The document discusses the differences between direct and indirect speech. It notes that there are changes in tense, pronouns, and modals when converting from direct to indirect speech. Some examples of tense changes are simple present to simple past and present continuous to past continuous. There are also general changes like referring to this/these as that/those and here/now as there/then. The reporting verb said may change based on the context, like to told, asked, or requested.
Reported Speech is used to report what someone said. When we use reported speech, we are usually talking about the past. So, verbs usually change to the past in reported speech. (Haryanti, 2000: 31).
They are two ways of relating what a person has said:
1. Direct Speech
In direct speech we repeat the original speaker’s exact words.
Example: He said, ‘ I have lost my umbrella.’
2. Indirect (Reported) Speech
In indirect speech we give the exact meaning of a remark or a speech, without necessarily using the speaker’s exact words.
Example: He said (that) he had lost his umbrella
The Rules of Reported Speech
1. When we use reported speech, the main verb of the sentence is usually past.
Example:
Tom said that he was feeling ill.
I told her that I didn’t have any money.
2. In general, the present form in direct speech changes to the past form in reported speech
Example:
Direct Judy: My parents are very well.
Reported Judy said that her parents were very well.
3. In general, the past simple form in direct speech changes to the past perfect in reported speech.
Example:
Direct Tom said: ‘I woke up feeling ill, so I didn’t go to work.
Reported Tom said (that) he had woken up feeling ill, so he hadn’t gone to work
The Kind of Reported Speech
There are many kinds of reported speech:
1. Reported Statement
Reported statement uses the reporting verb ‘that’, but ‘that’ is optional, so it is placed in bracket.
Example:
Quoted Statement She said, ‘I watch TV everyday.
Reported Statement She said (that) she watched TV everyday.
2. Reported Imperative
Reported Imperative is used to report invitation or command from someone to other people.
Example :
Quoted Imperative : Jamal said, ‘Please come to my party’.
Reported Imperative : Jamal invited me to come to his party.
Note :
In the reporterd Imperative, verb follows by object (pro) noun and then followed by infinitive phrase.
The following verbs is always used in reported imperative:
Advice - permit - invite
Ask - encourage - order
Remind - tell - warn
3. Reported Question
Reported Question is used to report questions. The interrogative form of the verb changes to the affimative form, the question mark (?) is therefore omitted in reported speech.
Example:
Quoted Question : He said, ‘Where does she live?’
Reported Question : He asked where she lived.
4. Reported Exclamation
Reported Exclamation is reporting of someone’s feeling or see.
Example:
Quoted Exclamation : He said, ‘What a dreadful thing!’
Reported Exclamation : He said that it was a dreadful thing.
Reported Speech is used to report what someone said. When we use reported speech, we are usually talking about the past. So, verbs usually change to the past in reported speech. (Haryanti, 2000: 31).
They are two ways of relating what a person has said:
1. Direct Speech
In direct speech we repeat the original speaker’s exact words.
Example: He said, ‘ I have lost my umbrella.’
2. Indirect (Reported) Speech
In indirect speech we give the exact meaning of a remark or a speech, without necessarily using the speaker’s exact words.
Example: He said (that) he had lost his umbrella
The Rules of Reported Speech
1. When we use reported speech, the main verb of the sentence is usually past.
Example:
Tom said that he was feeling ill.
I told her that I didn’t have any money.
2. In general, the present form in direct speech changes to the past form in reported speech
Example:
Direct Judy: My parents are very well.
Reported Judy said that her parents were very well.
3. In general, the past simple form in direct speech changes to the past perfect in reported speech.
Example:
Direct Tom said: ‘I woke up feeling ill, so I didn’t go to work.
Reported Tom said (that) he had woken up feeling ill, so he hadn’t gone to work
The Kind of Reported Speech
There are many kinds of reported speech:
1. Reported Statement
Reported statement uses the reporting verb ‘that’, but ‘that’ is optional, so it is placed in bracket.
Example:
Quoted Statement She said, ‘I watch TV everyday.
Reported Statement She said (that) she watched TV everyday.
2. Reported Imperative
Reported Imperative is used to report invitation or command from someone to other people.
Example :
Quoted Imperative : Jamal said, ‘Please come to my party’.
Reported Imperative : Jamal invited me to come to his party.
Note :
In the reporterd Imperative, verb follows by object (pro) noun and then followed by infinitive phrase.
The following verbs is always used in reported imperative:
Advice - permit - invite
Ask - encourage - order
Remind - tell - warn
3. Reported Question
Reported Question is used to report questions. The interrogative form of the verb changes to the affimative form, the question mark (?) is therefore omitted in reported speech.
Example:
Quoted Question : He said, ‘Where does she live?’
Reported Question : He asked where she lived.
4. Reported Exclamation
Reported Exclamation is reporting of someone’s feeling or see.
Example:
Quoted Exclamation : He said, ‘What a dreadful thing!’
Reported Exclamation : He said that it was a dreadful thing.
3. REPORTED SPEECH
We all know that there are
two ways of relating what a
person has said.
It can be expressed either in:
→ DIRECT SPEECH → INDIRECT SPEECH
6. My mother tell me that I was very naughty when I was kid.
Ruchika say to me,’You are a good singer.’
Ruchika tell me that I am a good singer.
7. CHANGES IN TENSE
Direct speech Indirect speech
Simple present Simple past
Present continuous Past continuous
Present perfect Past perfect
Present perfect continuous Past perfect continuous
Simple past Past perfect
Past continuous Past perfect continuous
Past perfect does not
change
Past perfect continuous does
not change
8. GENERAL CHANGES
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
THIS THAT
THESE THOSE
HERE THERE
NOW THEN
AGO BEFORE
TODAY THAT DAY
TONIGHT THAT NIGHT
TOMORROW THE NEXT DAY
YESTERDAY THE PREVIOUS DAY
LAST NIGHT THE PREVIOUS NIGHT
NEXT WEEK THE FOLLOWING WEEK
9.
10. The verb ‘SAID’ is changed into ‘TOLD’ when an object
follows it
The comma and inverted comma are omitted and
replaced by the conjunction ‘THAT’.
The verb ‘SAID’ may be replaced by other words
like: answer, reply, inform, warn, state, mention,
explain,etc.
Examples:
The teacher said, ‘Rohit, you are weak in English.’
The teacher told Rohit that you are weak in English
12. IMPORTANT RULES
The reporting verb is generally changed into verbs like ‘ask’,
‘inquire’ , ‘demand’, etc.
When the queestion begins with interrogative words like
‘who’, ‘whom’, ‘why’, ‘when’, ‘where’, ‘how’, etc. no conjuction is
used after the reporting verb.
We use the conjunction ,’whether’, or ‘if’ when question begins
with helping verb such as ‘is’, ’am’, ‘are’ etc.
EXAMPLE: He said to me, ‘What have you got in your bag?’
He asked me whether I had anything in my bag.
13.
14. Example:-
The teacher said to me, ‘Please help Sneha in my work’.
The teacher requested me to help Sneha in her work
15.
16. EXAMPLE:-
Ruchika said, ’ May God help you !”
Ruchika wished that God might help you.
I said to Jacob, ’May you be happy !’
I wished Jacob that he might be happy.
The old man said to me, ‘May God bless you with good marks’.
The old man blessed m that God might bless me with good marks.
17. Direct speech Indirect speech
may Might
can could
shall should
will would
.
