chillers by staging the evaporator and condenser temperatures between units.
This document describes an algorithm for automating the process of human emotion detection from digital images. The algorithm has two main parts: database generation and emotion detection. For database generation, faces are detected from images using skin segmentation and color thresholds. Lips are then detected and cropped from faces to generate templates for different emotions, which are stored in a database. For emotion detection, lips are detected and cropped from a new input image and compared to the templates using cross-correlation to identify the best match and recognize the emotion. The algorithm provides a simple and fast way to detect emotions from images by analyzing lips, compared to other methods using speech recognition or brain activity analysis.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document provides guidelines for the design and construction of ultra thin white topping (UTWT) on asphalt pavements. Some key points:
- UTWT involves placing a thin (50-150mm), fiber-reinforced concrete overlay on an existing asphalt pavement to improve ride quality, load capacity, and subgrade quality.
- Salient features of UTWT include its thinness, extensive surface preparation to bond the concrete and asphalt, short joint spacings (0.6-1.8m), and use of high-strength, fiber-reinforced concrete mixtures for early opening.
- UTWT concrete mixes use materials like fly ash, slag, and silica f
The document discusses refrigeration systems and domestic refrigerators. It describes the vapor compression refrigeration system as the most popular system used for both domestic and industrial refrigeration and air conditioning. It works by circulating a refrigerant that alternately evaporates and condenses. The vapor absorption system uses an absorbent like water and a refrigerant like ammonia. Domestic refrigerators are used to store food between 0-4°C and freeze food between -13 to -18°C. They can be manual or automatic defrost types. Window and split air conditioners are also discussed.
The document discusses waste heat recovery from a domestic refrigerator. It describes how a waste heat recovery system was designed and retrofitted to the refrigerator in order to capture waste heat from the condenser. The waste heat is then used to keep food warm in an insulated oven attachment and to heat water. This saves significant amounts of energy by reusing heat that would otherwise be lost to the environment. The document also provides background on refrigeration systems, outlining the basic vapor compression cycle used in refrigerators and how each component functions to produce cooling.
This document discusses heat exchangers and provides details about different types of heat exchangers classified based on heat exchange process, fluid flow direction, physical state of fluids, and constructional features. It describes double pipe heat exchangers and the objective of the study to compare the overall heat transfer coefficient of a double pipe heat exchanger without and with twisted sheet inserts of varying twist ratios. Key terms discussed include heat exchangers, regenerators, recuperators, parallel flow, counter flow, cross flow, condensers, and evaporators.
1) The document presents an experimental study on reducing frost accumulation in a refrigerator evaporator coil by applying a 662 S-silicone grease coating.
2) Experiments were conducted with varying water loads kept in the refrigerator over time periods of 25, 50, and 75 hours, with and without the silicone grease coating on the evaporator. Less frost accumulated on the coated evaporator across all experiments.
3) The silicone grease coating is proposed to reduce frost accumulation due to its smooth, low-temperature resistant, and non-wetting properties which allow water droplets to easily roll off the surface. Reducing frost accumulation could improve refrigerator performance and efficiency.
Experimental investigation of waste heat recovery system for domestic refrige...IAEME Publication
This document describes an experimental investigation of a waste heat recovery system for a domestic refrigerator. The system utilizes the waste heat from the refrigerator's condenser, which is typically around 32-43°C, by installing a water tank to recover heat from the compressed refrigerant gas before it enters the condenser via a process called desuperheating. Tests were conducted with the refrigerator operating normally and operating as a refrigerator-water heater. Results found that waste heat recovery from domestic refrigerators is technically feasible and can economically preheat water. The document provides details on the experimental setup, which includes modifications made to a domestic refrigerator to integrate a water tank for desuperheating, and instrumentation used to collect temperature and energy consumption data.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document describes a study that uses a single effect lithium bromide-water vapor absorption cycle to cool the inlet air of a gas turbine power plant. The goal is to improve the performance of the plant. Thermodynamic analyses are carried out for various exhaust gas temperatures from 150-220°C. Results show the cooling capacity can reduce the inlet air temperature up to 5°C when the ambient temperature is 35°C, leading to noticeable efficiency improvements in the gas turbine.
human recourse information system; public sector; performance; satisfaction o...IJERA Editor
Electric Water Heaters are widely used all over the world that can be categorized in two types i.e. Instant Water Heaters & Storage type Water Heaters. The energy consumption for 6 liter water heaters is much higher in the storage type of water heater. As energy is an important factor for economic development of country, therefore there is need to save the energy which implies the focus to use Storage type Water Heaters. In 6 Liter water heater, Existing model converting from 4 star rating to 5 star rating by thermal analysis & insulation. After the theoretical calculation of thickness of glass wool is the practical testing of product with BEE norms & got results for 5 Star Calculation. Finally we are doing the thermal analysis for theoretical & practical verification of the product
The document discusses heat sink design for cooling electronic systems. It compares different design parameters for heat sinks such as fin material, shape, layout, working fluid, and forcing mechanism. Two solutions are proposed to achieve heat fluxes of 2 kW/m^2 and 200 kW/m^2. Sample calculations are shown for a solution using aluminum fins cooled by forced air to achieve a heat flux of 209.377 kW/m^2.
Experimental Investigation of Pool Boiling Enhancement on Different Structure...IRJET Journal
1) The document experimentally investigates pool boiling enhancement on different structured surfaces, including plain, V-shaped, and square structures.
2) The experiment was conducted in a boiling chamber by varying the electric supply and applying/not applying vibration. Surface temperature and heat flux were calculated.
3) The results showed that the square surface provided more appreciable heat flux and heat transfer coefficient compared to the other surfaces. Modifying the surface structure can enhance pool boiling heat transfer.
IRJET- Review on Comparative Analysis of COP of Vapour Compression Refrig...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the comparative analysis of the coefficient of performance (COP) of vapor compression refrigeration systems using different refrigerants. It analyzes the COP of systems using R134a, R407c, and R410a refrigerants. R134a is commonly used but harms the environment, while R407c and R410a are eco-friendly alternatives. The COP varies with evaporating temperature for each refrigerant. The document aims to determine the best refrigerant option based on performance and environmental impact. It provides background on vapor compression refrigeration systems and their basic components, including the compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator.
This document summarizes a study that investigated using a propane-butane mixture as an alternative refrigerant in household refrigerators instead of R-134a. The study found that using a mixed refrigerant of 80% propane and 20% butane by mass achieved higher cooling capacity and lower freezer temperatures compared to R-134a, with energy consumption reduced by nearly 10.8%. Mixed refrigerants are a potential environmentally-friendly alternative to hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) that are banned for depleting the ozone layer. The experimental results indicate that mixed refrigerants show promise as refrigerants in household refrigerators.
This document provides a theoretical investigation of a solar energy driven combined power and refrigeration cycle that uses oil as the heat transfer medium. The cycle integrates a Rankine cycle for power production and an ejector refrigeration cycle for cold production. Thermodynamic analyses of the cycle were conducted to determine first law efficiency of 20% and second law efficiency of 11%. Key cycle components include a heliostat field, central receiver, heat recovery steam generator, turbine, evaporator, condenser and ejector. Effects of parameters such as steam temperature and evaporator temperature on cycle performance were examined.
REFRIGERATION- HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEM BY USING WATER HEATER CHAMBER IN BETWEEN...Dhananjay Parmar
The heat from the condenser side is dissipated to the room air. If this heat is not utilized it simply becomes the waste heat.
The rejected heat could be used to operate any other low grade heat required refrigeration system.
This document discusses the design and analysis of an air-conditioned tricycle that uses thermoelectric cooling. The system uses multiple thermoelectric Peltier modules to absorb heat from the air and provide cooling. Rectangular fins and fiber sheets are used to improve heat transfer from the modules. The design is intended to provide cooling without using ozone-depleting refrigerants. Experimental results showed the thermoelectric system was able to achieve a cooling power of 50W per module with a coefficient of performance between 1.5-2. The document reviews several other studies on thermoelectric cooling systems and their advantages over traditional vapor-compression air conditioners.
Effect of approching temperature on the performance and size of li br water v...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document summarizes an experimental study on the performance of an air-cooled condenser for low pressure steam condensation. Key findings include:
- Mass flow rate of condensed steam decreases with decreases in steam pressure and temperature difference.
- While capacity is sometimes limited by ambient conditions, air-cooled condensers are still preferable to traditional steam surface condensers due to water availability and environmental issues.
- Previous studies have examined the effects of ambient conditions like temperature and wind velocity on the performance of air-cooled condensers. Fins and changes to tube geometry have been used to improve performance.
This document discusses speed control of refrigeration compressors using frequency inverters. It summarizes that frequency inverters allow precise matching of refrigeration capacity to requirements, improving energy efficiency. They provide benefits like primary energy savings from reducing evaporation and optimizing condensation temperatures, and secondary savings from improving evaporator efficiency. Frequency inverters also improve cooling quality by reducing temperature deviations and maintaining higher relative humidity, lowering weight losses of stored goods. Calculations show they can achieve energy savings of 16-25% compared to conventional control systems and improve economic results by reducing losses from dried goods.
This document discusses the design of a 10,500-ton central chilled water plant in Washington D.C. Several design options were evaluated using life-cycle cost analysis. The selected design used a series-series counterflow arrangement of six electric centrifugal chillers with dual refrigerant circuits. This configuration reduced chiller power demands and pumping costs, resulting in the lowest life-cycle cost that was over $1.4 million less than parallel arrangements. The series-series counterflow design lowers the 'lift' required of the chillers by staging the evaporator and condenser temperatures between units.
This document describes an algorithm for automating the process of human emotion detection from digital images. The algorithm has two main parts: database generation and emotion detection. For database generation, faces are detected from images using skin segmentation and color thresholds. Lips are then detected and cropped from faces to generate templates for different emotions, which are stored in a database. For emotion detection, lips are detected and cropped from a new input image and compared to the templates using cross-correlation to identify the best match and recognize the emotion. The algorithm provides a simple and fast way to detect emotions from images by analyzing lips, compared to other methods using speech recognition or brain activity analysis.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document provides guidelines for the design and construction of ultra thin white topping (UTWT) on asphalt pavements. Some key points:
- UTWT involves placing a thin (50-150mm), fiber-reinforced concrete overlay on an existing asphalt pavement to improve ride quality, load capacity, and subgrade quality.
- Salient features of UTWT include its thinness, extensive surface preparation to bond the concrete and asphalt, short joint spacings (0.6-1.8m), and use of high-strength, fiber-reinforced concrete mixtures for early opening.
- UTWT concrete mixes use materials like fly ash, slag, and silica f
This document summarizes a study on the effect of Alccofine powder on the properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC). Six different SCC mixes were tested: a control mix without Alccofine and mixes with 5%, 10%, and 15% Alccofine content. Test results showed that SCC mixes with 10% Alccofine exhibited superior fresh and hardened properties compared to mixes with lower or higher Alccofine content. Specifically, the 10% Alccofine mix displayed higher compressive strength, flowability, passing ability, and resistance to segregation. The study concluded that addition of an optimized amount of Alccofine, in this case 10%, can improve the self-compatibility
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document summarizes a study on the environmental awareness of rural residents in Hamirpur District, Himachal Pradesh, India. The study surveyed 1208 residents across 25 villages. It assessed their awareness of different environmental issues through a questionnaire. The results showed high awareness of local issues like air, water, and noise pollution, but lower awareness of global issues like climate change. Most respondents gained environmental knowledge from TV and newspapers. While awareness levels were reasonably high, more work is still needed to increase awareness and promote environmentally responsible behavior.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document evaluates the thermooxidation stabilities of additive-free base oils used in two commercially available grades of automotive crankcase oil (SAE-28W50 and SAE-10W40). The base oils were obtained by stripping the commercial oils of their additive components. The base oils were then thermally oxidized using a modified Turbine Oil Oxidation Test apparatus at increasing temperatures up to 380°C. The stabilities were evaluated based on parameters like Total Acid Number and Total Oxidation Products. Results showed that the synthetic base oil (SAE-10W40) was the least stable, followed by the blended base oil, while the mineral base oil (SAE-28
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
1. The document proposes an efficient method for inter-carrier interference (ICI) cancellation and peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction in MIMO-OFDM wireless systems.
2. It develops an expectation-maximization algorithm to jointly estimate carrier frequency offset and channel impulse response. It also designs a minimum mean-square error precoding matrix to reduce PAPR.
3. The key contribution is a progressive parallel inter-carrier interference canceller based on factor graphs. It iteratively reconstructs and cancels ICI across subcarriers in both the frequency and space domains to improve performance.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document proposes a new Password Guessing Resistant Protocol (PGRP) to improve the security of password-based authentication against large-scale online attacks while maintaining usability for legitimate users. PGRP limits automated bots to 3 login attempts per username before requiring an Automated Turing Test (ATT), while allowing legitimate users logging in from known devices up to 30 failed attempts without an ATT. PGRP tracks user devices and login patterns to distinguish human and bot behavior. The protocol was tested in several scenarios and was found to effectively prevent password guessing while providing a better user experience compared to existing ATT-based methods.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The document discusses a case study of rural electrification through solar photovoltaic systems on Sagar Island in West Bengal, India. It describes the 10 solar power stations that have been installed on the island between 1996-2006 by the West Bengal Renewable Energy Development Agency to provide electricity to over 2000 families for 6 hours per day. The study analyzes the rural electrification scenario through renewable energy on the isolated island and finds that solar power has benefited residents but that connecting the isolated renewable power plants to the grid presents challenges.
Recovery of Engine Waste Heat for Reutilization in Air Conditioning System in...Joel John
The document proposes recovering engine waste heat in an automobile to power an air conditioning system using vapor absorption refrigeration. It begins with an introduction discussing how air conditioning has become necessary in vehicles and how operating costs are increasing. It then reviews vapor compression and absorption refrigeration systems, engine cooling systems, and compares the two refrigeration methods. The objectives are to identify waste in traditional vapor compression systems, compare characteristics to the proposed vapor absorption system, and analyze strategies to reduce refrigeration costs in vehicles. A literature review found works on using exhaust heat for adsorption cooling but no significant work recovering engine heat for vehicle air conditioning.
This document summarizes research on optimizing automotive radiator design. It discusses the importance of radiators in vehicle design and the need for optimization between performance, size, shape, and weight. Chapter 1 introduces the topic and Chapter 2 reviews related literature. Chapter 3 discusses the necessity of cooling systems to prevent overheating. Chapter 4 describes different radiator types. Chapter 5 reports on parametric studies examining the effects of operating conditions like air and coolant flow rates, temperatures, and coolant type on radiator performance. It also analyzes the influence of design parameters such as fin pitch, louver angle, and coolant flow layout. Figures and tables are referenced but not included.
Refrigeration and air conditioning are discussed. Key points:
- Refrigeration is the process of removing heat from a substance to lower its temperature below surroundings. Refrigerants like ammonia and freon are used.
- Applications include food preservation, chemical/process industries, air conditioning, and medical use.
- A refrigeration system consists of an evaporator to absorb heat, a compressor to circulate refrigerant, a condenser to reject heat, and an expansion device.
IRJET- Comfort Cooling Application using Fixed Focus Solar Parabolic Dish...IRJET Journal
1. The document discusses using solar thermal energy from a Scheffler dish concentrator to power a double effect vapor absorption machine (VAM) for comfort cooling applications.
2. A case study integrated a 320 sqm Scheffler dish collector with a VAM, reducing annual electricity use by 120,000 kWh and carbon emissions by 113 metric tons, with a payback period of 6-7 years.
3. Solar thermal cooling using VAMs can seamlessly integrate with existing electric chillers to provide comfort cooling, reducing fossil fuel usage and electricity consumption.
Refrigeration and its Terminologies;
(i) Capacity or Units of refrigeration,
(ii) COP,
(iii) Types of Refrigerants
(iv) Refrigerants and their desirable properties,
Refrigeration Cycles:
(i) Vapor compression refrigeration system; description, analysis, refrigerating effect.
(ii) Vapor compression refrigeration system Special Case 1,2,3;
(iii) Deviation of the Actual Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle from the Ideal Cycle
Air cycle refrigeration;
a) reversed Carnot cycle,
b) reversed Brayton cycle,
c) Vapor absorption refrigeration system.
Previous Year Problems with Solution
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF WASTE HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEM FOR DOMESTIC REFRIGE...IAEME Publication
The document describes an experimental investigation of waste heat recovery from a domestic refrigerator. The refrigerator's condenser was immersed in a water tank to recover heat through desuperheating of the refrigerant gas. Testing was conducted with and without a water load under no-load and full-load refrigerator conditions. Outlet water temperature increased over time for all tests, reaching over 40°C within 30 minutes. Power consumption decreased as outlet water temperature increased. The coefficient of performance also decreased over time as the system approached steady state conditions. The results indicate waste heat recovery from domestic refrigerators is technically feasible and economically viable.
This document summarizes a study on using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as a refrigerant in a refrigerator. Key points:
- LPG was used as the refrigerant in a refrigerator designed for the study. The refrigerator worked efficiently with LPG and achieved an evaporator temperature of 5°C with a surrounding temperature of 35°C.
- Observations showed that as time increased, the delivery pressure of LPG decreased from 41 psi to 36 psi while the temperature dropped from 37.2°C to 16.4°C over 30 minutes.
- Using LPG as a refrigerant provides benefits over traditional refrigerants like having no ozone depletion or global warming potential,
Thermodynamic Analysis of Lithium Bromide-Water(LiBr-H2O) Vapor Absorption ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on a lithium bromide-water vapor absorption refrigeration system powered by solar energy. It discusses the basic principles and components of vapor absorption systems, including the generator, condenser, evaporator, absorber, and expansion valve. Common working fluid pairs like lithium bromide-water and ammonia-water are described. The document provides details on the thermodynamic analysis conducted on a 1.5-ton lithium bromide-water system, including calculations of the coefficient of performance based on hot water as the heat source. The goal is to explore using solar energy instead of electricity to power the refrigeration process.
This document discusses refrigerants used in refrigeration systems. It begins by defining refrigerants and their role in absorbing and transmitting heat. It then classifies refrigerants as primary or secondary and discusses their properties. The document outlines several criteria for selecting refrigerants, including thermodynamic, environmental, safety and economic factors. It also describes the numbering system used to designate refrigerants and compares common synthetic and natural refrigerants. The overall aim is to explain the important considerations for choosing suitable refrigerants.
DOMESTIC REFRIGERATION USING LPG CYLINDERIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and analysis of a domestic refrigerator that uses liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as the refrigerant. LPG is stored in pressurized cylinders and passed through a capillary tube, where the pressure and temperature drop as the LPG expands and undergoes a phase change from liquid to gas. This temperature drop produces a refrigerating effect. The experimental results showed that an LPG refrigerator has a higher coefficient of performance than a conventional home refrigerator. The LPG refrigerator operates on the basic principles of a vapor compression refrigeration system using the LPG in the cylinder as the refrigerant.
Waste Heat Recovery From Refrigeration PlantIRJET Journal
This document summarizes waste heat recovery from a refrigeration plant condenser. It discusses how the waste heat from a condenser, which is currently released into the environment, can instead be captured and used for applications like water heating. The document then provides technical details on heat transfer methods, refrigerants, and vapor compression refrigeration systems. It analyzes using the condenser waste heat from a 30-ton refrigeration plant to heat water up to 50°C, which could then be used for low-temperature household or industrial purposes. Capturing this waste heat improves overall system efficiency and reduces environmental impacts.
A development and performance evaluation of a two-stage cascade refrigeration system for ice block production was carried out in this work. Two single stage vapour compression refrigeration systems were thermally coupled. The cascade refrigeration system thus formed enhances cooling effect and fast track ice production. This machine was designed for a refrigeration capacity of 3kW to achieve the conversion of 128.25m3 of water at 300C to ice block at -150C using R407A/R410A as working fluids. Experimental test of the machine was conducted under fixed and variable load conditions with the temperature and pressure both at the inlet and exit of each of evaporator, compressor and condenser taken. From the data obtained the refrigerating effect, COP and overall efficiency were determined. The result of the performance evaluation shows that as the evaporator temperature increases from -150C to -30C keeping the temperature difference in the cascade condenser and condenser temperature constant, the refrigerating effect increases from 189.17kJ/kg to 201.34kJ/kg, the COP increases from 4.13 to 6.90 and the overall efficiency of the system increases from 61.03% to 64.27%. As the condenser temperature increases from 400C to 490C keeping the evaporator temperature and temperature difference in the cascade condenser constant, the refrigerating effect decreases from 189.17kJ/kg to 184.37kJ/kg, the COP decreases from 4.13 to 3.80 and the overall efficiency of the system decreases from 61.03% to 50.92%. However, as the temperature difference in the cascade condenser decreases from 60C to 20C keeping the evaporator and condenser temperature constant, the refrigerating effect increases from 190.76kJ/kg to 197.06kJ/kg, the COP increases from 4.18 to 4.62 and the overall efficiency of the system increases from 60.64% to 63.25%. The machine achieved the designed condition in six (6) hours and the ice blocks so produced retained its solid state for 48 hours with the cover remained closed which denote a very impressive transformation capacity and reliability of the device compare with other homemade.
This document provides an overview of refrigeration and air conditioning systems. It describes:
1) The basic process by which refrigeration systems transfer heat from a cooler to warmer reservoir using a refrigerant and mechanical work.
2) The main types of refrigeration and air conditioning systems used in industry, including vapor compression, absorption cooling, and common refrigerants.
3) The typical components of a vapor compression system, including the evaporator, compressor, condenser, expansion device, and the phase changes that occur in the refrigeration cycle.
Coefficient of Performance Enhancement of Refrigeration CyclesIJERA Editor
This document summarizes an experimental study that investigated enhancing the coefficient of performance (COP) of refrigeration cycles by using different condenser designs. Three condenser designs were tested in a refrigerator: the original design and two new designs (one with plain copper tubes and one with copper tubes welded to a stainless steel plate). Measurements of temperature, pressure, heat rejection, and COP were taken over time under varying evaporator loads. The results showed that the COP of the new designs increased by up to 20% compared to the original design when no load was applied. COP generally increased with higher evaporator loads. The plain copper tube design performed best, providing better heat transfer than the welded plate design.
Thermodynamic Analysis of Cooling Tower with Air to Air Heat Exchanger for Re...IJMREMJournal
In this paper a thermodynamic analysis of cooling tower with air-to-air heat exchanger is presented. During manual operation of conventional cooling tower, a good quantity of water is evaporated which requires equivalent amount of makeup water for their condensers. So, in this regard, the thermodynamic model of a cooling with an air to air heat exchanger is developed using engineering equation solver (EES) software and then simulated in different climatic conditions of two major cities of Pakistan namely Karachi and Jamshoro through the period of June & December 2017. The results show a significant variation in water vapor recovery with respect to atmospheric conditions mainly humidity and ambient air temperature. Results reveal that the when a cooling tower coupled with air to air heat exchanger maximum amount of water vapors are recovered at Karachi and ranges up to 67% and 62% in Jamshoro during the month of December.
Thermodynamic Analysis of Cooling Tower with Air to Air Heat Exchanger for Re...IJMREMJournal
In this paper a thermodynamic analysis of cooling tower with air-to-air heat exchanger is presented. During
manual operation of conventional cooling tower, a good quantity of water is evaporated which requires equivalent
amount of makeup water for their condensers. So, in this regard, the thermodynamic model of a cooling with an
air to air heat exchanger is developed using engineering equation solver (EES) software and then simulated in
different climatic conditions of two major cities of Pakistan namely Karachi and Jamshoro through the period of
June & December 2017. The results show a significant variation in water vapor recovery with respect to
atmospheric conditions mainly humidity and ambient air temperature. Results reveal that the when a cooling
tower coupled with air to air heat exchanger maximum amount of water vapors are recovered at Karachi and
ranges up to 67% and 62% in Jamshoro during the month of December.
IRJET- A Review on Thermal Analysis and Optimization of Heat Exchanger Design...IRJET Journal
This document discusses heat exchangers and their optimization for co-generation units. It begins with an abstract discussing heat exchangers and their uses. It then discusses key factors that influence heat exchanger efficiency such as temperature differential, flow rate, and installation configuration. Common heat exchanger materials are also discussed. The document then focuses on co-generation and discusses past studies on optimizing heat exchangers for co-generation units through variables like number of tubes, tube diameter, and inlet velocity. The present work aims to obtain the best heat exchanger design for co-generation units by comparing efficiency under different parameters.
STUDY ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF CUO NANO PARTICLES IN RADIATOR HEAT EXCHANGER FOR A...P singh
In this present study, the forced convective heat transfer performance of automobile radiator has been studied experimentally by using Nano fluid (CuO-Water) as a coolant for an automobile radiator.. Experimental works were conducted to investigate the effect of Copper-Oxide (CuO) nanoparticles volume concentration and the operating temperatures on the rate of Nano fluids heat transfer in a radiator heat Exchanger. CuO nanoparticles were mixed with the base fluid water and also Sodium Lauryl Sulphate (SLS) powder was added to enhance the mixing process and stabilize the dispersion of the Nano fluids. Experimental runs were conducted at varying operating temperatures which include that, CuO-water at different temperature such as 40℃, 50℃, 60℃, 70℃, 75℃, 78℃, 80℃, 83℃. Among the operating temperatures selected for study 80℃, gives the best performance in heat transfer and the convection heat transfer coefficient. The results of the current work generally indicate that Nano fluids have the potential to enhance the heat transfer of a compact heat exchanger. Results indicate that, best overall heat transfer coefficient for the radiator is obtained at a hot fluid inlet temperature of 80℃, and at a flow rate of 0.075kg/sec.
Design &Analysis of Waste Heat Recovery System for Domestic RefrigeratorIJMER
Heat is energy, so energy saving is one of the key matters from view point of fuel consumption
and for the protection of global environment. So it is necessary that a significant and concrete effort should
be made for conserving energy through waste heat recovery too. The main objective of this paper is to study
“Waste Heat recovery system for domestic refrigerator”. An attempt has been made to utilize waste heat
from condenser of refrigerator. This heat can be used for number of domestic and industrial purposes. In
minimum constructional, maintenance and running cost, this system is much useful for domestic purpose. It
is valuable alternative approach to improve overall efficiency and reuse the waste heat. The study has
shown that such a system is technically feasible and economically viable.
Portable Air Cooling and Air Conditioning Technologies: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews portable air cooling and air conditioning technologies. It discusses different types of air conditioning systems, including window units, split systems, portable units, and more. It then summarizes the principles of evaporative cooling, including direct and indirect evaporative cooling. Latent heat of fusion and thermoelectric cooling using the Peltier effect are also explained. Recent developments in portable air cooling systems are discussed, noting their environmental benefits and ease of movement compared to stationary air conditioners. Challenges include operating effectively in humid climates.
Similar to The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES) (20)
Portable Air Cooling and Air Conditioning Technologies: A Review
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
1. The International Journal of Engineering And Science (IJES)
||Volume|| 2 ||Issue|| 01 ||Pages|| 254-262 ||2013||
ISSN: 2319 – 1813 ISBN: 2319 – 1805
Comparison of the cooling effects of a locally formulated car
radiator coolant with water and a commercial coolant
1
Efeovbokhan, Vincent Enontiemonria, 2Ohiozua, Ohireme Nathaniel
1, 2
Department of Chemical Engineering, Covenant University, Canaan Land, Ota, Nigeria
-----------------------------------------------------------Abstract------------------------------------------------------
The cooling properties of a locally formulated coolant (sample C) vis-a-vis, its boiling characteristics and
specific heat capacity were investigated along side with a common coolant-water (as sample A) and a
commercial coolant (sample B). The results of the investigation showed that sample C gave the best
performance compared to the other two samples A and B: the boiling points of sample C was 1100C, sample A
1000C, and sample B 1010C. This means that the possibility of a boil-out of sample C from the radiator is little
compared to samples A and B. Also, for the same quantity of coolant more heat would be required to raise
sample C to its boiling point than for samples A and B. In other word, better cooling would be achieved using
sample C. The specific heat capacity for sample C was 4238 Jkg -1K-1, which was also a good compromise
against samples Abut better than sample B having 4266 Jkg-1K-1 and 4208Jkg-1K-1 respectively.
Key Words: Radiator coolants, Corrosion inhibitors, Overheating, Engines.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 31th December, 2012 Date of Publication: Date 20th January 2013
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
I. Introduction:
A coolant is a fluid which flows through a device in order to prevent its overheating, transferring the
heat produced by the device to other devices that utilize or dissipate it. An ideal coolant has high thermal
capacity, low viscosity, is low-cost, and is chemically inert, neither causing nor promoting corrosion of the
cooling system.[1-3]. It is usually compounded with a high boiling point liquid which also serves as an anti-
freeze agent against extremely cold conditions and problem of overheating in hot weather. A higher boiling
temperature means that the coolant can cool better as your engine gets hotter. It also reduces the chance of
blowing a head gasket. About a third of the heat energy produced by an internal combustion engines ends up as
waste heat in the cooling system [4]. Radiator coolant raises the boiling point of the water, allowing it to carry
more heat away from the engine, and thereby preventing engine damage due to overheating. The coolant
extracts and disperses more heat fast from the engine and also responds fast to cooling in the radiator for another
cycle. That fluid referred to as coolant or antifreeze or anti-boil removes heat around and through the engine to
radiator which helps to moderate the engines temperature. [5]. Coolants when circulated throughout the engine it
improve heat resistant property, maintain optimal internal operating temperature and deter scales in the engine
cooling system that clogs the radiator fins. [6]. The cooling system of the car engine is very important because
improper care of the cooling system leads to an engine failure. Aside from optimal engine performance,
maintaining the coolant level will go a long way towards prolonging the life of the radiator and other
components in the cooling system. Decrease in the cooling system’s ability to absorb, transport and dissipate
heat caused by low coolant level, loss of coolant (through internal or external leaks), poor heat conductivity
inside the engine because of accumulated deposits in the water jackets are some of the major causes of
overheating [7]. If the coolant in an engine cooling system is changed before corrosion inhibitors reach
dangerously low levels, corrosion damage is prevented [8]. Therefore it is important to use a coolant to avoid
possible engine failure, a car coolant or antifreeze is used in internal combustion engines, and for many other
heat transfer applications. Compounds are added to the water to both raise the boiling point and reduce the
freezing point temperature of the mixture. Corrosion inhibitors may also be added at this stage if desired. The
term Colligative agent may better describe the benefits of these compounds in warm climates, since they not
only achieve freezing point depression in an extremely cold weather when mixed with water; they coincidentally
achieve boiling point elevation of water. Inhibitors are chemicals that react with a metallic surface, or the
environment involved, this surface is exposed to, giving the surface a certain level of protection. Inhibitors
often work by adsorbing themselves on the metallic surface, protecting the metallic surface by forming a film.
Inhibitors are normally distributed from a solution or dispersion. Some are included in a protective coating
formulation. Inhibitors slow corrosion processes by either: Increasing the anodic or Cathodic polarization
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 254
2. Comparison of the cooling effects of a locally...
behaviour, reducing the movement or diffusion of ions to the metallic surface and increasing the electrical
resistance of the metallic surface. [9] Colligative agents are properly referred to as both antifreeze and "anti-
boil" when used for both properties. The term engine coolant is widely used in the automotive industry, which
covers its primary function of heat transfer. Coolants, when circulated throughout the engine improve heat
resistant property of additives, maintain optimal internal operating temperature and deter scales in the engine
cooling system that clogs the radiator fins. [10]. Over heating results when coolants are not used. Overheating
could result in accelerated deterioration of the oil and subsequently the engine itself. [11]. Basically in this
research, coolant has become a remedy for the problem of overheating and freezing of a cooling system.
Coolants are formulated to have the right mix of water and antifreeze to provide adequate freezing and boiling
protection. The commonest antifreeze used is ethylene glycol and has a freezing point of 8.6°F (-13°C) and a
boiling point of 388°F (198°C), and is completely miscible with water. Ethylene glycol could just as well be
called "anti-boil." In industries, ethylene glycol is used as a solvent [12-16].
II. Materials And Methods
Three different coolants including water (Sample A), a coolant purchased from auto car care products,
Ota (Sample B), and the formulated coolant (Sample C), were considered. Sample C consists essentially of a
50/50 blend of ethylene glycol and water, 1% corrosion inhibitor and a Dye (green) added to taste were all
mixed in their correct proportions.
2.1 Determination of Boiling Point of Coolant
A simple and widely used method for determining the identity of a car radiator coolant is by measuring
the temperature at which it boils. This temperature, called the boiling point, is a physical property. Boiling point
is formally defined as the temperature at which the vapour pressure of the liquid becomes equal to the pressure
at the surface of the liquid. The boiling point of a liquid can change if the pressure at the liquid's surface changes
2.1.1 Procedure
150 ml coolant in a 250ml beaker was set on wire gauze over a Bunsen burner and a thermometer
placed in the coolant so that it does not touch the beaker. The thermometer must not be used as a stirring rod.
The coolant was heated with continuous stirring, measuring and taking temperature readings every one minute
until the coolant began to boil. The temperature at which the coolant began to boil was then noted. The
experiment was terminated when the temperature remained constant at this boiling point for five consecutive
readings.
2.2 Determination of the Specific Heat Capacity of Coolant by Method of Electrical Heating [17].
Specific heat capacity is the amount of energy needed to increase the temperature of one gram of a
substance by one degree Centigrade. The property of specific heat (kcal/kg c) describes the amount of heat
required to raise a certain mass through a certain temperature change.
2.2.1 Procedure:
The joule calorimeter and its stirrer without the jacket and heating coil were first weighed. The
calorimeter is then filled with the coolant to about 2/3 of its volume. The calorimeter was placed in the jacket
and a heating coil connected to a rheostat was immersed in the coolant such that when the circuit was closed, a
current of 1.5-2.0A was produced in the circuit. As the circuit was closed the stop watch was started at the same
time. The temperature of the coolant at one minute interval was recorded, while stirring the coolant gently and
keeping the current constant by means of the rheostat. The circuit was opened to cut off the current after the
temperature has risen by about 5oC but without stopping the watch, recording of the temperature was continued
at one minute interval until the temperature has fallen by about 2oC below the highest recorded temperature.
Both the steady current and potential difference maintained during the experiment were also recorded.
2.2.2 Calculating the Specific Heat Capacities of Coolants:
The heating and cooling curve for each coolant is first plotted on three different graphs to enable the
computation of the areas A1 and A2 under each graph. The specific heat capacity (c) of the coolants may then
be calculated using the formula:
................ (1)
Or from equation1
.................................... (2)
Where
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mo =mass of calorimeter + stirrer, = 80g=0.080kg
c0 = specific heat capacity of calorimeter = 380 Jkg-1K-1.
C = specific heat capacity of the liquid.
T1 = initial temperature of liquid, (0C).
T2 = recorded highest temperature of liquid, (0C).
t0 = the time taken for coolant temperature to rise by 5 0C (s)
p = Cooling correction, (0C) given by the formula …………………………..(3)
Where A1 = area under the heating curve.
A2 = area under the cooling curve.
q = temperature difference at the point of cooling = 2 0C
Only t0, T1, T2 and p will have to be determined to calculate the specific heat capacities of the respective
coolants.
Data for the three samples are plotted separately on three different graphs to enable the determination of the area
A1 and A2 under the heating and cooling rate curves (figs. 3.2)
III. Results And Discussion Of Results
Figure 3.1. Boiling Point Curves for Three Coolants
3.1 The Effects of Boiling Points of the Three Coolants on Cooling.
From Fig 3.1 the curves indicate that water as a coolant (sample A), responds quickest to temperature
variations per unit time compared to the other two coolants, samples C and B. For the same quantity of coolants,
the temperature of water was highest at any given time up to a time of 12 minutes when it begins to boil and
then flattens up at 100oC. This only indicates that it takes shorter times when compared to the other two coolants
in an engine block, where it is expected to extract heat before it begins to boil and hence quantity of heat extract
or cooling rate of the engine is low. Sample B has a slightly higher boiling point (101 0C) than water except that
it is able to accommodate more heat before reaching its boiling point. This is shown by the sluggish rise in
temperature before reaching its boiling point. The formulated sample C has the highest boiling point of 110 0C.
Fig 3.1 indicates for sample C, the rate of heat absorption and temperature rise is the average of that of sample A
and sample B except that its overall boiling point is much higher. This is boiling point elevation due to the
Colligative property of the additives. It shows that sample B (coolant purchased from the auto care shop) has
more dissolved solid additives than the other two coolants, hence it gave the slowest rate of heat absorption.
Water, which did not have any dissolved solid additives, absorbed heat fastest than the rest. The high boiling
point of sample C must have been due to the high boiling component (mono-ethylene glycol) used as part of its
formulation. The elevated temperature of coolant C is advantageous as it well able to extract more heat to bring
it to boil which means higher cooling rates in the engine block.
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Table 3.1 Determining the Specific Heat Capacity of Sample C
Hearing and cooling Time (min) Heating and Cooling Temperature (0C)
0 29
1 29
2 29.3
3 30.1
4 31
5 33.2
6 33.5
7 34.1
9 34.5
11 35.1
13 35
15 34.9
17 34.8
19 34.7
21 34.6
23 34.5
25 34.4
27 34.2
29 34.1
31 34
33 33.9
35 33.8
37 33.7
39 33.6
41 33.5
43 33.3
45 33.2
47 33.1
49 33
Table 3.2 Determining the Specific Heat Capacity of Sample a (Water)
Hearing and cooling Time (min) Heating and Cooling Temperature (0C)
0 28.5
1 28.8
2 29
3 30
4 31
5 32
6 33
7 33.5
8 34.5
9 35
10 35
11 35
12 35.1
13 35.1
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14 35
15 35
16 35
17 34.9
18 34.9
19 34.8
20 34.8
21 34.7
22 34.7
23 34.6
24 34.6
25 34.5
26 34.4
27 34.4
28 34.2
29 34.2
30 34.1
31 34
32 34
Table 3.3 Determining the Specific Heat Capacity of Sample B
Hearing and cooling Time (min) Heating and Cooling Temperature (0C)
0 29.5
1 29.6
2 30
3 32.5
4 33.5
6 34.5
7 34.9
8 34.9
10 34.8
12 34.5
14 34.4
16 34.2
18 34.1
20 34
22 33.9
24 33.8
26 33.7
28 33.6
30 33.5
32 33.4
34 33.3
36 33.2
38 33.1
40 33.1
42 33
44 33
46 32.9
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3.2 The Effects of Specific Heat Capacities of The three Coolants on Cooling.
Tables 3.1 – 3.2 are the values of heating and cooling temperatures versus time obtained for the three
radiator coolants considered. Their Specific heat capacities were then computed from their plotted values shown
in figs. 3.2 – 3.4 below.
FIGURE 3.2. The specific heat capacity curve for sample c
A1 = 477.33unit2 and A2 = 1260.7unit2
Cooling correction, p= q = 0.7570C
initial temperature of sample C,T1 = 290C
Recorded highest temperature of sample C,T 2 =35.10C
= 7mins =420 s
c=
c= = 4238 Jkg-1K-1
The result of the specific heat capacity for water is as shown below:
Figure: 3.3: The specific heat capacity curve for water
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A1 = 250 unit2 A2 = 1233.4 unit2
Cooling correction, p= q = 0.410C
initial temperature of sample C,T1 = 28.50C
Recorded highest temperature of sample C,T 2 =35.10C
= 7mins =420 s
c=
c= = 4265.8Jkg-1K-1.
FIGURE 3.4. The specific heat capacity curve for sample B
A1 = 330.33 unit2 A2 = 1279.71 unit2
Cooling correction, p= q = 0.5160C
initial temperature of sample B,T1 = 29.50C
Recorded highest temperature of sample C,T 2 =34.90C
= 6mins =360 s
c=
c= = 4208.12Jkg-1K-1
A liquid with a high specific heat has more capacity to absorb heat than a liquid with a lower specific
heat. From the graphs (figs. 3.2 – 3.4) the specific heat capacities of the three coolants were obtained. As
expected the specific heat capacity of water was higher than those of coolants C and B. Generally, pure water
has much higher capacity to absorb heat than most known liquids. The challenges with water are its attendant
corrosion problems and its low boiling and relatively ‘high’ freezing points. Both these properties are not
favourable in hot and extremely cold conditions. In areas where temperature drops far below 00C, the water
becomes solid in the radiators. Sample C which combines the high boiling and low freezing properties of
ethylene glycol and the high specific heat capacity of water in a 50/50 mixture gave improved properties which
bettered using glycol alone apart from glycol high toxicity level and cost . Sample C gave higher specific heat
capacity than sample B making it a better coolant.
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4. CONCLUSION:
The boiling point of the formulated radiator coolant (sample C) was found to be 110 oC, higher than the
other two coolants (Samples A and B).
Sample C would require more heat relative to samples A and B, to raise a unit mass of the coolant to its
boiling point.
Better extraction of heat by sample C results in better cooling effect on car engines.
The use of a high boiling point solvent (mono-ethylene glycol) at the right proportion helps to raise the
boiling point of water by as much as 10 degrees.
The specific heat capacity of Sample C gave 4238 Jkg-1K-1, as against that of water which gave
4265.8Jkg-1K-1.
A blend of 50/50 mix of water and ethylene glycol in which corrosion inhibitors have
been incorporated is much more effective than using water and ethylene glycol alone. While water
alone is good coolant but the enormous corrosion problems associated with it, is enough to discourage its use.
References:
[1]. Antifreeze
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifreeze
[2]. Why Change Your own Antifreeze
http://www.peakauto.com/10ez_steps.shtml
[3]. Coolant
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolant
[4]. Larry Carley, ( 2002) Arrowhead Radiator Service, Coolant & Radiator Service
http://www.arrowheadradiator.com/coolant_&_radiator_service.htm
[5]. Cicely Enright, (2011) Engine Coolant Standards Adopted. British Standard Reference D15 Standards.
Pg 35
[6] Cummins Filtration (2006)
www.fleetguard.com
[7]. Larry Carley, Underhood Service, (1999) Arrowhead Sevices, Overheating Causes and Cures
http://www.arrowheadradiator.com/overheating_causes_and_cures.htm
[8]. James B. Wills, jr. Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering. Agricultural extension service. University
of Tennessee.
[9]. NACE Resource Centre, Corrosion Inhibitors
http://events.nace.org/library/corrosion/inhibitors/Introduction.asp.
[10]. Cummins Filtration (2006) Cooling syatem
http://www.cumminsfiltration.com/html/en/products/cooling/cooling_system.html
[11]. Kouji Iijima, Satoshi Ohkawa Keisaku Iwakata.(2002 ) Development of Non-Amine Type Engine
Coolant. Komat’s Technical Report vol 48 No 149 Pg 3
[12]. Ethylene Glycol Net Industry science.jrank.org/pages/2587/Ethylene-Glycol.html
[13]. Allan Browning, David Berry (2010) "Selecting and maintaining glycol based heat transfer fluids,"
Facilities Engineering Journal, pages 16-18
[14]. Coolant
http://www.radiator.com/article-radiator-coolant
[15]. How an Engine Cooling System Works
http://www.2carpros.com/articles/how-an-engine-cooling-system-works
[16]. Antifreeze
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifreeze
[17]. A.I.IEETE, An Introductory Practical Physics Manual for Universities, Department of physics,
University of Ibadan. (p63 – 64).
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Author Biography
Efeovbokhan, Vincent Enontiemonria is both a Lecturer and a researcher in
the Department of Chemical Engineering, Covenant University, Ota Nigeria.
He had his first and second degrees in Chemical Engineering from the
Federal University of Technology, Owerri (Nigeria) and the University of
Benin, Benin City (Nigeria) respectively. He is a registered Engineer with
the Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria (COREN) and a
corporate member of two professional bodies. Some of the courses he
teaches amongst others include Engineering Mathematics, Chemical
Engineering Process Analysis, Chemical Reaction Engineering etc. His
research interests are in renewable energy, product development and bio-
chemical engineering. He has published nine papers in International
Journals, one conference paper and featured in a number of exhibitions and
fairs to display numerous new products he has developed.
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