The document summarizes a study on the effects of the organophosphate pesticide dimethoate on protein metabolic profiles in the liver tissue of rats. Rats were treated with 1/10th of the lethal dose of dimethoate for 10, 20, or 30 days. Liver tissues were then analyzed for levels of the enzymes AST and ALT, which are involved in amino acid metabolism. Results showed significant increases in AST and ALT levels in the liver tissues of dimethoate-treated rats compared to controls, indicating disruption of protein metabolism. The increases were also dose- and time-dependent, with higher doses and longer exposure times causing greater changes. This demonstrates that chronic exposure to sub-lethal doses of
The Role of Cell Wall-Degrading Enzymes in the Development of Anthracnose Dis...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The ability of Colletotrichumtruncatum CP2 in producing pectinolytic and cellulolytic enzymes was evaluated by shake flask fermentations. The results of enzymatic activity experiment indicated that PG was the first cell wall-degrading enzymes detected and the activities obtained were higher (0.24±0.10 U/mL) than other enzymes, which appeared later and in lower amount. After the cell wall was degraded by the action of PG, further degradation of the cell wall was affected by pectin methylesterases, pectin lyase, pectate lyase and cellulases. The disparity in enzymatic activity at different intervals may suggest their specific role for pathogenesis at proper timings.
Examining Neurobehavioral Toxicity of Patulin in Adult ZebrafishQuang Nguyen
The content of this PowerPoint is strictly for the purpose of submission to the Sigma Xi Research Showcase. Please do not quote/cite/reference materials in this file in its entirety. I am not responsible for any misrepresentation of its reproduction. Any reproduction must have the author's written approval.
Otherwise, I hope you enjoy the slides.
Check out my page at http://patulinzebrafish.tumblr.com/
Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of Azolla microphylla based gold nan...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
Our present study sought to evaluate hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of methanol extract of Azolla microphylla phytochemically synthesized gold nanoparticles (GNaP) in acetaminophen (APAP) - induced hepatotoxicity of fresh water common carp fish.
Materials and Methods:
GNaP were prepared by green synthesis method using methanol extract of Azolla microphylla. Twenty four fishes weighing 146 ± 2.5 g were used in this experiment and these were divided into four experimental groups, each comprising 6 fishes. Group 1 served as control. Group 2 fishes were exposed to APAP (500 mg/kg) for 24 h. Groups 3 and 4 fishes were exposed to APAP (500 mg/kg) + GNaP (2.5 mg/kg) and GNaP (2.5 mg/kg) for 24 h, respectively. The hepatoprotective and antioxidant potentials were assessed by measuring liver damage, biochemical parameters, ions status, and histological alterations.
Results:
APAP exposed fish showed significant elevated levels of metabolic enzymes (LDH, G6PDH and MDH), hepatotoxic markers (GPT, GOT and ALP), reduced hepatic glycogen, lipids, protein, albumin, globulin, increased levels of bilirubin, creatinine, and oxidative stress markers (TBRAS, LHP and protein carbonyl), altered the tissue enzymes (SOD, CAT, GSH-Px and GST) non-enzyme (GSH), cellular sulfhydryl (T-SH, P-SH and NP-SH) levels, reduced hepatic ions (Ca2+, Na+ and K+), and abnormal liver histology. It was observe that GNaP has reversal effects on the levels of above mentioned parameters in APAP hepatotoxicity.
Conclusion:
Azolla microphylla phytochemically synthesized GNaP protects liver against oxidative damage and tissue damaging enzyme activities and could be used as an effective protector against acetaminophen-induced hepatic damage in fresh water common carp fish.
The Role of Cell Wall-Degrading Enzymes in the Development of Anthracnose Dis...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The ability of Colletotrichumtruncatum CP2 in producing pectinolytic and cellulolytic enzymes was evaluated by shake flask fermentations. The results of enzymatic activity experiment indicated that PG was the first cell wall-degrading enzymes detected and the activities obtained were higher (0.24±0.10 U/mL) than other enzymes, which appeared later and in lower amount. After the cell wall was degraded by the action of PG, further degradation of the cell wall was affected by pectin methylesterases, pectin lyase, pectate lyase and cellulases. The disparity in enzymatic activity at different intervals may suggest their specific role for pathogenesis at proper timings.
Examining Neurobehavioral Toxicity of Patulin in Adult ZebrafishQuang Nguyen
The content of this PowerPoint is strictly for the purpose of submission to the Sigma Xi Research Showcase. Please do not quote/cite/reference materials in this file in its entirety. I am not responsible for any misrepresentation of its reproduction. Any reproduction must have the author's written approval.
Otherwise, I hope you enjoy the slides.
Check out my page at http://patulinzebrafish.tumblr.com/
Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of Azolla microphylla based gold nan...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
Our present study sought to evaluate hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of methanol extract of Azolla microphylla phytochemically synthesized gold nanoparticles (GNaP) in acetaminophen (APAP) - induced hepatotoxicity of fresh water common carp fish.
Materials and Methods:
GNaP were prepared by green synthesis method using methanol extract of Azolla microphylla. Twenty four fishes weighing 146 ± 2.5 g were used in this experiment and these were divided into four experimental groups, each comprising 6 fishes. Group 1 served as control. Group 2 fishes were exposed to APAP (500 mg/kg) for 24 h. Groups 3 and 4 fishes were exposed to APAP (500 mg/kg) + GNaP (2.5 mg/kg) and GNaP (2.5 mg/kg) for 24 h, respectively. The hepatoprotective and antioxidant potentials were assessed by measuring liver damage, biochemical parameters, ions status, and histological alterations.
Results:
APAP exposed fish showed significant elevated levels of metabolic enzymes (LDH, G6PDH and MDH), hepatotoxic markers (GPT, GOT and ALP), reduced hepatic glycogen, lipids, protein, albumin, globulin, increased levels of bilirubin, creatinine, and oxidative stress markers (TBRAS, LHP and protein carbonyl), altered the tissue enzymes (SOD, CAT, GSH-Px and GST) non-enzyme (GSH), cellular sulfhydryl (T-SH, P-SH and NP-SH) levels, reduced hepatic ions (Ca2+, Na+ and K+), and abnormal liver histology. It was observe that GNaP has reversal effects on the levels of above mentioned parameters in APAP hepatotoxicity.
Conclusion:
Azolla microphylla phytochemically synthesized GNaP protects liver against oxidative damage and tissue damaging enzyme activities and could be used as an effective protector against acetaminophen-induced hepatic damage in fresh water common carp fish.
Growth Pattern, Molecular Identification and Bio molecules Analysis of FOMITO...journal ijrtem
Abstract : Fomitopsis feei, a brown rot fungus is identified tentatively using morphological characteristics and confirmed phylogenetically by 28S rDNA analysis and sequence was submitted in EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database. Its growth pattern was studied on eight different solid media and found to be good on Malt extract agar medium. Biomolecules such as proteins and lipid were screened qualitatively and estimated quantitatively. Aminoacid analysis by chromatography and fatty acid analysis by FAME were also done and revealed that tryptophan (20.53%), valine (20.51%) and cis-linoleic acid (43.38%) and palmetic acid (17.88%) were in high percentage.
Key words : Fomitopsis feei, growth, molecular identification and biomolecules
Effects of Fungicides for Non Target Fungi Alternaria cassiaeIJEAB
The fungicides are used to control of pathogenic fungi in several tilth but they can affect negatively the microorganisms diversity of soil. The aim of this research was to evaluate the toxicity and environmental risk of tebuconazoles: captan, tebuconazole and the mixture chlorothalonil + propamocarb hidrochloride for fungi Alternaria cassiae. Each fungicide were performed three experiments in completely randomized design with three repetitions and the growth was evaluated daily. Inhibition concentration (IC50;7d) of tebuconazole was 3.49 mg L-1, the captan was 47.36 mg L-1 and of mixture chlorothalonil + propamocarb hidrochloride, 64.04 mg L-1. Tebuconazole is classified as moderately toxic and sensitivity, captan, low toxicity and sensitivity and the mixture, non toxic and insensitive but only captan showed possibility of adverse effect for A. cassiae.`
Immobilization of two endoglucanases from different sourcesIJEAB
Cellulases are a important family of hydrolytic enzymes which catalyze the bond of cellulose and other related cello-oligosaccharide derivates. Industrial applications require enzymes highly stable and economically viable in terms of reusability. These costs can be reduced by immobilizing the cellulases, offering a potential solution through enzyme recycling and easy recovery. The covalent immobilization of enzymes is reported here: one is commercial cellulase from Aspergillus niger and other one is recombinant enzyme, named CelStrep it because was isolated from a new cellulolytic strain, Streptomyces sp. G12,. The optimal pH for binding is 4.6 for both cellulases and the optimal enzyme concentrations are 1 mg/mL and 5 mg/mL respectively. The support for immobilization is a poliacrylic matrix. Experiments carried out in this work show positive results of enzyme immobilization in terms of efficiency and stability and confirm the economic and biotechnical advantages of enzyme immobilization for a wide range of industrial applications.
Periodontal disease susceptible group present advanced periodontal breakdown even though they achieve a high standard of oral hygiene. Various destructive enzymes and inflammatory mediators are involved in destruction. These are elevated in case of periodontal destruction. Host modulation aims at bringing these enzymes and mediators to normal level.
This ppt aims in highlighting the various host modulatory agents that can be put to use in periodontal therapy.
Phytochemical Studies on Linum Usitatissimum Seeds and the Nanoformulation of...Editor IJCATR
The phytochemical investigation of Linum usitatissimum, family Linaceae, resulted in the separation and
identification of a lignane, 8–5' neolignan 1 (dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol-4-β-D-glucoside), in addition to
identification of many compounds by the GC/MS technique. The antimicrobial activities of hexane, methylene
chloride and butanol fractions were comparable to ampicillin. The activities against E. coli were 29.2%, 37.5%,
and 66.7%, respectively; against S. aureus were 45.4%, 36.4% and 63.6%, respectively, and against C. albicans
were 26.9%, 46.1% and 73.1%, respectively. Antioxidant activity was assessed by ABTS method. It decreased
in the following order: ascorbic acid > butanol fraction > methylene chloride fraction > hexane fraction. The
cytotoxicity against HePG2 was found to be “moderate” for butanol and methylene chloride fractions, and
“weak” for the hexane fraction. The cytotoxicity against MCF-7 was found to be “strong” for butanol fraction,
and “weak” for both hexane and methylene chloride fractions. The lignane-rich subfraction, Lu 3d was
incorporated into pluronic nano-micelles using nanoprecipitation technique through a modified procedure.
The physicochemical characteristics of the developed Lu 3d-loaded nano-micelles such as particle size,
potential and morphology were determined using DLS and HR-TEM. The average diameters of the prepared
plain and Lu 3d-loaded pluronic nano-micelles were found to be 207 ± 12 and 225 ± 18 nm, respectively. The
encapsulation of Lu 3d into nano-sized particles has enhanced their aqueous dissolution and consequently
improved their bioavailability. Nanoformulation of Lu 3d led also to a stable colloidal dispersion with a strong
green color, indicating its homogenous distribution in the aqueous medium at a significantly higher
concentration than that obtained using other solvents.
Citotoxic effects of oxytetracycline's residues contained in pet foodSergio Canello
This study shows evidence of the citotoxicity of oxytetracycline's residues contained in the bones of animals intensively farmed. Some pet (and human) food producers also use bone's powder in their preparations, potentially harming pet's and human's health.
Total Monomeric Anthocyanin and Total Flavonoid Content of Processed Purple P...IJERA Editor
It is well known that processing change physical and chemical composition of foods, thus affecting the content
in bioactive substances. Potatoes are almost always consumed after processing (baked, fried or boiled) making it
critical to understand the effect of such processing techniques on the containing in bioactive compounds. In
order to determine the influence of processing on the content of anthocyanin pigments and flavonoids was
achieved the extraction of these compounds from boiled and baked purple potato tuber (Albastru-Violet de
Galanesti variety). Also, in order to obtain the maximum amount of anthocyanin pigments and flavonoids from
processed potatoes was applied ultrasonic extraction (20 kHz) and was performed the mathematical modeling
(central composite design) using SigmaXL software. The total anthocyanins content were determined
spectrophotometrically by the pH differential method and the total flavonoids content were determine
colorimetric by AlCl3 method. This study proves that the potato processing decreases the content of
anthocyanin pigments and flavonoids.
Impact of Bearing Vibration on yarn quality in Ring Frameiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Polymer and Textile Engineering (IOSR-JPTE) is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between polimer, fibric and all the sciences involved in textile.
Investigation of the Effects of Fullerene addition and Plasma Exposure on Opt...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Development and Standardization of a Semantic Comprehension Assessment Tool f...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Different Topics Dealing With Sputtering Of Cu, Ni And Cu-Ni Targets In Diffe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Growth Pattern, Molecular Identification and Bio molecules Analysis of FOMITO...journal ijrtem
Abstract : Fomitopsis feei, a brown rot fungus is identified tentatively using morphological characteristics and confirmed phylogenetically by 28S rDNA analysis and sequence was submitted in EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database. Its growth pattern was studied on eight different solid media and found to be good on Malt extract agar medium. Biomolecules such as proteins and lipid were screened qualitatively and estimated quantitatively. Aminoacid analysis by chromatography and fatty acid analysis by FAME were also done and revealed that tryptophan (20.53%), valine (20.51%) and cis-linoleic acid (43.38%) and palmetic acid (17.88%) were in high percentage.
Key words : Fomitopsis feei, growth, molecular identification and biomolecules
Effects of Fungicides for Non Target Fungi Alternaria cassiaeIJEAB
The fungicides are used to control of pathogenic fungi in several tilth but they can affect negatively the microorganisms diversity of soil. The aim of this research was to evaluate the toxicity and environmental risk of tebuconazoles: captan, tebuconazole and the mixture chlorothalonil + propamocarb hidrochloride for fungi Alternaria cassiae. Each fungicide were performed three experiments in completely randomized design with three repetitions and the growth was evaluated daily. Inhibition concentration (IC50;7d) of tebuconazole was 3.49 mg L-1, the captan was 47.36 mg L-1 and of mixture chlorothalonil + propamocarb hidrochloride, 64.04 mg L-1. Tebuconazole is classified as moderately toxic and sensitivity, captan, low toxicity and sensitivity and the mixture, non toxic and insensitive but only captan showed possibility of adverse effect for A. cassiae.`
Immobilization of two endoglucanases from different sourcesIJEAB
Cellulases are a important family of hydrolytic enzymes which catalyze the bond of cellulose and other related cello-oligosaccharide derivates. Industrial applications require enzymes highly stable and economically viable in terms of reusability. These costs can be reduced by immobilizing the cellulases, offering a potential solution through enzyme recycling and easy recovery. The covalent immobilization of enzymes is reported here: one is commercial cellulase from Aspergillus niger and other one is recombinant enzyme, named CelStrep it because was isolated from a new cellulolytic strain, Streptomyces sp. G12,. The optimal pH for binding is 4.6 for both cellulases and the optimal enzyme concentrations are 1 mg/mL and 5 mg/mL respectively. The support for immobilization is a poliacrylic matrix. Experiments carried out in this work show positive results of enzyme immobilization in terms of efficiency and stability and confirm the economic and biotechnical advantages of enzyme immobilization for a wide range of industrial applications.
Periodontal disease susceptible group present advanced periodontal breakdown even though they achieve a high standard of oral hygiene. Various destructive enzymes and inflammatory mediators are involved in destruction. These are elevated in case of periodontal destruction. Host modulation aims at bringing these enzymes and mediators to normal level.
This ppt aims in highlighting the various host modulatory agents that can be put to use in periodontal therapy.
Phytochemical Studies on Linum Usitatissimum Seeds and the Nanoformulation of...Editor IJCATR
The phytochemical investigation of Linum usitatissimum, family Linaceae, resulted in the separation and
identification of a lignane, 8–5' neolignan 1 (dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol-4-β-D-glucoside), in addition to
identification of many compounds by the GC/MS technique. The antimicrobial activities of hexane, methylene
chloride and butanol fractions were comparable to ampicillin. The activities against E. coli were 29.2%, 37.5%,
and 66.7%, respectively; against S. aureus were 45.4%, 36.4% and 63.6%, respectively, and against C. albicans
were 26.9%, 46.1% and 73.1%, respectively. Antioxidant activity was assessed by ABTS method. It decreased
in the following order: ascorbic acid > butanol fraction > methylene chloride fraction > hexane fraction. The
cytotoxicity against HePG2 was found to be “moderate” for butanol and methylene chloride fractions, and
“weak” for the hexane fraction. The cytotoxicity against MCF-7 was found to be “strong” for butanol fraction,
and “weak” for both hexane and methylene chloride fractions. The lignane-rich subfraction, Lu 3d was
incorporated into pluronic nano-micelles using nanoprecipitation technique through a modified procedure.
The physicochemical characteristics of the developed Lu 3d-loaded nano-micelles such as particle size,
potential and morphology were determined using DLS and HR-TEM. The average diameters of the prepared
plain and Lu 3d-loaded pluronic nano-micelles were found to be 207 ± 12 and 225 ± 18 nm, respectively. The
encapsulation of Lu 3d into nano-sized particles has enhanced their aqueous dissolution and consequently
improved their bioavailability. Nanoformulation of Lu 3d led also to a stable colloidal dispersion with a strong
green color, indicating its homogenous distribution in the aqueous medium at a significantly higher
concentration than that obtained using other solvents.
Citotoxic effects of oxytetracycline's residues contained in pet foodSergio Canello
This study shows evidence of the citotoxicity of oxytetracycline's residues contained in the bones of animals intensively farmed. Some pet (and human) food producers also use bone's powder in their preparations, potentially harming pet's and human's health.
Total Monomeric Anthocyanin and Total Flavonoid Content of Processed Purple P...IJERA Editor
It is well known that processing change physical and chemical composition of foods, thus affecting the content
in bioactive substances. Potatoes are almost always consumed after processing (baked, fried or boiled) making it
critical to understand the effect of such processing techniques on the containing in bioactive compounds. In
order to determine the influence of processing on the content of anthocyanin pigments and flavonoids was
achieved the extraction of these compounds from boiled and baked purple potato tuber (Albastru-Violet de
Galanesti variety). Also, in order to obtain the maximum amount of anthocyanin pigments and flavonoids from
processed potatoes was applied ultrasonic extraction (20 kHz) and was performed the mathematical modeling
(central composite design) using SigmaXL software. The total anthocyanins content were determined
spectrophotometrically by the pH differential method and the total flavonoids content were determine
colorimetric by AlCl3 method. This study proves that the potato processing decreases the content of
anthocyanin pigments and flavonoids.
Impact of Bearing Vibration on yarn quality in Ring Frameiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Polymer and Textile Engineering (IOSR-JPTE) is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between polimer, fibric and all the sciences involved in textile.
Investigation of the Effects of Fullerene addition and Plasma Exposure on Opt...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Development and Standardization of a Semantic Comprehension Assessment Tool f...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Different Topics Dealing With Sputtering Of Cu, Ni And Cu-Ni Targets In Diffe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Impact of School Bag Use Instructional Guidelines on Primary School Children'...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care.
Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice
"Fuzzy based approach for weather advisory system”iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The Impact of Genital Hygiene Practices on the Occurrence of Vaginal Infectio...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care.
Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice
Influence of Gas Yarn Singeing On Viscose Spun Yarn Characteristicsiosrjce
Viscose spun yarnhas more hairiness and poses problem in the subsequent processes like yarn dyeing,
fabric production and fabric processing due to protruding of hairs. In this research work, an attempt has been
made to singe the viscose spun yarns of most commonly used yarn counts. Its influence on yarn quality
characteristics were compared and studied with its parent un-singed yarns. It has been found that the primary
objective of hairiness reduction was well achieved with singeing processes; however there isan impact on other
quality characteristics such as yarn imperfections, tenacity and yarn elongation. There is overall improvement
in yarn imperfection results by singeing process. Yarn tenacity is also improved after singeing, but there is drop
in yarn elongation due to singeing.
Solution of MHD Effect on Transient Free Convection Flow past a Vertical Plat...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
“Growth of Fisheries and Its Significance-A Micro Level Study in Baksa Distri...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF) discourages theoretical articles that are limited to axiomatics or that discuss minor variations of familiar models. Similarly, IOSR-JEF has little interest in empirical papers that do not explain the model's theoretical foundations or that exhausts themselves in applying a new or established technique (such as cointegration) to another data set without providing very good reasons why this research is important.
Effect Of Capital Expenditures, Economic Growth And Poverty On Human Developm...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF) discourages theoretical articles that are limited to axiomatics or that discuss minor variations of familiar models. Similarly, IOSR-JEF has little interest in empirical papers that do not explain the model's theoretical foundations or that exhausts themselves in applying a new or established technique (such as cointegration) to another data set without providing very good reasons why this research is important.
Classification of Student’s E-Learning Experiences’ in Social Media via Text ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Integrated Solid Waste Management as Panacea for a sustainable Clean City in ...iosrjce
As a result of continuous economic growth, urbanization and industrialization there has been
increase in volume and types of solid and hazardous waste particularly in developing countries. Many Nigeria
cities and towns are facing problems of effective collection of garbage from homes and streets the situation that
make Nigerians to be permanently accustomed to dirt environment. Based on this background, the paper
examines the waste conditions and disposal as well as the influence on the environment in term of cleanliness at
Ado Ekiti in Nigeria using both primary and secondary sources of data collection which were subjected to
descriptive statistical analysis. The evidence of the result can be clearly seen every day by way of indiscriminate
discharge of garbage into drains and at times on the highways due to ineffective ways of waste management in
the town. The paper therefore recommends integrate waste management system as an option towards a clean
city.
Phytochemical composition and antiradical activity of Sakersia africana Hook....Open Access Research Paper
The valorization of the medicinal plants of our country and determination of their impact on health due to their abundance of substances with various pharmacological effects are our principal objective. This study was evaluated the phytochemical screening and radical 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity of different extracts of Sakersia africana Hook. f.. The results revealed that Sakersia africana Hook. f. is rich in phenols compounds, sterols, triterpenes, alkaloids and reducing compound. The values in total phenols and proanthocyanidines are ranging respectively from 391.58 ± 0.04 to 777 ± 0.03 mg/100 g of drugs and 113.5 ± 3.17 to 653.5 ± 36.83 mg/100 g of drugs. Results also show that different extracts tested present antiradical activity with values of IC50 ranging from 164.21± 0.014 to 195.54± 0.012 % and abundance in bioactive compounds. This study could justify the use of Sakersia africana of some chronic diseases.
E-screen assay validation: evaluation of estrogenic activity by MCF7 cell cul...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Natural and synthetic estrogens have been detected in rivers, lakes and estuaries in many parts of the world. Primary sources of these compounds are domestic and industrial effluents, which are not deleted after the water treatment. Estrogen has been the endocrine disruptor most researched to be very active biologically and be the etiologic agent of diverse types of cancer and other conditions such as endometriosis, precocious puberty, feminization, masculinization, sterility. In this context, we use water of 36 natural reservoirs or dams, in a bioassay to characterize their estrogenicity in culture of MCF7 cells and obtained high concentration of estrogen in samples taken in Ibiúna and Equestrian Santo Amaro / SP. However, certain concentration in our samples for most water samples from different regions was very close to the limit of quantification by bioassay and estrogen was in fmol. It has been shown that e-screen assay with MCF7 cells is a sensitive and stable tool for quantitative analysis of estrogenicity of water and can easily be developed and implemented for routine for estrogen quantification also in animal food and man, aqueous and plastics etc. Keywords— endocrine disrupters, estrogen, breast cancer cells, (MCF7) bioassay: E-screen assay
Hepatoprotective Activity of Methanolic Extract of Whole Plant of Pulicaria W...IOSRJPBS
Natural remedies from medicinal plants are considered to be effective and safe alternative treatment for liver injury. The present study was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extract of whole plant of Pulicaria wightiana in wistar rats. The studies were conducted using the two popular inducing agents Paracetamol (2 g/kg, p.o.) in 1% NaCMC and Carbon tetrachloride (1 ml/kg). Silymarin (100 mg/kg, p.o.) was used as reference drug in the respective models. The effect was estimated by measuring the enzymatic levels and histo- pathological studies. The methanolic extract of whole plant of Pulicaria wightiana has shown very significant hepatoprotection against both Paracetamol and CCl4 - induced hepatotoxicity study models in wistar rats. This was evidenced by marked reduction in marker enzymes in serum. Histopathological studies also confirmed the hepatoprotective nature of the extract
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
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Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus amendment on the yield of a Chlorella sp. s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
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Emulsion paint solutions (EPS) are constantly used to decorate and protect different materials in the environment. The occupational exposure of professional painters and paint factory workers to EPS may predispose them to systemic toxicity. This work investigated the effects of EPS exposure on renal function indices in albino rats to assess potential renal toxicity. Twenty male albino rats weighing between 120-140g were collected and divided into four groups. Two groups were exposed to periodic intraperitoneal administration of 2.5mg/kg body weight (bw) of the EPS for 14days while the other two groups received the same dose of distilled water and served as control. The rats were sacrificed after 7and14days respectively, and their blood collected and analyzed for heavy metals, urea, creatinine and electrolytes, using standard methods. The rat kidneys were also excised, weighed and analyzed for total protein and histopathology. Results showed that bw, kidney weight, serum creatinine, urea and electrolytes decreased significantly(p<0.05) in the exposed groups compared to control. However, urea and Na+ increased significantly(p<0.05) after the initial 7days exposure. Kidney total protein increased by 20.83% and Pb, Ni, and Cd were detected in the exposed rats. Results of kidney histopathology showed intact renal tubules and glomeruli. These results suggest that exposure of albino rats to EPS caused significant alterations in the steady-state levels of renal function biomarkers. Therefore, prolonged exposure may exert deleterious effects on renal function.
Toxicity and Effect of Cypermethrin onTotal Protein and Nucleic Acid Content ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Effect of cypermethrin (25%EC) on total protein and nucleic acid content in different tissues of Cirrhinus mrigala was assessed by static renewal bioassay, using different sub-lethal concentrations (5, 10, 15 and 20% of 96h LC 50) for 5, 10 and 15 days duration. There was a gradual decrease in protein content in all the tissues under sub-lethal concentrations at all exposure periods with maximum percentage of depletion (45.26%) in muscle and minimum (35.12%) in kidney at 15 days and at 20% 96hLC50. DNA and RNA contents were not altered much by cypermethrin at 5 th day which later gradually decreased with increased exposure period. Decrement in DNA content is less in muscle when compared to the other tissues. Maximum percentage of depletion in DNA was (17.17%) in liver and minimum (13.94%) in muscle at 15 days and at 20% 96hLC50. RNA content decreased significantly in liver (29.90%), muscle (25.53%), brain (23.38%), kidney (21.82%) and gill (20.34%). This decrease was comparatively higher at 15 days and at 20% 96hLC50. Influence of cypermethrin was found to be time and exposure dependent for both the nucleic acids in the aquaculture practices used edible fish.
Oral toxic exposure of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on serum biochemical ch...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used in commercial food additives and cosmetics worldwide. Uptake of these nanoparticulate into humans by different routes and may exhibit potential side effects, lags behind the rapid development of nanotechnology. Thus, the present study designed to evaluate the toxic effect of mixed rutile and anatase TiO2 NPs on serum biochemical changes in rats.
Materials and Methods:
In this study, adult male Wistar rats were randomly allotted into the experimental and control groups (n=6), which were orally administered with 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight of TiO2 NPs. Toxic effects were assessed by the changes of serum biochemical parameters such as glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid and creatinine. All the serum biochemical markers were experimented in rats, after 14-days of post exposure.
Results:
Changes of the serum specific parameters indicated that liver and kidney were significantly affected in both experimental groups. The changes between the levels of total protein, glucose, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatase indicate that TiO2 NPs induces liver damage. Significant increase in the blood urea nitrogen and uric acid indicates the renal damage in the TiO2 NPs treated rats.
Conclusion:
The data shows that the oral administration of TiO2 NPs (<100nm) may lead to hepatic and renal toxicity in experimental rats.
Environmental exposure and health risks of the insecticide monocrotophos - a ...Innspub Net
Monocrotophos is a organophosphate based insecticide used for crop protection. Monocrotophos use has induced heath issues and water pollution. From the ecotoxicology, human health and regulatory aspects, it is essential to restrict the emissions and release of the highly acutely toxic chemical from the industrial processes and agricultural applications. In this review, we present the toxicity and decomposition in media such as vegetables, human tissues, animal tissues and rations, synthesis of the analytical procedures and materials used to determine the monocrotophos and identification of cis and trans isomers of monocrotophos. Also the main physical spectroscopic methods have been discussed in this review. The analytical techniques which are presented permit to select the best analytical conditions to detect monocrotophos. These methods are widely applicable for remaining organophosphate and other polar pesticides. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-5-number-1-july-2014-jbes/
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Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
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Alteration in Protein Metabolic Profiles in Liver Tissue of Rats during Dimethoate Toxicosis
1. IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT)
e-ISSN: 2319-2402,p- ISSN: 2319-2399.Volume 9, Issue 1 Ver. I (Jan. 2015), PP 30-33
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/2402-09113033 www.iosrjournals.org 30 | Page
Alteration in Protein Metabolic Profiles in Liver Tissue of Rats
during Dimethoate Toxicosis
R. Penchalamma and Jacob Doss.P1
Division of Toxicology, Dept. of Zoology, S.V. University, Tirupati
Abstract: Dimethoate is the widely used organophosphorous insecticides in agriculture. The irrational use of
Dimethoate in Yemen play a crucial role in the occurrence of many diseases affecting plants, animals and man.
Dimethoate (DM) is used to kill mites and aphids among other insects and is applied on citrus, cotton, fruit,
olives, potatoes, tea, tobacco and vegetables. The aim of the present work was to study biochemical changes
that might occur in the liver of albino rats as a result of DM intoxication. In the present investigation the
animals were treated with 1/10th
of LD50 of DM via oral gavage (34.5mg/kg body weight. The first group
animals were considered as control animals. Second group of animals were treated with Dimethoate via oral
gavage (34.5mg/kg body weight which is 1/10th
of LD50) for 10 days, third and fourth groups of animals were
administered for 20 and 30 days with an interval of 48h respectively. The DM treated groups are AST and ALT
was selected in the present investigation showed an increment. The present findings indicate that chronic
exposure to DM has clear toxic effect on the liver of albino rats.
Key Words: Dimethoate, Albino rat, liver, protein metabolic profile.
I. Introduction
The control of insect pests relies heavily on the use of synthetic insecticides. But, their widespread use
has led to some serious problems including toxic residues on grass and toxicity to non-target organisms such as
mammals, birds and fishes (Zetter and Cuperus 1990: White 1995: and Riebeiro et al., 2003). OP compounds
are currently among the most frequently used pesticides worldwide (Heudorf et al. 2006). The pollution of the
environment plays a crucial role in the occurrence of many diseases affecting plants, animals and man. One of
the main factors causing pollution of the environment is the irrational use of organophosphorus insecticides (Al-
Haj et al., 2005). Toxicity of these OP compounds results in negative effects of many organs like liver, heart,
kidney, nervous system and reproductive system (Ferah Sayim, 2007). Symptoms of acute poisoning of DM are
common with all other OPs and revolve around cholinesterase inhibition. DM is highly mobile in the soil,
labeled as a class II Moderately Toxic insecticide by (EPA) and is somewhat persistent, and is not often found in
large quantities in water. It is however, highly toxic to honeybees, moderately to highly toxic to birds, and
moderately toxic to aquatic organisms. DM is a widely used OP used to kill mites and aphids among other
insects and is applied on citrus, cotton, fruit, olives, potatoes, tea, tobacco and vegetables. For humans, the main
groups at risk of high rates of DM exposure are pesticide producers, pesticide workers and farm owners (Sharma
et al. 2005). Dimethoate is an insecticide with anticholinesterase mode of action (De-Bleecker et al., 1993; and
Dongren et al., 1999). Many alterations have been observed in organs of animals due to the organophosphorus
insecticides (Betrosian et al., 1995; and Senanayke1998), specially CNS, (Desi et al., 1998; and Lengyl et al.,
2005), liver (Gomes et al., 1999), and kidney (Kossmann et al., 1997).
The liver is the primary organ involved in xenobiotic metabolism and is a major target organ of OPs
and drugs. Hence in the present study hepatotoxicity of DM was studied. Clinical biochemistry and
hispathological evaluations are commonly used methods for detecting organ-specific effects related to OP
exposure (Crissman et al. 2004). Begum and Vijavaraghaven (1995) observed that, the exposure of Dimethoate
to the fresh water fish claries batrachus reduced the carbohydrate and proteins metabolism, and affect the
aminotransferase activity in the liver. JYostana et al (2003), observed a significant biochemical and
hematological alterations due to the exposure to the various pesticides. Significant damage in the hepatic cells
glucose metabolism in liver was observed as the result of Diazionon administration (Fatima et al., 2006).
Despite DM’s extensive use in crop protection and in the household, information on its health effects is
still scarce. Sharma et al (2005) studied the effect of DM on the oxidative stress in albino rats. Sivapriya et al.
(2006) studied the effect of DM in the liver and kidney of albino rats. Ferah Sayim (2007) studied the
histopathological changes in the liver in DM exposed rats. Yahya et al. (2012) studied the effect of DM induced
oxidative stress and morphological changes in the liver of guinea pig. Devi Srilakshmi Kala et al. (2013)
studied the effect of DM on different regions of the brain in the albino rat.
2. Alteration in Protein Metabolic Profiles in Liver Tissue of Rats during Dimethoate Toxicosis
DOI: 10.9790/2402-09113033 www.iosrjournals.org 31 | Page
II. Material and Methods
Test Chemical: Dimethoate Technical (94%) pure in crystalline form was obtained from Hyderabad chemical
limited, Hyderabad A.P., India.
Animal model: Male adult Albino rat of 7 weeks old and aged 200 ± 20 g. were obtained from Indian Institute
of Science (II.Sc.), Bangalore. They were housed at an ambient temperature 28 ± 2°C in a 12-h light/dark cycle
and a minimum humidity of 40%. The animals had free access to commercial pellet diet supplied by Sai Durga
Feeds and Foods, Bangalore, India and water ad libitium.
Experimental Design:
All the male healthy adult male albino rats were randomly divided into four groups having with six rats
per group. The first group animals were considered as control animals. Second group of animals were treated
with Dimethoate via oral gavage (34.5mg/kg body weight which is 1/10th
of LD50) for 10 days, third and fourth
groups of animals were administered for 20 and 30 days with an interval of 48h respectively.
Estimation of Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
The activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was assayed by the method described by Bergmeyer
and Bernt (1965). 2 % w/v tissue homogenates of the selected tissues were prepared in 0.25 M ice cold sucrose
solution. The homogenates were centrifuged at 1000xg for 15 minutes and supernatant was used for the enzyme
assay. The incubation mixture of 2.0 ml contained 100 moles of phosphate buffer (Na2HPO4 + NaH2PO4) (pH
7.4), 100moles of L-aspartatic acid, 2 moles of -keto glutarate and 0.5 ml of supernatant as enzyme source.
After incubation for 30 minutes at 37°C, the reaction was stopped by the addition of 1 ml of ketone reagent
(0.001 M, 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine solution in 1 N HCl) and the contents were allowed to stay at laboratory
temperature for 20 minutes. After 20 minutes of 10 ml of 0.4 N NaOH was added. The developed color was
read at 545 nm in a spectrophotometer against a reagent blank.
Estimation of Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
The activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was assayed by the method of described by Bergmeyer
and Bernt (1965). The incubation mixture of 2 ml contained 100 moles of DL-alanine, 100 moles of
phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), 2 moles of -ketoglutarate and 0.5 ml of the supernatant of the homogenate 2%
w/v prepared in 0.25 M ice-cold sucrose solution, as enzyme source. The reaction mixture was incubated at
37°C for 30 minutes. The reaction was stopped by the addition of 1.0 ml of 2, 4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine
solution prepared in 1 N HCl (ketone reagent). The color was developed by the addition of NaOH as described
above for AST. The optical density was measured at 545 nm in a
Statistical treatment: The data was subjected to statistical treatment. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA)
and S-N-K tests were performed using SPSS (ver. 12) in the personal computer and p < 0.05 was considered as
statistically significant.
III. Results:
The results of protein metabolic profile of the control and experimental rats under Dimethoate are
mentioned in Table (1 and 2.) the activities of ALT and AST the experimental rats exposed to Dimethoate
showed statistically significant (P < 0.01) increased. Alteration in protein metabolic profiles was in the form of a
dose – and time- dependent manner in treated rat liver tissues. Since proteins are involved in the architecture and
physiology of the cell, they appear to occupy a key role in cell metabolism (Murray et al., 2007). Catabolism of
proteins and amino acids make a major contribution to the total energy production in rats. Can be correlated
with this fact. These results are in agreement with the earlier report of David et al. (2004), who demonstrated a
similar situation in Cyprinus carpio exposed to Dimethoate.
ALT and AST enzymes are called the transferase enzymes, which are synthesis of amino acids and
lysis of the amino acids. The elevation of AST and ALT activities observed in this study (Table1and 2). Offers
an excellent corroboration of the above trend. This is a clear indication of shunting of amino acids into TCA
cycle through oxidative deamination and active transamination. The status of protein metabolic profiles changes
in liver tissues in the present study corroborates the findings of Begum et al. (2007) and Nagarjuna et al. (2008).
At repeated dose levels of Dimethoate administered orally, a damaging effect on the cell metabolism occurs,
thereby leading to impaired protein synthetic machinery. In conclusion, it can be stated that long term exposure
to sub lethal doses of pyrethroid pesticides can result in cell metabolism toxicosis.
3. Alteration in Protein Metabolic Profiles in Liver Tissue of Rats during Dimethoate Toxicosis
DOI: 10.9790/2402-09113033 www.iosrjournals.org 32 | Page
Table. 1 Changes in the Aspartate Aminotransferase in different tissues of Albino rats exposed to sub-
lethal dose of Dimethoate
Tissues Control 10 days 20 days 30 days F ratio
Liver
± SD
(% Change)
1.235
0.115
1.545
0.151
(25.10)
1.602
0.144
(29.71)
1.855
0.175
(50.20)
8.074*
Heart
± SD
(% Change)
0.535
0.043
0.582
0.048
(8.78)
0.712
0.075
(33.08)
0.726
0.063
(35.70)
9.339*
Kidney
± SD
(% Change)
0.412
0.033
0.511
0.052
(24.03)
0.575
0.055
(39.56)
0.623
0.059
(51.21)
12.458*
Pancreas
± SD
(% Change)
1.015
0.115
1.125
0.125
(10.84)
1.411
0.155
(39.01)
1.623
0.158
(59.90)
50.533*
Values expressed in mg protein/g. wet weight of the tissue are Mean ± SD of six individual observations. Values
in the parenthesis indicate % change over control. Mean values with the same superscript do not differ among
themselves through S-N-K test.
*
P < 0.01, **
P<0.001
Table. 2 Changes in the Alanine Amino transferase in different tissues of Albino rats exposed to sub-
lethal dose of Dimethoate
Tissues Control 10 days 20 days 30 days F ratio
Liver
± SD
(% Change)
7.128
0.688
8.677
0.812
(21.73)
8.988
0.755
(26.09)
11.500
1.105
(61.33)
10.161*
Heart
± SD
(% Change)
4.463
0.325
5.169
0.488
(15.82)
5.488
0.512
(22.97)
7.125
0.699
(59.65)
11.852*
Kidney
± SD
(% Change)
5.046
0.423
5.688
0.512
(12.72)
6.284
0.564
(24.53)
7.126
0.703
(41.22)
12.271*
Pancreas
± SD
(% Change)
6.885
0.612
7.850
0.655
(14.02)
8.650
0.788
(25.63)
9.330
0.869
(35.51)
11.114*
Values expressed in mg protein/g. wet weight of the tissue are Mean ± SD of six individual
observations. Values in the parenthesis indicate % change over control. Mean values with the same superscript
do not differ among themselves through S-N-K test.
*
P < 0.01, **
P<0.001
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