The document describes a study that investigated the effects of ethanolic extract of Garcinia kola seed on reproductive parameters in male Wistar rats. The extract was administered orally at doses of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg for 3 and 6 weeks. Preliminary analysis found the extract contained various phytochemicals and was considered safe up to a dose of 5000 mg/kg. After 3 weeks, testicular weight decreased significantly in treated groups while sperm count and motility increased. After 6 weeks, epididymal weight increased significantly in the high dose group while testicular changes were not significant. The extract appeared to enhance sperm characteristics at both time points without major toxicity.
Effects of Ethanol Extract of Garcinia Kola on Biochemical Markers of Liver F...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Effects of Metformin, Pioglitazone and Aqueous Extract of Delonix Regia on Bl...iosrjce
The effects of Delonix regia extract (d200mg, d300mg, and d400mg), metformin (m8.3mg, m12.5mg
and m16.5mg), pioglitazone (p0.5mg, p0.7mg and p0.9mg) and combined formulation of metformin and extract
(m6.25d150mg) on glycated hemoglobin status in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Albino wistar rats. Diabetic
status of these rats was assessed by estimating fasting blood glucose levels. A total of 150 albino rats were used
for the investigation and were grouped into twelve groups of twelve rats each as follows; Group I: normal
control rats (NCR). Group II: Diabetic control rats (DCR). Group III: Diabetic rats treated with d200mg.
Group IV: Diabetic rats treated with d300mg. Group V: Diabetic rats treated with d400mg. Group VI: Diabetic
rats treated with m8.3mg. Group VII: Diabetic rats treated with m12.5mg. Group VIII: Diabetic rats treated
with m16.5mg. Group IX: Diabetic rats treated with p0.5mg. Group X: Diabetic rats treated with p0.75mg.
Group XI: Diabetic rats treated with p1.0mg. Group XII: Diabetic rats treated with m125d300mg each for male
and female respectively, for a total of 56 days. After every two weeks interval of treatment for eight weeks three
rats from each group were sacrificed and blood sample were collected and analyzed for various parameters.
The result obtained showed an elevated level of glycated hemoglobin in diabetic-induced wistar albino rats
compared with normal control rats. However, there was reversal of the effects when treated with the
drug/extract. Also there was reduction in the blood glucose level of the diabetic rats treated with metformin
(from 6.37±0.69 to 5.20±0.62mmol/l), pioglitazone (from 7.30±0.21mmol/l to 4.70±0.46), aqueous extract of
Delonixregia (from 8.20±0.81mmol/l to 6.10±0.60) and combined formulation of metformin and extract (from
7.81±0.34 to 4.80±0.17), at p<0.05 confidence level when compared with diabetic control rats in the various
weeks of treatment respectively
Study of moringa_effect_on_gastric_and_duodenal_ulcersSilentdisco Berlin
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Effects of Ethanol Extract of Garcinia Kola on Biochemical Markers of Liver F...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Effects of Metformin, Pioglitazone and Aqueous Extract of Delonix Regia on Bl...iosrjce
The effects of Delonix regia extract (d200mg, d300mg, and d400mg), metformin (m8.3mg, m12.5mg
and m16.5mg), pioglitazone (p0.5mg, p0.7mg and p0.9mg) and combined formulation of metformin and extract
(m6.25d150mg) on glycated hemoglobin status in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Albino wistar rats. Diabetic
status of these rats was assessed by estimating fasting blood glucose levels. A total of 150 albino rats were used
for the investigation and were grouped into twelve groups of twelve rats each as follows; Group I: normal
control rats (NCR). Group II: Diabetic control rats (DCR). Group III: Diabetic rats treated with d200mg.
Group IV: Diabetic rats treated with d300mg. Group V: Diabetic rats treated with d400mg. Group VI: Diabetic
rats treated with m8.3mg. Group VII: Diabetic rats treated with m12.5mg. Group VIII: Diabetic rats treated
with m16.5mg. Group IX: Diabetic rats treated with p0.5mg. Group X: Diabetic rats treated with p0.75mg.
Group XI: Diabetic rats treated with p1.0mg. Group XII: Diabetic rats treated with m125d300mg each for male
and female respectively, for a total of 56 days. After every two weeks interval of treatment for eight weeks three
rats from each group were sacrificed and blood sample were collected and analyzed for various parameters.
The result obtained showed an elevated level of glycated hemoglobin in diabetic-induced wistar albino rats
compared with normal control rats. However, there was reversal of the effects when treated with the
drug/extract. Also there was reduction in the blood glucose level of the diabetic rats treated with metformin
(from 6.37±0.69 to 5.20±0.62mmol/l), pioglitazone (from 7.30±0.21mmol/l to 4.70±0.46), aqueous extract of
Delonixregia (from 8.20±0.81mmol/l to 6.10±0.60) and combined formulation of metformin and extract (from
7.81±0.34 to 4.80±0.17), at p<0.05 confidence level when compared with diabetic control rats in the various
weeks of treatment respectively
Study of moringa_effect_on_gastric_and_duodenal_ulcersSilentdisco Berlin
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Antihyperglycemic Effect of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Mimusops elengi against S...BRNSS Publication Hub
Objective: The present study was hypothesized to evaluate the antihyperglycemic effect of aqueous leaf extract of Mimusops elengi on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic animals. Materials and Methods: Antidiabetic activity of M. elengi leaf extract at a dosage of 250 mg/kg body weight was evaluated. Results: The activity levels of glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase were significantly elevated in STZ-induced diabetic animals when compared to that of normal animals. After supplemented with aqueous leaf extract of M. elengi, animals group recorded significant lower blood glucose level. Conclusion: The aqueous leaf extract of M. elengi has been potent antidiabetic effect in male albino rat.
Protective Effect of Alysicarpus Monilifer L., Against CCl4 induced Hepatotox...ijtsrd
Alysicarpus monilifer L. is a widely used plant in the north coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh, India, has been used in indigenous system of medicine. The roots are used for the treatment of leprosy and urinary troubles. The decoction of roots is prescribed for cough. The boiled leaves are used as purgative. The herb is credited with anti- pyretic, anti- periodic and expectorant properties, febrifuge and also recommended for cutanious scabies and boils and to cure pain. Acute toxicity tests were conducted as per OECD guidelines on Alysicarpus monilifer L. whole plant. The hydro-alcoholic extract of the aerial parts at 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg b.w., was tested in Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity of rats followed by histopathological examination of the isolated livers of the control and the treated groups . The potential effects in protecting liver function by reducing the elevated levels of various serum biochemical parameters in a dose dependent manner, reducing oxidative stress, and histopathological alterations in the rat model of CCl4 “induced liver damage was demonstrated. The results showed significant protective effect against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. The study on qualitative phytochemical screening also identified some important bioactive phytochemical principles such as steroids, triterpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates and glycosides in this plant which were also validated as antioxidants and biologically active phytoconstituents. This report of hepatoprotective activity of Alysicarpus monilifer L. throws light on attenuation of hepatotoxic effects of CCl4 challenged rats by membrane stabilization through antioxidation K. Manikya Kumari | V. Padmaja"Protective Effect of Alysicarpus Monilifer L., Against CCl4 induced Hepatotoxicity in Albino Rats" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd114.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/114/protective-effect-of-alysicarpus-monilifer-l-against-ccl4-induced-hepatotoxicity-in-albino-rats/k-manikya-kumari
Acute Oral Toxicity Study of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Celosia Argentea in Fema...YogeshIJTSRD
Celosia argentea is a plant of family Amaranthaceae used as traditional medicine for various diseases. The aim of the study is to evaluate the acute toxicity effect of Celosia argentea leaf extract for 14 days in female albino rats. The aqueous extract of Celosia argentea showed no evidence of single dose toxicity 2000 mg kg when studying acute toxicity on biochemical, hematological or histological parameters. The results showed that .C. argentea does not cause toxicity at the doses studied. M. Sridevi | B. Senthilkumar | K. Devi "Acute Oral Toxicity Study of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Celosia Argentea in Female Albino Rats" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39811.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/39811/acute-oral-toxicity-study-of-aqueous-leaf-extract-of-celosia-argentea-in-female-albino-rats/m-sridevi
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
Effect of lyophilized aqueous leaf extract of Aquilaria subintegra on aphrodi...Mohammed Muayad TA
Objective: To investigate the effects of Aquilaria subintegra leaf aqueous extracts on the
aphrodisiac properties including sexual behaviour, testosterone level, percentage of pregnancy,
number of offspring and male to female ratio of offspring in ICR mice.
Methods: In this experiment, each male cohabitated with one female in a polysulfone cage.
30 ICR male mice were divided into 6 groups that received normal saline (the control group),
50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1 000 mg/kg body weight of Aquilaria
subintegra leaf aqueous extracts orally for 21 days consecutively. Sexual behavior, percentage
of pregnancy, number of offspring and male to female ratio of offspring in ICR mice were
measured according to the established methods. Testosterone level was measured by using
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Results: Mice that received Aquilaria subintegra leaf aqueous extracts at 50 mg/kg body
weight (day 0) had significantly higher mount frequency as compared to the control group;
groups treated with 100, 500, 1 000 mg/kg body weight extracts produced a greater number
of offsprings when compared to the control group. All aphrodisiac parameters were similar
between the treatment groups and the control group, indicating that Aquilaria subintegra leaf
aqueous extract did not significantly alter the aphrodisiac parameters.
Conclusions: Aquilaria subintegra leaf aqueous extracts have no effect on the aphrodisiac
properties, but could increase the breeding rate in mice.
Biochemical changes induced by Bioneem (0.03%) formulation in chick embryogen...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In ovo studies on the effect of 1,3,5, ppm Bioneem (0.03%) formulation on Biochemical aspect of chick embryo revealed that there was dose dependent total protein reduction in 96 hrs old embryo (treated at 24 hrs) as compared to the control. Also there was reduction in total protein concentration Liver, Brain and Heart of 15 day old chick embryo (treated with Bioneem at 96 hrs. stage) as compared to that of control. Protein carbonyl concentration of 96 hrs old embryo (treated at 24 hrs with Bioneem) and that of Liver, Brain and Heart of 15 day old chick embryo (treated with bioneem at 96 hrs) increased in dose dependent manner. Most affected organ was Liver and least affected organ was Heart. Blood analysis of 15 day old chick embryo (treated with Bioneem at 96 hrs) showed increased level of Blood urea, LDH, SGOT, SGPT, while Serum alkaline phosphatase and serum cholesterol were decreased in dose dependent manner as compared to the control. Thus Bioneem though ecofriendly pesticide can adversely affect vertebrate non target organisms and therefore should be carefully used in pest management programs.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Toxicological profile of Grewia bicolor root extractIOSRJPBS
In recent years, traditional system of medicine has become a topic of global importance. Many of the plant species that provide medicinal herbs have been scientifically evaluated for their possible medicinal, pharmacological and toxicological effects. A number of species of the genus Grewia have been used as medicinal herbs to treat several diseases in different parts of the globe. Grewia bicolor is the most famous medicinal plant among the genus Grewia. Despite the wide use of the plant in traditional medicine, so far no scientific evaluation was carried out on this plant for the preclinical toxicity profile. The present study was conducted to evaluate the safety of Grewia bicolor root extract. The plant extract proved that it is relatively safe through the acute and sub-acute studies.
Kidney Function Test, Weight Gain and Serum Protein Values of Mature Male Tur...IJEAB
Sixteen sexually matured (12 months old) healthy male turkeys were used to determine the effect of Gonadotrophin (Diclair®) on kidney function, weight gain and serum protein values. The turkeys were divided into 4 treatment groups, identified as T1 (control) administered with 1.00ml physiological saline (0.00 i.u Diclair®), T2 , administered with 13.50 i.u Diclair®, T3,administered with 27.00i.u Dicliar®T4, administered with 40.50 i.u Dicliar(R), with one turkey per replicate in a completely Randomized Design (CRD). The injections were divided into 3 doses each and administered intramuscularly in the thigh for three consecutive days. Blood was collected one week after Diclair® administration. Four turkeys were randomly selected fro-m each treatment groupand bled to collect blood for blood chemistry analysis. The turkey were weighed every week for five weeks and their weight recorded. The result showed that there were significant differences (P< 0.05) among the treatment groups in all parameters for kidney function test: chronicle, potassium, sodium, bicarbonate expect creatinine which was similar (p > 0.05) among the treatment groups. The results further showed that there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) among the treatment groups in initial body weight. However, there were significant differences (P< 0.05) among the treatment groups in final body weight and weight gain. Similarly there were significant differences (P< 0.05) among the treatment groups in all the serum protein values measure: albumin, globulin, serum total protein as well as albumin/globulin ratio. The results of the study showed that Diclair enhanced kidney function and weight gain without any deleterious effects on serum protein values of the male turkeys.
Hepatoprotective activity of extract of Homalium Letestui stem against carbon...oyepata
Hepatoprotective activity of extract of Homalium Letestui stem against
carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury
Oyepata Simeon Joseph1*, Jude e Okokon2, Opeyemi tosin Joseph3
Friends and Family are the best gift of life and thus there birthdays are meant to be special. So, this year make your friends know how much you care for them through sending them the touching and inspiring friend birthday wishes.Visit : http://123happynewyear.com/birthday-wishes.html
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Antihyperglycemic Effect of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Mimusops elengi against S...BRNSS Publication Hub
Objective: The present study was hypothesized to evaluate the antihyperglycemic effect of aqueous leaf extract of Mimusops elengi on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic animals. Materials and Methods: Antidiabetic activity of M. elengi leaf extract at a dosage of 250 mg/kg body weight was evaluated. Results: The activity levels of glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase were significantly elevated in STZ-induced diabetic animals when compared to that of normal animals. After supplemented with aqueous leaf extract of M. elengi, animals group recorded significant lower blood glucose level. Conclusion: The aqueous leaf extract of M. elengi has been potent antidiabetic effect in male albino rat.
Protective Effect of Alysicarpus Monilifer L., Against CCl4 induced Hepatotox...ijtsrd
Alysicarpus monilifer L. is a widely used plant in the north coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh, India, has been used in indigenous system of medicine. The roots are used for the treatment of leprosy and urinary troubles. The decoction of roots is prescribed for cough. The boiled leaves are used as purgative. The herb is credited with anti- pyretic, anti- periodic and expectorant properties, febrifuge and also recommended for cutanious scabies and boils and to cure pain. Acute toxicity tests were conducted as per OECD guidelines on Alysicarpus monilifer L. whole plant. The hydro-alcoholic extract of the aerial parts at 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg b.w., was tested in Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity of rats followed by histopathological examination of the isolated livers of the control and the treated groups . The potential effects in protecting liver function by reducing the elevated levels of various serum biochemical parameters in a dose dependent manner, reducing oxidative stress, and histopathological alterations in the rat model of CCl4 “induced liver damage was demonstrated. The results showed significant protective effect against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. The study on qualitative phytochemical screening also identified some important bioactive phytochemical principles such as steroids, triterpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates and glycosides in this plant which were also validated as antioxidants and biologically active phytoconstituents. This report of hepatoprotective activity of Alysicarpus monilifer L. throws light on attenuation of hepatotoxic effects of CCl4 challenged rats by membrane stabilization through antioxidation K. Manikya Kumari | V. Padmaja"Protective Effect of Alysicarpus Monilifer L., Against CCl4 induced Hepatotoxicity in Albino Rats" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd114.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/114/protective-effect-of-alysicarpus-monilifer-l-against-ccl4-induced-hepatotoxicity-in-albino-rats/k-manikya-kumari
Acute Oral Toxicity Study of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Celosia Argentea in Fema...YogeshIJTSRD
Celosia argentea is a plant of family Amaranthaceae used as traditional medicine for various diseases. The aim of the study is to evaluate the acute toxicity effect of Celosia argentea leaf extract for 14 days in female albino rats. The aqueous extract of Celosia argentea showed no evidence of single dose toxicity 2000 mg kg when studying acute toxicity on biochemical, hematological or histological parameters. The results showed that .C. argentea does not cause toxicity at the doses studied. M. Sridevi | B. Senthilkumar | K. Devi "Acute Oral Toxicity Study of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Celosia Argentea in Female Albino Rats" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39811.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/39811/acute-oral-toxicity-study-of-aqueous-leaf-extract-of-celosia-argentea-in-female-albino-rats/m-sridevi
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
Effect of lyophilized aqueous leaf extract of Aquilaria subintegra on aphrodi...Mohammed Muayad TA
Objective: To investigate the effects of Aquilaria subintegra leaf aqueous extracts on the
aphrodisiac properties including sexual behaviour, testosterone level, percentage of pregnancy,
number of offspring and male to female ratio of offspring in ICR mice.
Methods: In this experiment, each male cohabitated with one female in a polysulfone cage.
30 ICR male mice were divided into 6 groups that received normal saline (the control group),
50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1 000 mg/kg body weight of Aquilaria
subintegra leaf aqueous extracts orally for 21 days consecutively. Sexual behavior, percentage
of pregnancy, number of offspring and male to female ratio of offspring in ICR mice were
measured according to the established methods. Testosterone level was measured by using
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Results: Mice that received Aquilaria subintegra leaf aqueous extracts at 50 mg/kg body
weight (day 0) had significantly higher mount frequency as compared to the control group;
groups treated with 100, 500, 1 000 mg/kg body weight extracts produced a greater number
of offsprings when compared to the control group. All aphrodisiac parameters were similar
between the treatment groups and the control group, indicating that Aquilaria subintegra leaf
aqueous extract did not significantly alter the aphrodisiac parameters.
Conclusions: Aquilaria subintegra leaf aqueous extracts have no effect on the aphrodisiac
properties, but could increase the breeding rate in mice.
Biochemical changes induced by Bioneem (0.03%) formulation in chick embryogen...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In ovo studies on the effect of 1,3,5, ppm Bioneem (0.03%) formulation on Biochemical aspect of chick embryo revealed that there was dose dependent total protein reduction in 96 hrs old embryo (treated at 24 hrs) as compared to the control. Also there was reduction in total protein concentration Liver, Brain and Heart of 15 day old chick embryo (treated with Bioneem at 96 hrs. stage) as compared to that of control. Protein carbonyl concentration of 96 hrs old embryo (treated at 24 hrs with Bioneem) and that of Liver, Brain and Heart of 15 day old chick embryo (treated with bioneem at 96 hrs) increased in dose dependent manner. Most affected organ was Liver and least affected organ was Heart. Blood analysis of 15 day old chick embryo (treated with Bioneem at 96 hrs) showed increased level of Blood urea, LDH, SGOT, SGPT, while Serum alkaline phosphatase and serum cholesterol were decreased in dose dependent manner as compared to the control. Thus Bioneem though ecofriendly pesticide can adversely affect vertebrate non target organisms and therefore should be carefully used in pest management programs.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Toxicological profile of Grewia bicolor root extractIOSRJPBS
In recent years, traditional system of medicine has become a topic of global importance. Many of the plant species that provide medicinal herbs have been scientifically evaluated for their possible medicinal, pharmacological and toxicological effects. A number of species of the genus Grewia have been used as medicinal herbs to treat several diseases in different parts of the globe. Grewia bicolor is the most famous medicinal plant among the genus Grewia. Despite the wide use of the plant in traditional medicine, so far no scientific evaluation was carried out on this plant for the preclinical toxicity profile. The present study was conducted to evaluate the safety of Grewia bicolor root extract. The plant extract proved that it is relatively safe through the acute and sub-acute studies.
Kidney Function Test, Weight Gain and Serum Protein Values of Mature Male Tur...IJEAB
Sixteen sexually matured (12 months old) healthy male turkeys were used to determine the effect of Gonadotrophin (Diclair®) on kidney function, weight gain and serum protein values. The turkeys were divided into 4 treatment groups, identified as T1 (control) administered with 1.00ml physiological saline (0.00 i.u Diclair®), T2 , administered with 13.50 i.u Diclair®, T3,administered with 27.00i.u Dicliar®T4, administered with 40.50 i.u Dicliar(R), with one turkey per replicate in a completely Randomized Design (CRD). The injections were divided into 3 doses each and administered intramuscularly in the thigh for three consecutive days. Blood was collected one week after Diclair® administration. Four turkeys were randomly selected fro-m each treatment groupand bled to collect blood for blood chemistry analysis. The turkey were weighed every week for five weeks and their weight recorded. The result showed that there were significant differences (P< 0.05) among the treatment groups in all parameters for kidney function test: chronicle, potassium, sodium, bicarbonate expect creatinine which was similar (p > 0.05) among the treatment groups. The results further showed that there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) among the treatment groups in initial body weight. However, there were significant differences (P< 0.05) among the treatment groups in final body weight and weight gain. Similarly there were significant differences (P< 0.05) among the treatment groups in all the serum protein values measure: albumin, globulin, serum total protein as well as albumin/globulin ratio. The results of the study showed that Diclair enhanced kidney function and weight gain without any deleterious effects on serum protein values of the male turkeys.
Hepatoprotective activity of extract of Homalium Letestui stem against carbon...oyepata
Hepatoprotective activity of extract of Homalium Letestui stem against
carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury
Oyepata Simeon Joseph1*, Jude e Okokon2, Opeyemi tosin Joseph3
Friends and Family are the best gift of life and thus there birthdays are meant to be special. So, this year make your friends know how much you care for them through sending them the touching and inspiring friend birthday wishes.Visit : http://123happynewyear.com/birthday-wishes.html
Caspian Environment Programme Public Participation (Melina Seyfollahzadeh)Iwl Pcu
A PowerPoint Presentation by Melina Seyfollahzadeh, Grants & Public Participation Manager delivered during the Information Management & Public Participation Workshop in Transboundary Water Cooperation last June 2005 in St. Petersburg. Topics presented include: (1) Caspian Environment Programme (CEP) Achievements, (2) Objectives, (3) Activities, (4) Strategy, (5)Intervention and (6) Challenges
This a collection of photography assignments handled for some of the best hotels in India. I was responsible for creative direction, production, model coordination and photo editing.
This is a brochure designed for a travel agent promoting India as a destination for holidays. The design was created in mind the international audience.
In case you need my services you may call me at +919899008644 or write to ad@adhikarvaish.com.
Public participation in the Danube Basin: approaches, activities, challenges ...Iwl Pcu
Objective: The legal frame for co-operation to assure protection of water and ecological resources and their sustainable use in the Danube River Basin.
In vivo evaluation of antidiarrhoeal activity of ethanolic extract of leaf an...Open Access Research Paper
Ficus carica Linn is occasionally used in preparation of local traditional medicines used in the treatment of diarrhoea in Bangladesh. Our present studies make an attempt toward validating this traditional use by investigating antidiarrhoeal activity of F. carica Linn. Ethanolic extract of leaf and bark of F. carica Linn showed significant (p ≤ 0.05) decrease in the severity of diarrhoea, in a dose dependent manner, in castor oil induced diarrhoea test. Prostaglandin E2 induced intestinal fluid accumulation test (enteropooling) gave significant results (P ≤ 0.05), indicating possible antidiarrhoeal action. The extract produced significant (P ≤ 0.05) reduction of intestinal transit in gastrointestinal motility test with barium sulfate milk in healthy rats. It is evident that F. carica Linn have significant antidiarrhoeal activity and may be a potential source of antidiarrhoeal agents.
The evaluation of the effect of Sida acuta leaf extract on the microanatomy a...IOSR Journals
This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Sida acuta on the micro-anatomy of the liver and some biochemical parameters in adult Wistar rats. Thirty rats weighing between 140-180g were assigned to three groups (A, B and C) with ten animals each. Group A served as the control while groups B and C served as the experimental groups and received 100mg/kgbw and 200mg/kgbw of the extract respectively for fourteen days. All the animals were sacrificed after fourteen days. Blood was collected by cardiac puncture for biochemical analysis of serum liver enzymes s The liver was removed, preserved and processed for paraffin sections and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The animals in the control group showed normal histological and biochemical parameters. Conversely, animals that received 100mg/kgbw of the extract showed slight difference in their hepatic cyto-architecture while animals that were administered with 200mg/kgbw of the extract revealed distorted morphological feature showing shrunken sinusoid and dilation of the central vein suggesting that the extract has adverse effect on the morphology of the liver. Results of the serum liver enzymes of animals treated with 100mg/kgbw and 200mg/kg revealed significantly decreased values of AST, ALP and ALT (P <0.05) relative to the control. From the result of this experiment, it is concluded that administration of ethanolic extract of Sida acuta leaves may be toxic to Wistar rats at the doses administered.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Effects of Acalypha torta (Muell) Leaf Extract on Histological Indices of the...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Serum lipid profile and liver enzymes of Rats fed Lageneria sphaerica (Wild b...Premier Publishers
The present study evaluated serum lipid profiles and liver enzymes activities of male albino rats fed Lageneria sphaerica supplemented diet. A total of forty two rats were used for this study. The rats were separated into three groups of thirteen rats each. Group I was fed with normal rat chow, group II was fed with 60% sample and 40% normal rat chow while group III was fed with 30% sample and 70% normal rat chow respectively. There was a significant decrease in weight (P<0.05)><0.05)><0.05)><0.05) in the test groups. From the results obtained, Lageneria sphaerica seed is a probable toxic seed and may not be suitable for consumption unless appropriate detoxifying methods are applied.
Hepatoprotective Activity of Cinnamon Zeylanicum Leaves against Alcohol Induc...IJERA Editor
Plants play an important role in the life of human, as the major source of food, as well as for the maintenance and improvement of health and for the elimination of the enemies since ages. Plants are the basic source of knowledge of modern medicine. The present study was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of aqueos extract of aerial parts of Cinnamon zeylanicum are evaluated in alcohol induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Silymarin (100mg/kg) was given as reference standard. The aqueos extract of aerial parts of Cinnamon zeylanicum have shown very significant hepatoprotection against alcohol induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats in reducing SGOT, SGPT, Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and GGT and levels of total bilirubin and total protein were investigated and showed an increase in alcohol induced rats when compared to control. The extracts of the test plant exhibited significant (p < 0.05) hepatoprotective activity against the alcohol induced liver models by improving liver function which was indicated by reduction in the levels of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, GGT, total bilirubin and total protein.
Evaluation of antinociceptive effect of Terminalia arjuna bark ethanol extractOpen Access Research Paper
Stem bark of the plant Terminalia arjuna were extracted in 50% ethanol to evaluate for centrally acting analgesic potential using formalin, hot plate and peripheral pharmacological actions using acetic acid induced writhing test in mice. The extract of the plant were found to have significant (p<0.01) analgesic activity at the oral dose of 250 & 500 mg/kg body weight, in the tested models. In hot plate test, at both dose levels (250mg/kg and 500mg/kg), T. arjuna extract showed significant (p<0.001) increased latency period than the control group. In acetic acid induced writhing test and formalin test T. arjuna also showed reduced number of writhes than the control group at two dose levels which are significant (p<0.05) compared to control. The results obtained support the use of stem bark of T.arjuna in painful conditions acting both centrally and peripherally.
Congenital Agenesis Of The Corpus Callosum With Intracerebral Lipoma And Fron...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
“Hemodynamic and recovery profile with Dexmedetomidine and Fentanyl in intrac...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Correlation of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor expression in Breast Canceriosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Analytical Study of Urine Samples for Epidemiology of Urinary Tract Infection...iosrphr_editor
The current study was carried out in District Abbottabad aimed to determine the common urinary
tract infections in local community to determine the epidemiology of significant diseases in asymptomatic patients
of renal disorder. In this study a total of 1000 urine samples were examined during 3rd February to 1st April 2015
from patients attending Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad by using dipstick and microscopic analysis of urine.
There were 638 females and 362 males patients examined during this period. The range of age groups is between
1.5 years to 80 years. Results of this study was reported as Pyuria 11%, Proteinuria 21.1%, Hematuria 10.4%,
Epithelial Cells 8.2%, pH 7.8 %, Granular casts 7.3%, Triple phosphate 6.6%, Calcium oxalate 6.4%, Glycosuria
6.3%, Bacteria 6.2% and mucous 4.1%. This study concludes that routing urinalysis should be performed for all
individuals to diagnose the asymptomatic diseases that will help in simple therapeutic measurements as urinalysis
is a simple step to determine the root of Urinary tract disorders.
Chest sonography images in neonatal r.d.s. And proposed gradingiosrphr_editor
BACKGROUND : Lung sonography has been used to monitor the patients of R.D.S. in
N.I.C.U. in recent times.
AIMS : To Describe and Grade the changes of R.D.S. by lung sonography.
SETTING & DESIGN : Tertiary care institutional set up in a rural medical college.
STUDY DURATION : September 2014 to May 2015. Follow-up variable, upto 2 weeks.
PROSPECTIVE, ANALYTICAL STUDY.
MATERIALS AND METHODS -This was a single institute study approved by the institutional ethics
committee. Prior informed consent was obtained from the parents. 100 consecutive patients admitted in
N.I.C.U. WITH gestational age < 36 weeks with respiratory complaints were enrolled. Chest x-ray was
obtained within few hours of admission and lung sonography was performed within 24 hours. Follow – up
sonography was performed as and when necessary. Sonography image was graded and correlated with chest
xray and clinical picture
The Comprehensive Review on Fat Soluble Vitaminsiosrphr_editor
This review article deals with brief description of fat soluble vitamins with figures and tables
showing statistical analytical data duly quoting the references wherever necessary. The word “soluble” actually
means “able to be dissolved.” Whether a vitamin is classified as 'fat-soluble' or 'water-soluble' has to do with
how the vitamin is absorbed, stored and removed from the body. Vitamins are tiny organic compounds with a
huge impact on the health and well-being of the body. The body needs a small amount of fat soluble vitamins in
order to stay in optimal health. Fat soluble vitamins play an important role in keeping the body healthy and
functioning from immune system and muscle and heart function, easy flow and clotting of blood as well as eye
health. They are critical to health and wellness–particularly reproductive health and wellness. Low-fat, no-fat
and vegan diets are woefully lacking in fat soluble vitamins. However a diet based on traditional foods can
naturally provide these vitamins. Science is still learning about many of the functions of vitamins. "Too much
vitamin A, D, or K can lead to increased levels that are unhealthy and can cause serious health consequences.
Diseased conditions leading to decreased fat absorption leads to decreased absorption of vitamins. The fatsoluble
vitamins work most safely and effectively when obtained them from natural foods within the context of a
diet rich in all their synergistic partners. If fat soluble vitamins are stored for lengthy time they generate threat
for toxicity than water soluble vitamins and such situation even aggravated, provided they are consumed in
excess. Vitamin products, above the legal limits are not considered food supplements and must be registered as
prescription or non-prescription (over-the-counter drugs) due to their potential side effects. Vitamin A and E
supplements do not provide health benefits for healthy individuals, instead they may enhance mortality, and it is
held proved that beta-carotene supplements can be harmful to smokers
Sulphasalazine Induced Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis A Case Reportiosrphr_editor
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) is a rare and life threatening mucocutaneous reaction
characterized by extensive necrosis and detachment of epidermis. The Worldwide incidence of TEN is 0.9 to 1.4
per million populations per year [1]. Here we have discussed a case of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis secondary
to Sulfasalazine managed with fluid replacement, analgesics, anti-infective therapy aggressive nutritional
support and intravenous high dose steroid therapy.
Keywords- Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis, Sulfasalazine
Evaluation the efficacy of IVIgG in treatment of Hemolytic Disease of Newborniosrphr_editor
Hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN) is an important cause of hyperbilirubinemia in the
neonatal period,and delayed diagnosis and treatment may lead to permanent brain damage. Traditional
neonatal treatment of HDN is intensive phototherapy and exchange transfusion.Intravenous
immunoglobulin(IVIgG) has been introduced as an alternative therapy to exchange transfusion. This study was
conducted to assess the effect of IVIG in HDN .
FIBROLIPOMATOUS HAMARTOMA OF ULNAR NERVE: A RARE CASE REPORT.iosrphr_editor
Nervous fibrolipomatous hamartoma is said to be a rare tumor-like condition involving the peripheral
nerves,in which the epineurium and perineurium are enlarged and distorted by excess of fatty and fibrous tissue
s that infiltrate between and around nerve boundaries. The median nerve is more likely to develop a hamartoma
than other nerves with a predilection for the carpal tunnel.
A fibrolipomatous hamartoma – is a rare, benign, congenital lesion most commonly found in the median nerve,
usually at the level of the wrist or hand.
We report a case of this rare condition in ulnar nerve.
SELF MEDICATION PRACTICES FOR ORAL HEALTH PROBLEMS AMONG DENTAL PATIENTS IN B...iosrphr_editor
Introduction: Self‑ medication is commonly practiced all over the world. Self-medication is defined as the use
of medication by a patient on his own initiative or on the advice of a pharmacist or a lay person instead of
consulting a medical practitioner. The present study was aimed to estimate the prevalence of self-medication for
oral health problems among dental patients in Bengaluru city; to identify triggering factors that could influence
self-medication practices; to identify sources of medications used; to identify sources of information about
medications used; and to identify reasons for self-medication.Study Design: A Cross sectional Study.Methods:A
survey was conducted among 175 subjects among dental patients in Bengaluru city. Data were collected
through a specially designed proforma using a closed‑ ended, self‑ administered questionnaire containing 15
questions, in five sections.
Results: The prevalence of
Clinico-haematological Profile of Falciparum Malaria in a Rural Hospital of T...iosrphr_editor
Aim: To study the clinico-haematological profile malaria in a rural hospital of Tripura.
Material and methods: A cross-sectional hospital-based study was done from at Kulai District
Hospital,Tripura. This hospital based cross sectional study was done on 60 confirmed cases of falciparum
malaria (either by peripheral smear or rapid diagnostic test) admitted in Kulai District Hospital. A case sheet
proforma was prepared and data (demographic profile,clinical feature, investigation, treatment, and
complication) from all indoor patients was collected and analyzed.
Result: Out of 60 patients, 40(66.6%) were males and 20 (33.4%) were females. Most of the patients were
between the age group 21-40 years with the highest prevalence between the age group of 21-30. Fever was the
most common symptom. Anemia was present in 42(70%) patients, out of which 6(10%) patients had severe
anemia. Thrombocytopenia was present in 36(60%) patients.Abnormal liver function tests were observed in
26(43.3%) subjects while abnormal kidney function tests were observed in16(26.6%) patients. All the 60
patients received Artemisinin based antimalarial drugs.
Conclusion: Early detection, prompt management, and adequate supportive therapy may reduce mortality due
to falciparum cerebral malaria.
Indonesian Wild Ginger (Zingiber sp) Extract: Antibacterial Activity against ...iosrphr_editor
Lempuyang gajah (Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith), lempuyang pahit (Zingiber amaricans BL.), and
lempuyang wangi (Zingiber aromaticum Vahl.) are used as traditional medicine (jamu) in Indonesia. It is also
used for treatment of microbial infections, helps to increase appetite and stimulate digestion in chickens.
Information on their uses are available, but only limited in the scientific data on their bioactivity. The study was
conducted on the antibacterial effect of organic extracts of these plants with Mycoplasma gallisepticum as the
agent of chronic respiratory disease in chickens. Juice and extracts of fresh and dried rhizome are evaluated
through the disc diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentration. Oxytetracyclin (30 µg) are used as
standards. All extracts are individually exhibited as antibacterial activity against Mycoplasma gallisepticum (7
± 0.11 mm to 21 ± 0.86 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination of plants extracts are
ranged from 7.8 mg/ml to 31.2 mg/ml. The preliminary results suggested promising antibacterial properties of
wild ginger from Indonesia, and probably could be used in management of chronic respiratory disease in
chickens.
A case of allergy and food sensitivity: the nasunin, natural color of eggplantiosrphr_editor
Abstract: Allergies and food sensitivities can both be considered as "adverse reactions individualistic" to food.
Are pathological and individual forms because they affect a few individuals in way rather serious; immediate
or delayed reactions occur instead with simple effects histamine, or, in severe cases with respiratory and
anaphylactic shock
The eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is known to cause food allergies in some Asian countries, but detailed
studies on allergies caused by eggplant are lacking, however, it was highlighted the presence of allergens in
edible parts of eggplant with preponderance in the peel .
The purpose of this study was to propose an extraction method rapid, efficient and cost of natural dye from
waste products from the food industry, such as the peels of eggplant, from which it was extracted, isolated and
purified the nasunin,a colored molecule in red-fuchsia.
Nasusin was tested on 58 patients to evaluate the potential sensitizing effect on the skin. The results demonstrate
that allergenic effects are negligible and therefore the nasunin can be used as a colorant in various industrial
sectors with a certain safety margin
Complete NMR Assignment of MogrosidesII A2, II E andIII A1Isolated from Luo H...iosrphr_editor
NMR analysis allowed complete assignments of three known mogrol glycosides, Mogroside IIA2 (1),
II E (2)and IIIA1 (3), isolated from the extracts of Luo Han Guo. Herein, complete 1H and 13C NMR
assignmentsof all threemogrosidesare described based on NMR experiments (1H NMR, 13C NMR, COSY,
HSQC-DEPT, HMBC, NOESY and 1DTOCSY) and mass spectral data.
Nanoemulsion and Nanoemulgel as a Topical Formulationiosrphr_editor
: Nanoemulsion is referred type of emulsion with uniform and extremely small droplet size in the range
of 20-200 nm. Nanoemulsion provides numerous advantages over other carrier such as polymeric nanoparticle
and liposomes, including low cost preparation procedure, high hydrophilic and lipophilic drug loading system
to enhance the longer shelf live upon preserving the therapeutic agents. Incorporating the preparation of
nanoemulsion with hydrogel matrix to produce nanoemulgel exhibited by the two separate systems that forming
it. Nanoemulgel possesses the properties of thixotropic, non-greasy, effortlessly spreadable, easily be removed,
emollient, not staining, soluble in water, longer shelf life, bio-friendly, translucent and agreeable appearance.
Pharmacokinetics of High-Dose Methotrexate in Egyptian Children with Acute Ly...iosrphr_editor
Aim:Since several factors have been shown to influence the clearance of methotrexate, the purpose of this study
was to identify potential relationships between patient covariates and the methotrexate clearance estimates and
deduce a pharmacokinetic model for the estimation of methotrexate clearance in Egyptian pediatric ALL
patients that may help dosage adjustment and achieve target steady-state plasma concentrations in a similar
sittings.
Patients and methods: A total of 94 pediatric patients with B-cell ALL, of whom 70 were the studied population
and 24 were the test population, were treated with four courses of HDMTX doses 2.5 gm/m2
(low-risk arm) or 5
gm/m2
(standard-/high-risk arm) given every other week by intermittent intravenous infusions over 24 hours as
a part of their treatment protocol. Patients were monitored for the 24 hour MTX concentration and the systemic
methotrexate clearance was calculated for each methotrexate dose
Epidemiology of Tuberculosis (TB) in Albania 1998-2009iosrphr_editor
Abstract : In Albania, many people erroneously think that tuberculosis (TB) is a disease of the past-an illness
that no longer constitutes a public health threat. Surveillance is an integral part of tuberculosis (TB) control.
Albania has a highTB notification rate and there are doubts about underreporting. The evolution of the
incidence of tuberculosis is presented, together with more detailed figures over the period 1998-2009. These
figures were obtained by the monthly forms (called 14/Sh) compared with the individual notification data.
Objective: To examine the distribution and sources of increased tuberculosis (TB) morbidity and reporting
system deficiencies in the Albania from 1998 through 2009. Metodology: The study is descriptive one conductet
during the period 1998-2009. The statistical analysis is based on data reported from regional level (regional
epidemiological departments) to the central level (Public Health Institute). Results: The main findings were:
discordance between the collected data (individual form) and reported data (monthly form); tuberculosis
incidence rate shows little oscillations which ranges from 6.67 to 9.2 cases/100.000 population; 50% of the
regions show a lack of information on the confirmation of diagnosis and laboratory examination type used for
confirmation. Conclusion: TB disease in high-risk populations where it is difficult to detect, diagnose, and treat;
limitations of current control measures and the need for new tests and treatments, including an effective
vaccine; improving information system, regulation of individual form and personnel training.
Total Phenol and Antioxidant from Seed and Peel of Ripe and Unripe of Indones...iosrphr_editor
Study on total phenol and antioxidantactivity ofsugar apple fruits of various solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripening. Solvent extraction used were 80% (v/v) methanol, 50% (v/v) acetone, boiling water, and 50% (v/v) ethanol. Part of fruits thatbeen used for samples were seed and peel which are normally by products of sugar apple processing, level of ripening were unripe, and ripe sugar apple fruits. Total phenol was determined by Folin-ciocalteau method. Total antioxidant was quantified by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) method.Therewas a difference in type of solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripeningon total phenol and antioxidant concentration of sugar apple fruits. Seeds have higher total phenol concentration than peels of this fruits. Unripe sugar apple fruits have higher total phenol and antioxidant than ripe fruit. The best solvent for phenol extraction was ethanol 50%butthe best solvent for antioxidant extraction was acetone 50%.
A Review on Step-by-Step Analytical Method Validationiosrphr_editor
When analytical method is utilized to generate results about the characteristics of drug related samples it is essential that the results are trustworthy. They may be utilized as the basis for decisions relating to administering the drug to patients. Analytical method validation required during drug development and manufacturing and these analytical methods are fit for their intended purpose. To comply with the requirements of GMP pharmaceutical industries should have an overall validation policy which documents how validation will be performed. The purpose of this validation is to show that processes involved in the development and manufacture of drug, production and analytical testing can be performed in an effective and reproducible manner. This review article provides guidance on how to perform validation characteristics for the analytical method which are utilized in pharmaceutical analysis.
A Cross Sectional Study of Ethnic Differences in Occurrence and Severity of A...iosrphr_editor
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the most widely used "over the counter" medication all over the world despite their complications in different major organs. Present studies envisaged for knowing the occurrence and severity of adverse drug reactions from NSAIDs in different ethnic communities of Sikkim. A cross sectional study was undertaken in the medicine outpatients department of a secondary and tertiary care hospital. The patients belonging to Nepalese, Bhutias, Lepchas ethnic communities and others community (settlers from other parts of India) were included to analyzed the data based on the age and gender, ethnicity and ADRs, drugs and ADRs. Severity assessment was done using Hartwing and Siegel scale and causality assessment by Naranjo scale. Total 109 cases of ADRs, predominating in female were detected. Nepalese were the most affected and Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) being the most affected organ in them. Diclofenac showed maximum number of ADRs in all the communities. Maximum number of cases occurred on single day use (40.36%) of drugs. All the cases were belonging to the "possible category" and the maximum being the mild (72.48%) in nature. It is advisable to consider the ethnic/racial differences equally with other factors, to improve the safety and efficacy of a drug.
A Cross Sectional Study of Ethnic Differences in Occurrence and Severity of A...
B053204010
1. IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy
(e)-ISSN: 2250-3013, (p)-ISSN: 2319-4219
www.iosrphr.org Volume 5, Issue 3 (March 2015), PP. 04-10
4
Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Garcinia Kola Seed on Some
Reproductive Parameters of Male Wister Rats
Denen Atsukwei1
, Samuel O. Odeh2
, Egesie U. G.2
Joseph E. Toryila3
1
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Bingham University,Karu, Nasarawa State,
Nigeria
2
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria
3
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
ABSTRACT: The ethanolic extract of Garcinia kola seed was investigated for its activity on selected
haematological parameters of male wistar rats. Thirty (30) male wistar rats weighing 150.42 ± 3.98 were
divided into three groups (I, II and III) comprising ten animals each. Animals in group I (control) received 0.5
ml of distilled water while those in groups II and III were administered 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight of the
extract respectively once daily. After 3 weeks of extract administration, 5 rats from each group were sacrificed.
Same was done after 6 weeks. Preliminary phytochemical screening of ethanolic extract of Garcinia kola seed
revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, carbohydrate, steroids and flavonoids. The lethal dose
(LD50) of the extract was found to be safe up to 5000 mg/kg body weight. Results of this study revealed that the
extract has no significant (p > 0.05) change on body weight. However the weight of testes decreased
significantly (p < 0.05) in groups II and III after 3 weeks of administration. The change in weight was not
significant (p > 0.05) at 6 weeks of administration. The weight of the epdididymis increased significantly (p <
0.05) in group III after 6 weeks of administration. Serum testosterone levels increased significantly (p < 0.05) in
group III after 3 weeks and groups II and III after 6 weeks of administration. The administration of the extract
caused a significant (p < 0.05) increase in sperm count in groups II and III at 3 weeks and group III at 6 weeks.
Sperm motility increased significantly (p < 0.05) whereas percentage of abnormal sperms decreased
significantly (p < 0.05) in groups II and III at 3 and 6 weeks of treatment. This study has shown that
administration of 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg of G kola ethanolic extract for 6 weeks enhances sperm
characteristics in wistar rats.
KEYWORDS: Garcinia kola, Reproductive Parameters, Ethanolic Extract, Enhancing Effects.
I. INTRODUCTION
The environment of man is endowed with plants and fruits which have been found to be of great
nutritional and health importance to man and animal. Such plants and fruits constitute sources of spices in food,
stimulants and some micronutrients while others may have aphrodisiac properties. Over the years, some of these
plant materials have been extensively investigated and their properties documented. (Adeyeye and Ayejuyo,
1994 ;Alliet al., 2000). Quite a number of plant materials have antimicrobial properties with tremendous
therapeutic potentials; one of such being garcinia kola.(Cowan, 1999; Chatterjee, 2000).
In the last few years, herbal medicine has gained a lot of relevance and popularity both in developing
and developed countries because of their natural origin and less side effects (Grover et al., 2002). Herbal
products cause few adverse effects but have beneficial pharmacological and therapeutic uses in a number of
illnesses, where they have been examined for their capacity to reduce symptoms and improve quality of life
(Weber et al., 1999).
Garcinia kola is a dicotyledonous plant distributed throughout West and Central Africa. It is found in
Sierra Leone, Ghana, Nigeria, Benin, Cameroon, Senegal, Gabon and Congo. (Adedejiet al.,2006). Garcinia
kola grows well in the coastal rainforest of the Southwestern and Southeastern Nigeria. It is used as food and
herbal medicine and produces reddish, yellowish or orange colour fruits containing 2 to 4 seeds (Adesanyaet al.,
2007). The seed is elliptical or oval in shape, is hard and has a slightly aromatic odour (Maziet al., 2013).The
plant is commonly called “bitter kola” or “male kola” because of its bitter taste, or for its claimed aphrodisiac
activity, respectively. The stem bark is used as a purgative among the natives of Eastern Nigeria and the latex is
externally applied to fresh wounds to prevent sepsis, assisting in wound healing(Ukoet al., 2001).
It plays prominent and significant roles in the life and culture of the people especially among the
Yoruba and Ibo tribes in Southern Nigeria; as it is used in entertaining guests and for special occasions.
Garcinia kola had been identified to contain properties that are of biochemical and physiological
interest such as antibacterial, antioxidative, antihepatotoxic, and hypoglycemic. (Farombiet al., 2002 ;Okunjiet
al., 2007).
2. Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Garcinia kola Seed on Some Reproductive Parameters of…
5
The seeds are used to cure cough, dysentery, or chest colds in herbal medicine (Chairungsrilerdet al.,
1996). This plant has been referred to as a ‘wonder plant’ because every part of it has been found to be of
medicinal importance. It is used in folklore remedies for the treatment of ailments such as liver disorders,
hepatitis, diarrhoea, laryngitis, bronchitis, and gonorrhea (Iwu, 1993). This study present the effects of garcinia
kola extract on some reproductive parameters in male wister rats.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
MATERIALS
Plant Materials and Authentication
Garcinia kola seeds which were purchased from Karu market, in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja
and were authenticated at Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria (FRIN), Ibadan, Nigeria with voucher specimen
number (F.H.I. 10847).
Experimental Animals
Male Wistar rats (Rattusnorvegicus) weighing 150.42 ± 3.98 g were obtained from the Animal House
of Federal College of Animal Husbandry, Kuru, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria.
Other Reagents
All other chemicals and reagents used which were of analytical grade were products of sigma Aldrich Ltd.,
Buchs, Canada and are prepared in volumetric flask using glass wares with distilled water except otherwise
stated.
III. METHODS
Preparation of Ethanolic Extract of Garcinia kola Seed
Dried seeds of Garcinia kola were peeled to remove the testa. This was cut into smaller sizes and
thereafter pulverized in a blender (PHILIPS, Model HR-1724, Brazil) to obtain smooth powder. A known
weight (200 g) of the powder was extracted in 1000 ml of ethanol for 72 hours at room temperature. The extract
was filtered with Whatman No. 1 filter paper (Maidstone, UK) and the resulting filtrate concentrated in a Rotary
Evaporator. The mixture was further transferred into steam bath where it was evaporated to give the required
brownish-black residue. This was then reconstituted in distilled water to give the required doses (100 and 200
mg/kg body weight) used in the study.
Phytochemical Screening
Preliminary phytochemical screening to detect the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids,
steroids, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides and carbohydrate were carried out by adopting the procedures
described by Harborne (1973), Walls et al., (1996), Odebiyi and Sofowora (1978), Awe and Sodipo (2001), El-
Olemyet al., (1994), Mainasaraet al., (2012), Sofowora (1993) and Trease and Evans (1983) respectively.
Acute Toxicity Study (LD50)
The method described by Lorke (1983) was adopted to determine lethal dose (LD50). The experiment
was carried out in two stages:
Stage I: Here, nine rats were involved. They were divided into 3 groups of 3 rats each. The animals in group A
received ethanolic extract of Garcinia kola seed at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight. Group B received 100
mg/kg body weight. Group C received 1000 mg/kg body weight. The animals were observed/monitored for 24
hours. The number of deaths in each group was noted.
Stage II: This stage was carried out based on the results of the first stage. Here, another three groups of one rat
each was used. The animal in Group A received 1000 mg/kg body weight of the extract. The animal in Groups
B and C received 3000 and 5000 mg/kg body weight of the extract respectively. The animals were monitored for
another 24 hours during which the number of deaths or abnormal reaction/behaviour was noted.
Animal Grouping and Extract Administration
A total of thirty male albino rats, housed in clean aluminum cages contained in well ventilated standard
housing conditions (temperature: 28-310
C; photoperiod: 12 hours; humidity: 50-55%) was used for the study.
The animals were allowed free access to rat pellets (Premier Feed Mill Co. Ltd., Ibadan, Nigeria) and tap water
ad libitum. The cages were also cleaned on daily basis. The animals were acclimatized for two weeks before the
commencement of the experiment. The thirty (30) male Wistar rats weighing 150.42 ± 3.98 were completely
randomized into three groups (I, II and III) comprising ten animals each. Animals in group I (control) received
0.5 ml of distilled water while those in groups II and III were administered 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight of
3. Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Garcinia kola Seed on Some Reproductive Parameters of…
6
the extract respectively once daily. After 3 weeks of extract administration, 5 rats from each group were
sacrificed. Same number was sacrificed after 6 weeks. Extract administration was done daily using polystyrene.
This research was carried out in Physiology Department of Bingham University, according to the rules in
Nigeria (Revised Helsinki Declaration, 2008) governing the care and use of laboratory animals as acceptable
internationally.
Organ Weights
When the animals are sacrificed, the epididymis and testes were dissected out, fat cleaned off and the
organs weighed to assess the effects of G. kola extract on these reproductive organs.
Sperm Count Determination
Methods of Selmanogluet al (2009) were used to analyse sperm count. The caudal epididymis was dissected and
minced in 1ml of normal saline. The suspension was then fixed in formal saline and spermatozoa counted using
the Neuberhematocytometer chamber and light microscope.
Sperm Motility
The method of Biswaset al (2002) was used with a minor modification. The content of the vas deferens
was collected with aid of syringe and needle and a drop was placed on a clean slide (37ºC) and covered with
cover slip. The motility was determined by visual estimation (using microscope at a magnification of 400X) of
the proportion of spermatozoa moving forward (motile) and those that didn’t move were considered non-motile.
Sperm Morphology
A drop of stained sperm suspension (which was prepared for sperm count) was smeared on a glass
slide, air dried for a maximum of 3 minutes and visualized microscopically at a magnification of 400X. For each
rat, the sperms were screened and the percentage of total abnormality of heads (such as microcephalus, detached
head, flattened head, double head) and/or tails (such as coiled tail, bent tail and double tail) was determined.
Statistical Analysis
The grouped data obtained were statistically evaluated and significance of the various treatments were
tested using t test in SPSS version 20. All the results were expressed as mean ± SD from 5 rats in each group at
3 and 6 weeks. P values of ≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
IV. RESULTS
Preliminary phytochemical screening of the ethanolic extract of Garcinia kola seed revealed the
presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, carbohydrate, steroids and flavonoids. Anthraquinones and cardiac
glycosides were not detected (Table 1).
Table 1: Phytochemical constituents of ethanolic extract of Garcinia kola seed
Constituent Inference
Alkaloids ++
Flavonoid +++
Saponins ++
Tannins ++
Carbohydrate ++
Anthraquinones -
Steroids +
Cardiac glycoside -
Key:
- Absent
+ Present
++ Significantly present
+++ Abundantly present
For acute toxicity study, all the graded doses of the ethanolic extract of Garcinia kola seed administered
to the animals showed no signs of toxicity and no deaths were recorded. Therefore, the LD50 of ethanolic extract
of Garcinia kola seed was found to be safe up to 5000 mg/kg body weight.
Effect of Treatment with Ethanol Extract of Garcinia kola on whole Animal Weight
After 3 weeks of administration of the extract, animal weight increased from 151.40±14.21 (control) to
156.60±15.58 and 164.20±21.01 in groups II and III respectively. This increase was however statistically not
significant (p= 0.596 and 0.292 respectively) (Table 2).
4. Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Garcinia kola Seed on Some Reproductive Parameters of…
7
After 6 weeks of administration, animal weight decreased from 214.20±35.87 to 189.20±9.04 in group II while
there was an increase from 214.20±35.87 to 215.60±37.07 in group III. Both the decrease and increase observed
in both groups were not significant with p values of 0.169 and 0.953 respectively (Table 2).
Effect of Treatment with Ethanol Extract of Garcinia kola on Testicular Weight
After 3 weeks of administration, the ethanol extract of G kola significantly decrease the weight of
testes from 1.38±0.11 (control) to 1.17±0.13 and to 1.06±0.16 in groups II and III respectively (p=0.023 and
0.006 respectively) (Table 2)
After 6 weeks of administration, there was increase in the weight of the testes from 1.15±0.16 (control) to
1.23±0.18 in group II which was not significant (p=0.512). There was however decrease in testicular weight to
1.12±0.26 in group III which was also not statistically significant (p=0.736) (Table 2)
Effect of Treatment with Ethanol Extract ofGarcinia kola on Weight ofthe Epididymis
After 3 weeks of administration of the extract, the weight of the epididymis increased from 0.16±002
(control) to 0.17±0.04 and 0.18±0.04 in groups II and III which was statistically insignificant (p=0.597 and
0.432 respectively) (Table 2).
After 6 weeks of administration of the extract, the weight of the epididymis increased from 0.15±0.01 (control)
to 016±0.02 in group II which was statistically insignificant (p=0.447). However there was statistically
significant increase to 0.18± 0.01 in group III when compared with the control group (p=0.002) (Table 2).
Table 2: Effect of Ethanol Extract of Garcinia kola on whole Animal and Reproductive Organs Weight
after Six Weeks of Oral Administratiion
Parameters
3 weeks 6 weeks
Treatment Treatment
Control 100mg 200mg control 100mg 200mg
Animal weight
(g)
151.40±14.21 a
156.60±15.58 a
164.20±21.01 a
214.20±35.87 a
189.20±9.04 a
215.60±37.07 a
Weight of testis
(g)
1.38±0.11a
1.17±0.13b
1.06±0.16b
1.15±0.16a
1.23±0.18a
1.12±0.26a
Epididymis
weight (g)
0.16±0.02a
0.17±0.04a
0.18±0.04a
0.15±0.01a
0.16±0.02a
0.18±0.01b
Means with different superscripts (a, b) along the rows are statistically significant when compared with the
control group
Effect of Treatment with Ethanol Extract of Garciniakola on Serum Testosterone
After 3 weeks of administration of the extract, the serum testosterone decreased from 3.90±0.29
(control) to 3.75±0.26 in group II while there was an increase from 3.90±0.29 (control) to 4.53±0.22 in group
III. The decrease in group II and increase in group III were statistically insignificant and significant with p
values of 0.103 and 0.004 respectively (Figure 1).
After 6 weeks of administration, the serum testosterone increased from 2.88±0.51 (control) to
3.98±0.15 and 4.05±0.13 in groups II and III respectively. These changes were statistically significant with p
values of 0.043 and 0.034 respectively (Figure 1).
Figure 1: Effect of Ethanol Extract of Garcinia kola on Serum Testosterone Concentration after 3 and 6
Weeks
5. Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Garcinia kola Seed on Some Reproductive Parameters of…
8
Effect of Treatment with Ethanol Extract of Garciniakola on SpermCount
After 3 weeks of administration of the extract, there was statistically significant increase in sperm count
from 18.40±1.45 (control) to 22.76±3.72 and to 31.18±2.01 in groups II and III with p values of 0.040 and 0.001
respectively (Table 3).
After 6 weeks of administration, there was also an increase in sperm count from 18.54±2.65 (control) to
18.56±4.63 in group II which was statistically insignificant (p=0.994) whereas there was a statistically
significant increase in sperm count from 18.54±2.65 (control) to 27.58±4.60 in group III (p=0.005) (Table 3).
Effect of Treatment with Ethanol Extract of Garcinia kola on SpermMotility
After 3 weeks of administration of the extract, there was significant increase in sperm motility from
95.18±1.04 (control) to 97.00±1.00 in group II and to 97.70±0.50 in group III with p values of 0.023 and 0.001
respectively (Table 3).
After 6 weeks administration of the extract, there was statistically significant increase in sperm motility from
83.80±1.79 (control) to 89.00±3.16 and to 89.60±4.39 in groups II and III with p values of 0.013 and 0.026
respectively(Table 3).
Effect of Treatment with Ethanol Extract of Garcinia kola on Sperm Abnormality
After 3 weeks of administration of the extract, sperm abnormalities significantly decreased from
5.88±1.26 (control) to 2.90±0.99 and to 3.00±1.05 in groups II and III with p values of 0.008 and 0.040
respectively (Table 3).
After 6 weeks administration of the extract, there was also significant decrease in sperm abnormalities from
6.20±1.48 (control) to 3.00±1.0 and to 3.00±1.58 in groups II and III with p values of 0.004 and 0.011
respectively(Table 3).
Effect of Treatment with Ethanol Extract of Garcinia kola on SpermHead Abnormality
After 3 weeks administration of the extract, sperm head abnormalities significantly decreased from
7.70±1.01 (control) to 2.02±0.84 in group II and to 1.54±0.67 in group III with p values of 0.001 in both groups
(Table 3).After 6 weeks of administration, the sperm head abnormalities also significantly decreased from
3.50±0.91 (control) to 1.92±0.42 and to 1.42±0.87 in groups II and III with p values of 0.008 and 0.006
respectively(Table 3).
Effect of Treatment with Ethanol Extract of Garcinia kola on SpermTail Abnormality
After 3 weeks administration of the extract, sperm tail abnormalities significantly decreased from
9.24±1.67 (control) to 1.10±0.46 in group II and to 1.12±0.63 in group III with p values of 0.001 in both groups
(Table 3). After 6 weeks of administration, the sperm tail abnormalities also significantly decreased from
3.10±0.93 (control) to 1.68±0.40 and to 1.38±0.70 in groups II and III with p values of 0.014 and 0.011
respectively (Table 3).
Table 3: Effect of Ethanol Extract of Garcinia kola on Sperm Parameters after Six Weeks of Oral
Administration
Parameters
3 weeks 6 weeks
Treatment Treatment
Control 100mg 200mg control 100mg 200mg
Sperm count
(millions/ml)
18.40±1.45a
22.76±3.72b
31.18±2.01b
18.54±26.54a
18.56±50.74a
27.58±46.27b
Motile (%) 95.18±1.04a
97.00±1.00b
97.70±0.50b
83.80±4.60a
89.00±3.16b
89.60±4.39b
Abnormal(%) 5.68±0.26a
2.90±0.99b
3.00±1.08b
6.20±1.48a
3.00±1.00b
3.00±1.58b
H/abnormal (%) 7.70±1.01a
2.02±0.84b
1.54±0.67b
3.50±0.91a
1.92±0.42b
1.42±0.87b
T/abnormal (%) 9.24±1.62a
1.10±0.46b
1.12±0.63b
3.10±0.93a
1.68±0.40b
1.38±0.70b
Means with different superscripts (a, b) along the rows are statistically significant when compared with the
control group
V. DISCUSSION
The use of plants in traditional medical practice has a long drawn history and remains the mainstay of
primary health care in most of the third world countries. Traditional medicine is used by about 60% of the
world’s population in both developing and developed countries (Mythilypriyaet al., 2007).Garcinia kola has
been reported to possess numerous therapeutic potentials, along with phytochemical components (Ukoet al.,
2001). These phytochemicals have been shown to have a broad spectrum of pharmacological activity, such as
antibacterial, antioxidative, antihepatotoxic and hypoglycemic (Okunjiet al., 2007).
There was a statistically insignificant (p>0.05) increase body weight of the treated animals in both
groups after 3 weeks and in the high dose group after 6 weeks with an insignificant (p>0.05) decrease in body
weight after 6 weeks in the low dose group. This shows that G kola extract has an insignificant effect on the
6. Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Garcinia kola Seed on Some Reproductive Parameters of…
9
body weight of the treated animals after 6 weeks. Body weight is an indication of an animal wellbeing. The
acute toxicity study also shows that 50% ethanol extract of G kola has no toxic effect on the treated animals.
This finding is consistent with that of Ralebonaet al (2012) who also noted no significant effect of ethanol
extract of G kola on body weight of treated animals after 28 days of oral administration. Agbaiet al (2013)
however reported a significant decrease in body weight of treated animals after 16 weeks administration of
300mg/kg of methanolic extract of G kola. Reports indicates that kolaviron in G kola exerts a
hypocholesterolaemic effect on the body (Agbaiet al., 2013).
The results of this study showed a significant dose dependent decrease in testicular weight in groups II
and III after 3 weeks of administration and an insignificant decrease in testicular weight in group III after 6
weeks of administration of the extract. Agbaiet al (2013) also noted a dose dependent decrease in testicular
weight following 100/kg, 200mg/kg and 300mg/kg administration of ethanolic extract of G kola for 6 weeks.
However, Ralebonaet al (2012) reported that 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg of ethanolic extract of G kola caused a
significant increase in testicular weight with no significant change in the weights of accessory reproductive
organs. A dose dependent increase in weight of the epdididymis was seen in this study. This was however not
significant in the low dose group at 3 weeks and 6 weeks respectively but significant in the high dose group at 6
weeks of administration. This was consistent with the finding of Agbaiet al (2013) and is most likely due to the
effect of increase in serum testosterone levels and increase in sperm count seen in this study.
There was a significant dose dependent increase in serum testosterone levels in all the treated groups
when compared with the controls both at 3 weeks and 6 weeks of administration. The mechanism for the
increase in serum testosterone levels may be via the central influences to increase gonadotropins or locally via
increase in number of leydig cells or their sensitivity to luteinizing hormone.Akpantahet al., (2003) has found
that G.kola increases the peripheral testosterone level. This ability of G.kola to increase peripheral testosterone
has been attributed to anti-oxidant compounds present in them (Oluyemiet al., 2007; Akpantahet al., 2003).
A dose dependent increase in sperm count was noted in all the treated groups when compared with the
controls which were significant in both groups at 3 weeks and high dose group at 6 weeks. Adesanyaet al (2007)
and Iwuji and Herbert (2012) also reported a dose dependent increase in sperm count following oral
administration of 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg of ethanolic extract of G kola for 6 weeks. Increase in
spermiogenesis is facilitated by antioxidants and increase in serum testosterone levels which are properties of
biflavonoids and xanthones found in G kola (Oluyemiet al., 2007 and Akpantahet al., 2003).
The significant increase in sperm motility in all the treated groups when compared with the controls in
this study was consistent to the results obtained by Iwuji and Herbert (2012) who reported increase in sperm
motility of rabbit bucks fed diets containing G kola seed meal. This was however inconsistent with the results
obtained by Adesanyaet al (2007) who reported a decrease in sperm motility of adult wistar rats. They
postulated that the decrease in sperm motility could be due to the rapid development of the spermatozoa which
may need a moderate but progressive development for them to have excellent motility.
There was significant decrease in the percentage of the abnormal sperms in all the treated groups when
compared with the controls in this study both at 3 weeks and 6 weeks of treatment. This was consistent with the
findings of Iwuji and Herbert (2012) who demonstrated significant decrease in abnormal sperms in all the
treated groups. Decrease in the abnormalities of the head and tail in all the treated groups when compared with
the controls was noted in this study. This is likely due to the presence of antioxidants such as kolaviron in the G
kola extract. Antioxidants are known to protect spermatogenesis in animals exposed to toxicants (Attehsahlinet
al., 2006).
VI. CONCLUSION
This study concludes that administration of 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg of G kola ethanolic extract for 6
weeks caused increase in the weight of the accessory reproductive organs, serum testosterone level and sperm
count. It also caused increase in sperm motility and reduction in the percentage of sperm abnormalities in wister
rats.
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